559 lines
77 KiB
XML
559 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0AD262BF98350D966151A1E49B659279">The remarkable record of mustelids from Hunas (Bavaria, Germany)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B8A0BFB5C049964586EB4C88E6DC819F">Marciszak, Adrian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="421A9F8BE45C4037B5F464C4D3318978">Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50 - 335 Wrocław (Poland)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D928E4C18693A39B99F63B9A5AE45510" type="email">adrian.marciszak@uwr.edu.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7357D11639D48FD11E6C0565F682D78F">Hilpert, Brigitte</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3C9CEFDA8B2454B5BA647056D99E4756">GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paleobiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen (Germany)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2AD2B0CE12564798D8A5431B9CE80A75" type="email">brigitte-hilpert@gmx.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="DA928649EA774CDEB87C719D4AAD5004">Ambros, Dieta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3BD23C28895CA4F0511F2E55FBB7BB6B">GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paleobiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen (Germany)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EF7C5A98A81DDF94151CDD12D3385ADD" type="email">dieta.ambros@fau.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="D09EC510CAF37BCE4EF986EF1D33ACCC">Comptes Rendus Palevol</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FC67BE3DF90BEE4A75C20ABAB65E68DD">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03BD87E9FFE21D4DBFDE8CA45FCAF0F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14248857" ID-GBIF-Taxon="248070541" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14248857" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87E9FFE21D4DBFDE8CA45FCAF0F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87E9FFE21D4DBFDE8CA45FCAF0F3" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" scope_class="Mammalia" scope_family="Mustelidae" scope_infraOrder="Arctoidea" scope_order="Carnivora" scope_subOrder="Caniformia">
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<heading id="D0E38193FFE21D40BFDE8CA45B05F2B0" box="[959,1309,1236,1263]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFE21D40BFDE8CA45B05F2B0" authority="Heller, 1983" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1983" box="[959,1309,1236,1263]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lutra" subSpecies="groissii">
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<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFE21D40BFDE8CA45A94F2B0" bold="true" box="[959,1164,1236,1263]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">Lutra lutra groissii</emphasis>
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Heller, 1983
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<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFE21D40B85C8C855A87F350" box="[1085,1183,1268,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFE21D40B85C8C855A87F350" blockId="7.[1085,1183,1268,1294]" box="[1085,1183,1268,1294]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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(
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<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFE21D40B8278C855A80F350" box="[1094,1176,1268,1294]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="344">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFE21D40BF4C8D5F5BB7F39A" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFE21D40BF4C8D5F5A5AF3CB" blockId="7.[811,1456,1325,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFE21D40BF4C8D5F5A89F31B" authority="Heller, 1983: 211" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1983" box="[813,1169,1325,1349]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lutra" subSpecies="groissii">
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<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFE21D40BF4C8D5F5DC2F31B" box="[813,986,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">Lutra lutra groissii</emphasis>
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Heller, 1983: 211
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</taxonomicName>
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; pl. 8/1. –
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40B89E8D5C5BB3F31B" author="GROISS J. T." box="[1279,1451,1325,1349]" page="354" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40B89E8D5C5BB3F31B" author="GROISS J. T." box="[1279,1451,1325,1349]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" pagination="351 - 376" refId="ref24106" refString="GROISS J. T. 1983. - Faunenzusammensetzung, Okologie und Altersdatierung der Fundstelle Hunas, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 351 - 376." type="journal article" year="1983">Groiss 1983: 354</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; table 48. –
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40BFF58D365AFEF301" author="KOENIGSWALD W. V. & HEINRICH W. - D." box="[916,1254,1351,1376]" page="96" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40BFF58D365AFEF301" author="KOENIGSWALD W. V. & HEINRICH W. - D." box="[916,1254,1351,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" pagination="53 - 112" refId="ref25411" refString="KOENIGSWALD W. V. & HEINRICH W. - D. 1999. - Mittelpleistozane Saugetierfaunen aus Mitteleuropa - der Versuch einer biostratigraphischen Zuordnung. Kaupia 9: 53 - 112." type="journal article" year="1999">Koenigswald & Heinrich 1999: 96</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. –
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40B89E8D365BB3F301" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[1279,1451,1351,1375]" page="54" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40B89E8D365BB3F301" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[1279,1451,1351,1375]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" refId="ref21813" refString="AMBROS D. C. 2006. - Morphologische und metrische Untersuchungen an Phalangen und Metapodien quartarer Musteliden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Unterscheidung von Baum- und Steinmarder (Martes martes (Linne 1758) und Martes foina (Erxleben 1777 )). Der Andere Verlag, Tonning, Lubeck, Marburg, 103 p." type="book" year="2006">Ambros 2006: 54</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. –
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40BF5F8D135DC2F3CB" author="ROSENDAHL W. & AMBROS D. & HILPERT B. & HAMBACH U. & ALT K. W. & KNIPPING M. & REISCH L. & KAULICH B." page="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="2011">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40BF5F8D135DC2F3CB" author="ROSENDAHL W. & AMBROS D. & HILPERT B. & HAMBACH U. & ALT K. W. & KNIPPING M. & REISCH L. & KAULICH B." pageId="7" pageNumber="344" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref27368" refString="ROSENDAHL W., AMBROS D., HILPERT B., HAMBACH U., ALT K. W., KNIPPING M., REISCH L. & KAULICH B. 2011. - Neanderthals and monkeys in the Wurmian of Central Europe - The Middle Palaeolithic site of Hunas, Southern Germany, in CONARD N. J. & RICHTER J. (eds), Neanderthal lifeways, subsistence and technology - one hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology 19 (4): 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 0415 - 2 - 3" type="journal article" year="2011">Rosendahl, Ambros, Hilpert, Hambach, Alt, Knipping, Reisch & Kaulich 2011: 19</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; table 3/2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFE21D40BF4C8DDC5BB7F39A" blockId="7.[813,1455,1452,1476]" box="[813,1455,1452,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40BF4C8DDC5A5DF39A" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[813,1093,1452,1476]" page="37" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="2006">
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFE21D40BF4C8DDC5A5DF39A" ID-CoL="72PQL" authority="Ambros, 2006: 37" authorityName="Ambros" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="2006" box="[813,1093,1452,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
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<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFE21D40BF4C8DDC5D8AF39A" box="[813,914,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">Lutra lutra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40BFF78DDD5A5DF39A" author="AMBROS D. C." box="[918,1093,1452,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" refId="ref21813" refString="AMBROS D. C. 2006. - Morphologische und metrische Untersuchungen an Phalangen und Metapodien quartarer Musteliden unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Unterscheidung von Baum- und Steinmarder (Martes martes (Linne 1758) und Martes foina (Erxleben 1777 )). Der Andere Verlag, Tonning, Lubeck, Marburg, 103 p." type="book" year="2006">Ambros, 2006: 37</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; fig. 43; table 18. –
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB510EEFFE21D40B89A8DDC5BB3F39A" author="BAUMANN CH" box="[1275,1451,1452,1476]" page="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" year="2011">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFE21D40B89A8DDC5BB3F39A" author="BAUMANN CH" box="[1275,1451,1452,1476]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344" refId="ref22153" refString="BAUMANN CH. 2011. - Kleinsaugerfunde aus drei Profilsaulen (N 2, Q 1, S 2) der mittel- bis spatpleistozanen Hohlenruine Hunas (Mittelfranken). Ein Beitrag zur biostratigraphischen und palaookologischen Auswertung der Fundstelle. Bachelorarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Bachelor of Arts, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Philosophische Fakultat, Ur- und Fruhgeschichte." type="journal volume" year="2011">Baumann 2011: 8</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFE21D40BF4C8DAD5B98F3AA" blockId="7.[813,1408,1500,1524]" box="[813,1408,1500,1524]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7C3CA2FFE21D40BF4C8DAD5B63F3AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4986898309" box="[813,1403,1500,1524]" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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. — Maxilla with P4-M1 and phalanx 1
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.
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</paragraph>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFE21D4FBF4C8E425CB5F1B2" blockId="7.[811,1457,1556,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[130,776,1459,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="7" pageNumber="344">
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Both teeth are unworn and belonged to a relatively young animal. In the occlusal view, P4 has a rectangular triangle outline (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFE21D40BFE88E025DDEF0D3" box="[905,966,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="7" pageNumber="344">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The crown is divided into two morphologically distinct parts, the trigon extending buccally and the talon lingually. All margins are rounded, with two considerable concaves. The mesial concave is situated on the median part, on the border between the parastyle and protocone. The buccal concavity is placed almost exactly in the medium of this margin. The elongated and large parastyle is a crescent, low cusp. Its apex and the mesial wall of the paracone are connected by a distinct, low, thick crest, which does not extend to the paracone apex. The high, conical paracone is oriented almost vertically. It is separated from the protocone by a wide, not very deep, V-shaped valley. This distinct cusp has three crests, two mesial and one distal. The first mesial crest, low and flat, runs mesio-lingually from the top. The second, much thicker and stronger crest runs mesially toward a parastyle in the mesio-buccal margin of the crown as part of the mesial cingulum. The distal crest is orientated oblique-longitudinally, running from the top toward the metacone. The elongated and enlarged parastyle is pointed mesially and narrows distally. Its internal, broad surface forms an elongated, triangular, shallow basin, slightly deeper in the middle. The whole protocone is collared by a thick, high cingulum, especially strong on the mesial and mesio-lingual margins. The talon is mesio-distally enlarged and broad, and its distal margin does not reach the distal margin of the metacone in the occlusal view. The metacone is lower than the paracone and the crest that connects the two cusps is curved lingually. On the buccal wall of the talon a flat and relatively deep surface in the form of a concave meniscus is present. A stronger cingulum is present only on the disto-lingual margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFED1D4FBE3E8FA05C84F1B2" box="[607,668,2001,2028]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6B6677FFED1D4FBCE58D235F06F3CE" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" startId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" targetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFED1D4FBCE58D235F06F3CE" blockId="8.[132,1456,1362,1424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFED1D4FBCE58D235E85F33C" baselines="1375,1375" box="[132,157,1362,1379]" lowerCaseFontSize="5" mainFontSize="7" normCase="title" normString="Fig" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">FIG</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. 4. — The P4-M1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFED1D4FBD298D235C28F33D" box="[328,560,1362,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBD298D235F6BF33D" box="[328,371,1362,1379]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Lutra</emphasis>
|
||
Brisson,1762 species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBE568D235C5CF33D" bold="true" box="[567,580,1362,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">A</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFED1D4FBE2C8D235D5FF33D" authority="Heller, 1983" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1983" box="[589,839,1362,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lutra" subSpecies="groissii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBE2C8D235CC7F33D" box="[589,735,1362,1379]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Lutra lutra groissii</emphasis>
|
||
Heller, 1983
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hunas (HHu 4020);
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FB8778D235A3BF33D" bold="true" box="[1046,1059,1362,1379]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">B</emphasis>
|
||
, extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFED1D4FB8048D235B5CF33D" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1125,1348,1362,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FB8048D235AA0F33D" box="[1125,1208,1362,1379]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Lutra lutra</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Silesia;
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBCE58D195E8AF327" bold="true" box="[132,146,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBCFC8D195EB3F327" bold="true" box="[157,171,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">D</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFED1D4FBCD78D195FD1F327" authority="Thenius, 1965" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[182,457,1384,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBCD78D195F55F327" box="[182,333,1384,1401]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Lutra simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFED1D4FBD328D195FD1F327" author="THENIUS E." box="[339,457,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" pagination="539 - 564" refId="ref28101" refString="THENIUS E. 1965. - Die Carnivoren-Reste aus dem Altpleistozan von Voigtstedt bei Sangerhausen in Thuringen. Palaontologische Abhandlungen A: Palaozoologie 2: 539 - 564." type="journal article" year="1965">Thenius, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Voigtstedt (
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBE388D195C7FF327" bold="true" box="[601,615,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">C</emphasis>
|
||
, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532);
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFED1D4FBF3F8D195D74F327" bold="true" box="[862,876,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">D</emphasis>
|
||
, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFED1D4FB8BD8D195B6CF327" author="CHERIN M." box="[1244,1396,1384,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="345" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref22880" refString="CHERIN M. 2017. - New material of Lutra simplicidens (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae), a key taxon for understanding the evolution of European otters. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 123 (3): 433 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 9024" type="journal article" year="2017">Cherin (2017: 436</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFED1D4EBF228DC55FA1F76C" blockId="8.[811,1457,1459,2027]" lastBlockId="9.[132,776,216,306]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="8" pageNumber="345">
|
||
M1 has a bean-shaped occlusal outline, and the crown is oriented disto-lingually (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFED1D4FB83C8DA25A86F3B3" box="[1117,1182,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="8" pageNumber="345">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). In relation to P4, it is situated more disto-lingually. There are two considerable concavities, buccal and distal. The buccal one is situated in the median part between the paracone and the metacone. The distal depression is located on the border between the trigon and talon. In the lateral view, the crown is strongly concave in the median part. The depression is a wide, flat, U-shaped valley, which runs transversally through the whole crown length. The trigon is slightly shorter than the talon, with two well developed, main cusps. Both cusps are relatively high and spherical, and the paracone is slightly higher and larger than the metacone. Both cusps are separated by a wide, not very deep, V-shaped valley. The elongated talon is broad, with rounded margins. The protocone is elongated and well developed, connected to the paracone by a strong and thin crest. The hypocone is on the disto-lingual corner of the talon and is crest-like. The central, extensive basin of the talon is concave, shallow and smooth. The moderately developed cingulum is placed only on the disto-lingual margin of the talon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EBD0B89665FB1F76C" box="[362,425,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30E6574FFEC1D4DBCE589295FCAF0F3" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBCE589295EF0F72E" blockId="9.[130,777,344,2028]" box="[132,232,344,370]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="8D4DA023FFEC1D4EBCE589295EF0F72E" baselines="363,363" box="[132,232,344,370]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Remarks" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">REMARKS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBCE589065C93F531" blockId="9.[130,777,344,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
The unique find of the otter from Hunas was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EBEB589065EEFF7EF" author="HELLER F." pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="103 - 263" refId="ref24612" refString="HELLER F. 1983 d. - Vertebrata, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 103 - 263." type="journal article" year="1983">Heller (1983d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, e). He compared the find with various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBED289E65D1EF7EF" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[691,774,407,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lutrinae">lutrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and determined it as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBDA689C95C0FF78F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[455,535,439,465]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDA689C95FCDF78F" box="[455,469,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD8489C65C0FF78F" box="[485,535,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also found some differences like an enlarged protocone of P4 and an M1 with a shallower median depression and less marked median, buccal concavity and talon oriented less disto-lingually. This allowed him to classify the Hunas otter as a new subspecies called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBCA98A265F9DF42E" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1983" box="[200,389,598,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lutra" subSpecies="groissii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCA98A265F9DF42E" box="[200,389,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Lutra lutra groissii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EBDF48A275C3CF42E" author="HELLER F." box="[405,548,598,624]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="103 - 263" refId="ref24612" refString="HELLER F. 1983 d. - Vertebrata, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 103 - 263." type="journal article" year="1983">Heller 1983d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, e). Potentially, three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBCE28A075ECEF4CE" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[131,214,630,656]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lutrinae">lutrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species can be considered:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBD908A065C58F4CE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[497,576,630,657]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD908A065C18F4CE" box="[497,512,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBE6F8A075C58F4CE" box="[526,576,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBE2D8A065F38F4EF" authority="Thenius, 1965" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBE2D8A065D1FF4CE" box="[588,775,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Lutra simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EBCE58AE75F38F4EF" author="THENIUS E." box="[132,288,662,689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="539 - 564" refId="ref28101" refString="THENIUS E. 1965. - Die Carnivoren-Reste aus dem Altpleistozan von Voigtstedt bei Sangerhausen in Thuringen. Palaontologische Abhandlungen A: Palaozoologie 2: 539 - 564." type="journal article" year="1965">Thenius, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBD348AE65D1CF4EE" authority="(de Blainville, 1841)" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[341,772,662,689]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD348AE65C05F4EE" box="[341,541,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Cyrnaonyx antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
(de Blainville, 1841)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The differences between them are mostly in the premolars and molars. Morphologically, the Hunas otter considerably stood out from the dentition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBDC68A875C01F54E" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[423,537,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDC68A875FAFF54E" box="[423,439,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDA68A865C01F54E" box="[455,537,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the occlusal view, the P4 from Hunas is a rectangular triangle, while the P4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBCE58B475EEEF511" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[132,246,822,848]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCE58B475E8EF50E" box="[132,150,822,848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCC58B475EEEF511" box="[164,246,822,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an irregular quadratic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EBE6C8B475C53F50E" box="[525,587,822,848]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The parastyle is smaller and less distinct in the Hunas specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBCFA8B045FFBF3B0" blockId="9.[130,777,344,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
The most noticeable two features distinguishing the Hunas otter from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBC968BE75F72F5F1" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[247,362,918,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBC968BE75F11F5EE" box="[247,265,918,944]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD798BE75F72F5F1" box="[280,362,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the shape of the protocone and the talon of P4. The protocone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBDAC8BC75C27F591" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[461,575,950,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDAC8BC75FC7F58E" box="[461,479,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD8C8BC75C27F591" box="[493,575,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely large, long and broad, with a deep, crescent inner surface. It is collared, as the rest of the crown (except the buccal margin) by a very thick and strong cingulum wall. Secondly, the buccal median concavity is much more strongly developed, the talon is oriented particularly disto-buccally, far beyond the main axis of the tooth. Both features in the Hunas otter are less developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EBD638CE55F59F2F1" box="[258,321,1172,1199]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, the M1 of the Hunas otter differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBD748CC45F9FF290" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[277,391,1205,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD748CC45F3EF291" box="[277,294,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBD548CC45F9FF290" box="[309,391,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In this species the joint paraconemetacone is developed as a wide, blunt, medio-distal crest. The protocone is a flat, narrow, longitudinally elongated cusp, connected mesially with the paraconule. The distinct lingual and distal cingulum includes a blunt metaconule on the disto-lingual crown margin. A distinct cingulum developed on the buccal side of the tooth forms a marked mesio-buccal parastyle near the paracone. The central part of the crown consists of a shallow depression separating the buccal cusps and crests from the lingual ones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBCFA8D825FEFF1D2" blockId="9.[130,777,344,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
If the Hunas otter cannot be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBE228D855CACF053" baseAuthorityName="de Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[579,692,1524,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Cyrnaonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="antiqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBE228D855C4DF050" box="[579,597,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBE028D855CACF053" box="[611,692,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">antiqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, maybe it is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBCD38E655F53F073" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[178,331,1555,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCD38E655ED9F073" box="[178,193,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCAE8E625F53F073" box="[207,331,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Admittedly, the youngest records of this species are dated to 400-350 kya, however, the relict survival of this otter, as many other Eurasian carnivores, cannot be entirely rule out. Compared the Hunas maxilla with the material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBCAB8EE25F7CF0F3" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[202,356,1683,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBCAB8EE25EC1F0F2" box="[202,217,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBC898EE25F7CF0F3" box="[232,356,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Voigtstedt (800-700 kya;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EBEDA8EE25EA5F093" author="CHERIN M." pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref22880" refString="CHERIN M. 2017. - New material of Lutra simplicidens (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae), a key taxon for understanding the evolution of European otters. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 123 (3): 433 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 9024" type="journal article" year="2017">Cherin 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we found some similarities in the build of P4, which differed from the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBDF08EA25FF9F0B2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[401,481,1746,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDF08EA25F87F0B2" box="[401,415,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBDCE8EA35FF9F0B2" box="[431,481,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. When comparing the P4s of the Hunas and Voigtstedt individuals with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBED08E825D18F152" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[689,768,1778,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBED08E825CD8F152" box="[689,704,1779,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBEAF8E835D18F152" box="[718,768,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, teeth of both fossil specimens have proportionally larger, semilunar parastyles, much longer and broader protocones, which is oriented noticeably more mesio-lingually and stronger developed paracone crests (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EBDC88F035FFFF1D2" box="[425,487,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBCFA8FE35AC5F48E" blockId="9.[130,777,344,2028]" lastBlockId="9.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
The Hunas otter differs from Voigtstedt in a longer protocone with shallower internal basin and less expanded mesio-ligually, stronger buccal, median concavity and weak cingulum. The metacone of the P4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB84D88A85A63F6AC" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1068,1147,216,242]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB84D88A85A22F6AC" box="[1068,1082,217,242]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB82888A95A63F6AC" box="[1097,1147,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small blunt cusp in the disto-buccal crown margin. It is separated from the paracone on the buccal side by a distinct valley. A low protocone is included in the mesio-lingual margin of the crown as a crest-like wall running from the protocone toward the metacone. It forms the lingual border of one or two shallow depressions situated between the protocone, paracone and metacone. The depressions are separated from each other by a transverse wall. The external margin of the crown consists of a low cingulum visible in the buccal view. Also, an indistinct cingulum is situated below the parastyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EB83F8A665A82F46F" box="[1118,1178,535,561]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Morphologically, the P4 from Hunas most closely resembles the P4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB9428A465B6AF40E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1315,1394,566,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9428A465B29F40E" box="[1315,1329,567,592]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9218A475B6AF40E" box="[1344,1394,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Hoxne (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EBFE98A275A24F42F" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[904,1084,598,625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref28353" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 1992. - A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe. Scripta Geologica 101: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Willemsen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEC1D4EB82D8A275B3CF42F" author="MECOZZI B. & IANNUCCI A. & BONA F. & MAZZINI I. & PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R." box="[1100,1316,598,625]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref26737" refString="MECOZZI B., IANNUCCI A., BONA F., MAZZINI I., PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R. 2022. - Rediscovering Lutra lutra from Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy) in the framework of the puzzling evolutionary history of Eurasian otter. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 96 (3): 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 021 - 00553 - y" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB8CC8A265AFBF42E" box="[1197,1251,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both teeth hold many morphological similarities like large, crescent parastyle, considerable buccal, median concavity, particularly enlarged protocone and weak cingulum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBF228AA75BBAF5B1" blockId="9.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
When comparing the M1 of the Hunas otter with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBF4E8A865DDEF54E" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[815,966,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBF4E8A865D24F54E" box="[815,828,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBF2B8A875DDEF54E" box="[842,966,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Voigtstedt, it was found that they differ considerably (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EBFA78B675A1EF56E" box="[966,1030,790,816]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The occlusal outline of both teeth is different. In the M1 from Hunas the crown curved considerably, with the distal walls of the trigon and talon directed strongly distally. In the M1 from Voigtstedt the main axis of the crown running from disto-buccally to the mesio-lingual side, with almost straight trigon and talon in the occlusal view. In relation to P4, it is pushed more buccally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EB9358BA45B89F5B1" box="[1364,1425,981,1007]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBF228B845A4CF3B3" blockId="9.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
In the Voigtstedt M1 the trigon and talon are of similar length, while in Hunas the talon is longer. The median concavity on the buccal margin of the trigon is stronger developed in Hunas M1. While in the Hunas otter the paracone is only slightly higher and larger than the metacone, in the Voigtstedt M1 the paracone is considerably larger and higher than the metacone. The transversal depression running through the whole crown length and separated trigon from the talon in Hunas M1 is much broader and shallower. The protocone and hypocone constriction is lower and shorter, ending on the mesial margin of the talon. In the Voigtstedt otter this structure is much longer, thicker and curved, reaching the central point of the internal talon basin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EB8BA8D055B0FF3D0" box="[1243,1303,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The internal basin of the Hunas otter is more elongated, narrower and shallower than in the Voigtstedt otter. The lingual cingulum is more strongly developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4EBF228D825A49F112" blockId="9.[811,1458,216,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
Contrary to that, the M1 of the Hunas otter holds many similarities with the extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB8088E655AA3F073" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1129,1211,1555,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB8088E655A6FF073" box="[1129,1143,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB8E68E625AA3F073" box="[1159,1211,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
like M1, in relations to the P4, pushed more lingually and less perpendicularly, similar size of paracone and metacone, broad and shallow depression separated trigon and talon, relatively short and low protocone and arched curved crown in the occlusal view. However, it simultaneously differs in the less arched trigon and talon, more strongly developed median concavity on the trigon buccal margin, higher
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AF885DFFEC1D4EB8028E825A82F153" box="[1123,1178,1779,1805]" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" type="paratype">para-</typeStatus>
|
||
and metacone and longer talon, with broader and more extensive internal basin, and stronger cingulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132F2A7AFFEC1D4EB8628F435A59F112" box="[1027,1089,1842,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[132,143,1362,1379]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,216,1321]" captionTargetId="figure-91@8.[698,1267,215,770]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 4. — The P4-M1 of Lutra Brisson,1762 species: A, Lutra lutra groissii Heller, 1983 from Hunas (HHu 4020);B, extant Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) from Silesia; C, D, Lutra simplicidens Thenius, 1965 from Voigtstedt (C, IQW 1966/7314 (Voi. 3532); D, IQW 1966/7313 (Voi. 3525); modified after Cherin (2017: 436; fig. 2). Scale bar: 10 mm." pageId="9" pageNumber="346">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEC1D4DBF228F235C59F4EF" blockId="9.[811,1458,216,2028]" lastBlockId="10.[130,777,216,1709]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">
|
||
Given the above features, it can be concluded that the Hunas otter showed some intermediate characteristics between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB9068F025D9CF1F2" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9068F025B6EF1D2" box="[1383,1398,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9E58F025D9CF1F2" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EBFD38FE25A18F1F2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[946,1024,1938,1964]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBFD38FE25DD9F1F2" box="[946,961,1939,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EBFAE8FE35A18F1F2" box="[975,1024,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and can suggest one evolutionary lineage or development of similar features during the evolution.According most authors, the derivation
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB8E98FA35ACEF1B5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1160,1238,2001,2028]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB8E98FA35A8FF1B5" box="[1160,1175,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB8C48FA05ACEF1B5" box="[1189,1238,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEC1D4EB9798FA35BB7F1B5" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[1304,1455,2001,2028]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9798FA35B3FF1B5" box="[1304,1319,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEC1D4EB9548FA05BB7F1B5" box="[1333,1455,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="346">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is hardly conceivable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBD1088A95C39F6AC" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[369,545,216,242]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref28353" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 1992. - A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe. Scripta Geologica 101: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Willemsen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE5188A95C7FF6AC" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[560,615,216,242]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref28380" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 2006. - Megalenhydris and its relationships to Lutra reconsidered. Hellenic Journal of Geoscience 41: 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE1488A95EA5F74C" author="MECOZZI B. & IANNUCCI A. & BONA F. & MAZZINI I. & PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R." pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref26737" refString="MECOZZI B., IANNUCCI A., BONA F., MAZZINI I., PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R. 2022. - Rediscovering Lutra lutra from Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy) in the framework of the puzzling evolutionary history of Eurasian otter. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 96 (3): 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 021 - 00553 - y" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEB588A85D1FF6AC" box="[724,775,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but cannot be entirely ruled out. Our analysis showed the Hunas otter as something like a transitional form between these two species, and a possible link between them. There are morphometric differences between the two species that provide further support for a different derivation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE5E89095C93F7CF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[575,651,375,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE5E89095C93F7CF" box="[575,651,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The generally accepted chronological framework is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE3489E95C87F7EF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[597,671,407,433]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE3489E95C87F7EF" box="[597,671,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dispersed into Europe from Asia during the late Middle Pleistocene and replaced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBC8189A95F6BF7AF" authorityName="Thenius" authorityYear="1965" box="[224,371,471,497]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBC8189A95EF7F7AF" box="[224,239,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBC9B89A65F6BF7AF" box="[250,371,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBDE089A65C36F7AF" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[385,558,471,497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref28353" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 1992. - A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe. Scripta Geologica 101: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Willemsen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE5889A65C68F7AF" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[569,624,471,497]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="83 - 87" refId="ref28380" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 2006. - Megalenhydris and its relationships to Lutra reconsidered. Hellenic Journal of Geoscience 41: 83 - 87." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE1A89A65EA5F44F" author="MECOZZI B. & IANNUCCI A. & BONA F. & MAZZINI I. & PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R." pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref26737" refString="MECOZZI B., IANNUCCI A., BONA F., MAZZINI I., PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R. 2022. - Rediscovering Lutra lutra from Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy) in the framework of the puzzling evolutionary history of Eurasian otter. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 96 (3): 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 021 - 00553 - y" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEB689A95D1FF7AF" box="[727,775,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this scenario dated to
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD8089895FEAF44F" box="[481,498,504,529]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">c.</emphasis>
|
||
550-500 kya, otters from Cengelle, previously classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBDBA8A665C30F46F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[475,552,535,561]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBDBA8A665C30F46F" box="[475,552,535,561]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE2C8A665CD1F46F" author="PASA A." box="[589,713,535,561]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref27037" refString="PASA A. 1947. - I mammiferi di alcune antiche brecce veronesi. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 1: 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1947">Pasa (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with the trigonid broader than the talonid, can be re-determined as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCC18A265C3CF42F" authority="(Mecozzi et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Mecozzi" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[160,548,598,625]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCC18A265EB7F42E" box="[160,175,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCDF8A275F20F42E" box="[190,312,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBD288A275C05F42F" author="MECOZZI B. & IANNUCCI A. & BONA F. & MAZZINI I. & PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R." box="[329,541,598,625]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref26737" refString="MECOZZI B., IANNUCCI A., BONA F., MAZZINI I., PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R. 2022. - Rediscovering Lutra lutra from Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy) in the framework of the puzzling evolutionary history of Eurasian otter. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 96 (3): 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 021 - 00553 - y" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBDC88A265FC5F42E" box="[425,477,598,624]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This character has a high taxonomic value, which allows attribution of the Cengelle otter to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCBB8AE65C22F4EE" authority="(Willemsen 1992)" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[218,570,662,689]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCBB8AE65EF1F4EE" box="[218,233,663,688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBC968AE75F69F4EE" box="[247,369,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBDE08AE75C2AF4EE" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." box="[385,562,662,688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref28353" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 1992. - A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe. Scripta Geologica 101: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Willemsen 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36FFFFEF1D4DBCFA8AC75FCAF0F3" blockId="10.[130,777,216,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">
|
||
The P4 from Hoxne, ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE6B8AC65C71F48F" box="[522,617,695,721]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE6B8AC65C5CF48E" box="[522,580,695,720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">Lutra</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBEF48AC75ED7F4AE" author="WILLEMSEN G. F." pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref28353" refString="WILLEMSEN G. F. 1992. - A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe. Scripta Geologica 101: 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1992">Willemsen (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, was recognised as having a strong resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCE78A865EC8F54E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[134,208,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCE78A865EC8F54E" box="[134,208,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given the absence of coeval maxillary
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE088A875CDCF54E" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1838" box="[617,708,758,784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lutrinae">Lutrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
material, attribution to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBD388B665FECF56E" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[345,500,790,816]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD388B665F7FF56E" box="[345,359,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD178B675FECF56E" box="[374,500,790,816]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be entirely ruled out. The comparison of the P4 shows slightly but significant morphological distinction between the Hoxne specimen and Voigtstedt ones.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBD038B075FE4F5D1" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[354,508,885,912]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD038B075F69F5D1" box="[354,369,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBDE18B045FE4F5D1" box="[384,508,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a characteristic talon profile, with a convexity along the distal margin, about half length, in the occlusal view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBDDF8BC45C53F591" author="CHERIN M." box="[446,587,949,975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref22880" refString="CHERIN M. 2017. - New material of Lutra simplicidens (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae), a key taxon for understanding the evolution of European otters. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 123 (3): 433 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.13130 / 2039 - 4942 / 9024" type="journal article" year="2017">Cherin 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the P4 from Hoxne, the profile of the distal margin is straight, not convex, which allows us to refer it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBDD28B875CF1F251" authority="(Mecozzi et al. 2022)" baseAuthorityName="Mecozzi" baseAuthorityYear="2022" box="[435,745,1013,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBDD28B875C19F251" box="[435,513,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBE708B845CF9F251" author="MECOZZI B. & IANNUCCI A. & BONA F. & MAZZINI I. & PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R." box="[529,737,1013,1039]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="161 - 174" refId="ref26737" refString="MECOZZI B., IANNUCCI A., BONA F., MAZZINI I., PIERUCCINI P. & SARDELLA R. 2022. - Rediscovering Lutra lutra from Grotta Romanelli (southern Italy) in the framework of the puzzling evolutionary history of Eurasian otter. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 96 (3): 161 - 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 021 - 00553 - y" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Mecozzi
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE118B875CBAF251" box="[624,674,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If not for the whole European territory, locally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE0C8C675D1FF271" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[621,775,1045,1071]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE0C8C675D1FF271" box="[621,775,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be ancestral to some populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE4E8C475C65F211" box="[559,637,1077,1103]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE4E8C475C65F211" box="[559,637,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The present work allows us to recognise several anatomical similarities as well as distinctions of the Hunas otter between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE0E8C045D1FF2D0" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[623,775,1140,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE0E8C045C66F2D0" box="[623,638,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEED8C055D1FF2D0" box="[652,775,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCD78CE45F11F2F0" box="[182,265,1172,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCD78CE45F11F2F0" box="[182,265,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The presence of such multiple, intermediate features in this specimen might suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE0C8CC45D10F290" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[621,776,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE0C8CC45D10F290" box="[621,776,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be part of the same clade. Unfortunately, this cannot be supported by cladistic data until sufficiently complete cranial material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBD618D645F82F370" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[256,410,1300,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD618D645F82F370" box="[256,410,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are discovered. The same goes for the European late Middle Pleistocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE448D445C6DF310" box="[549,629,1332,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE448D445C6DF310" box="[549,629,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the revision of the material from other, so far undescribed sites. New discoveries can also help clarify the taxonomic status of some of these otters, however most of these materials would require a taxonomic revision. In light of the observed similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCDD8DA55F4DF3B3" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[188,341,1491,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCDD8DA55ED3F3B3" box="[188,203,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCB88DA25F4DF3B3" box="[217,341,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the Hunas otter and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBE228DA55C8AF3B3" box="[579,658,1491,1517]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBE228DA55C8AF3B3" box="[579,658,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the possible attribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBD228D855FC4F053" baseAuthorityName="Willemsen" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[323,476,1523,1550]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simplicidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD228D855F4AF053" box="[323,338,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBD018D825FC4F053" box="[352,476,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">simplicidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in one evolutionary lineage with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBCDB8E655F1EF073" box="[186,262,1555,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBCDB8E655F1EF073" box="[186,262,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is plausible, but further discoveries are needed to test this hypothesis. In view of the uniqueness of the Hunas find and its morphological separation from extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D7CFFEF1D4DBED08E255CE7F033" box="[689,767,1619,1645]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Lutra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lutra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBED08E255CE7F033" box="[689,767,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L. lutra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we also maintain subspecific status of the otter
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEE68E055C8DF0D3" box="[647,661,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEC48E025CB4F0D3" box="[677,684,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">l</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAEDFFEF1D4DBEDB8E055CE7F0D3" box="[698,767,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="347">groissii</emphasis>
|
||
, proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B0EFFEF1D4DBD6E8EE25FB1F0F3" author="HELLER F." box="[271,425,1683,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="347" pagination="103 - 263" refId="ref24612" refString="HELLER F. 1983 d. - Vertebrata, in HELLER F. (ed.), Die Hohlenruine Hunas bei Hartmannshof (Landkreis Nurnberger Land). Eine palaontologische und urgeschichtliche Fundstelle aus dem Spat-Riss. Quartar-Bibliothek 4: 103 - 263." type="journal article" year="1983">Heller (1983d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, e).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |