242 lines
32 KiB
XML
242 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="D84C63443630773746FD686D5D343410" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFDFF63189643E38F9A2F368" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rousettus amplexicaudatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1810" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="85" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="85" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="53A01A0763D524EB50BAE1C62E5ECBA6">
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<mods:title id="2BF824554AFC57774186D2A0301C148F">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AF3B53E1E2DBB941CC0C52B8FC03B6A8">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="40E798D32AAF75ED061FA8E35031D715">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="87F2BA730A2A1C3BCB5CBF1E4FA6C55B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="7595FE501B49EC5701E50FAF56D7A57F" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="9F7B0A14E371BEBF8955794365D08199">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="04AF022A787201795318FAB54B282F14">
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<mods:title id="7889F81DEB7F9EA48D8335643CE913C2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="7467F2962363E20EB353E6E2FEDC6C8E" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFDFF63189643E38F9A2F368" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794673" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379293" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794673" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFDFF63189643E38F9A2F368" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFDFF63189643E38F9A2F368" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF63189643E38FF16F5C9" box="[122,179,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF63189643E38FF16F5C9" blockId="27.[119,1169,2596,2720]" box="[122,179,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF63189643E38FF16F5C9" box="[122,179,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFDFF63189643E38FF16F5C9" box="[122,179,2596,2642]" captionStart="Plate 3: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="23.[116,146,3323,3348]" captionTargetBox="[13,2758,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="32. Zenker’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris zenkeri), 33. Hayman’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris occidentalis), 34. Bergmans’s Fruit Bat (Scotonycteris bergmansi), 35. Short-palated Fruit Bat (Casinycteris argynnas), 36. Pohle’s Fruit Bat (Casinycteris ophiodon), 37. Campo-Ma’an Fruit Bat (Casinycteris campomaanensis), 38. Lesser Dawn Bat (Eonycteris spelaea), 39. Greater Dawn Bat (Eonycteris major), 40. Philippine Dawn Bat (Eonycteris robusta), 41. Geoffroy’s Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus), 42. Bare-backed Rousette (Rousettus spinalatus), 43. Leschenault’s Rousette (Rousettus leschenaultin), 44. Linduan Rousette (Rousettus linduensis), 45. Sulawesi Rousette (Rousettus celebensis), 46. Egyptian Rousette (Rousettus aegyptiacus), 47. Malagasy Rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), 48. Comoro Rousette (Rousettus obliviosus), 49. Long-haired Fruit Bat (Stenonycteris lanosus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448843/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">41.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF63189DB3E38FDFFF5C9" box="[197,602,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF63189DB3E38FDFFF5C9" blockId="27.[119,1169,2596,2720]" box="[197,602,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF63189DB3E38FDFFF5C9" box="[197,602,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF63189DB3E38FDFFF5C9" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[197,602,2596,2642]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Geoffroy’s Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318BBF3E38FB2AF5C9" box="[673,1167,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318BBF3E38FB2AF5C9" blockId="27.[119,1169,2596,2720]" box="[673,1167,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF6318BBF3E38FB2AF5C9" box="[673,1167,2596,2642]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318BBF3E38FB2AF5C9" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[673,1167,2596,2642]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318BBF3E38FB2AF5C9" box="[673,1167,2596,2642]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Rousettus amplexicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF63189673E78FD90F53B" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF63189673E78FB8FF5E2" blockId="27.[119,1169,2596,2720]" box="[121,1066,2660,2681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF63189673E78FB8FF5E2" box="[121,1066,2660,2681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF63189673E78FF60F5E2" bold="true" box="[121,197,2660,2681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF63189D13E78FE15F5E2" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[207,432,2660,2681]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Roussette de Geoffroy</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF63188DA3E78FDBAF5E2" bold="true" box="[452,543,2660,2681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF6318B363E78FD44F5E2" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[552,737,2660,2681]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Geoffroy-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318BE83E78FCF4F5E2" bold="true" box="[758,849,2660,2681]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF6318A453E78FB8FF5E2" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[859,1066,2660,2681]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Rosetus de Geoffroy</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF63189663E97FD90F53B" blockId="27.[119,1169,2596,2720]" box="[120,565,2699,2720]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFDFF63189663E97FD90F53B" box="[120,565,2699,2720]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF63189663E97FED5F53B" bold="true" box="[120,368,2699,2720]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFDFF63188673E97FD90F53B" ID-CoL="4THCK" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[377,565,2699,2720]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Common Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318BC03EC8FB07F482" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318BC03EC8FB07F482" blockId="27.[728,1327,2772,3195]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318BC03EC8FCDFF56A" bold="true" box="[734,890,2772,2801]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318ADF3EC8FB38F482" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">Pteropus amplexicaudatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318DAD3EEFFCE0F4FD" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318DAD3EEFFCE0F4FD" blockId="27.[728,1327,2772,3195]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFDFF6318DAD3EEFFCE0F4FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391306" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">“L’ile de Timor [= Timor: Island],” Lesser Sunda Islands.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318BC13F71FD72F36B" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318BC13F71FD72F36B" blockId="27.[728,1327,2772,3195]" lastBlockId="27.[118,1325,3201,3471]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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Subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318ADF3F71FB6EF415" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[961,1227,2925,2958]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">R. amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
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differ mainly in size, with
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318D023F81FB56F42D" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[1052,1267,2973,2998]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
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being the largest and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318D0D3FA0FB28F446" box="[1043,1165,3004,3037]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyotis">brachyotis</taxonomicName>
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the smallest. The form hedigeri from Bougainville Island (
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF6318A533813FB99F3B7" box="[845,1084,3087,3116]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
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) is considered a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318A963824FBA6F3CE" box="[904,1027,3128,3157]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyotis">brachyotis</taxonomicName>
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; the form minor from Java is considered a synonym of infumatus. Taxonomic status ofthe recently described R. tangkokoensis by H. J. Lengkong and colleagues in 2016 from northern
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDFF6318B3438B4FD05F352" box="[554,672,3240,3273]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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, similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318A2538B4FB90F352" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[827,1077,3240,3273]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplexicaudatus">R. amplexicaudatus</taxonomicName>
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, needs additional investigation. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF631896838EAF84FFD5F" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFDFF631896838EAF84FFD5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803662" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803662" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803662/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" startId="27.[118,272,3318,3351]" targetBox="[119,711,2774,3190]" targetPageId="27">
|
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF631896838EAFDA2F28C" blockId="27.[118,1325,3201,3471]" box="[118,519,3318,3351]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF631896838EAFDA2F28C" bold="true" box="[118,519,3318,3351]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF63189663903F829FE2A" blockId="27.[118,1325,3201,3471]" lastBlockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF63189663903F829FE2A" authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" baseAuthorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amplexicaudatus" subSpecies="amplexicaudatus">R.a.amplexicaudatusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—mainlandSEAsia(C&SEMyan-mar,SCChinainYunnan,NLaos,andNVietnamStoMalayPeninsula),Philippines,MentawaiIs(NorthPagai),EngganoI,Borneo,Moluccas,ELesserSundaIs(Flores,Sawu,Roti,Timor,andKisar),TanimbarIs,NewGuinea(includingWaigeo,Batanta,Salawati,andYapenIs),andLouisiadeArchipelago(SideiaI);SulawesianandnearbyIspopulations(Sangihe,Thulandang,Talisei,Lembeh,Batudaka,andPeleng)aretentativelyassignedtothissubspecies.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6235A4F8A4FDEE" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318C6235A4F8A4FDEE" authority="Dobson, 1877" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1877" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amplexicaudatus" subSpecies="brachyotis">R.a.brachyotisDobson,1877—AdmiraltyIs(Manus),BagabagI,BismarckArchipelago(Mussau,Emirau,NewHanover,NewIreland,Dyaul,Tabar,Lihir,DukeofYork,andNewBritainIs),andSolomonIs(Buka,Bougainville,Fauro,Choiseul,VellaLavel-la,Kolombangara,NewGeorgia,Vangunu,SantaIsabel,Guadalcanal,NggelaSule,Malaita,andSanCristobal).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C623661F84FFD5F" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318C623661F89DFD05" authority="J. E. Gray, 1870" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1404,1848,637,670]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="amplexicaudatus" subSpecies="infumatus">R. a. infumatus J. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDFF6318E7C3661F87DFD05" box="[1890,2008,637,670]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDFF6318EF93661F780FD05" box="[2023,2085,637,670]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Java</collectingRegion>
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, and W Lesser Sunda Is (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDFF63180813661F67DFD05" box="[2463,2520,637,670]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Nusa Penida, and Lombok; possibly also on Alor).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6536C8F974F95C" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6536C8F974F95C" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6536C8F9D6FD76" bold="true" box="[1403,1651,724,749]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318E3436C8F872FD76" box="[1834,2007,724,749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.41" metricValueMax="1.54" metricValueMin="1.28" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="141.0" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="128.0">128-154 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF631813D36C8F711FD76" box="[2083,2228,724,749]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="13.0">13-24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 16-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF631803836C8F602FD76" box="[2342,2471,724,749]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="5.0">5-24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318C6036EFF9B7FC8F" box="[1406,1554,755,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19-21 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318FBD36EFF89DFC8F" box="[1699,1848,755,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="81.0" valueMax="92.0" valueMin="70.0">70-92 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318EAD36EFF791FC8F" box="[1971,2100,755,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="6.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="g" value="85.0" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="64.0">64-106 g</quantity>
|
||
. Males are always larger on average than females. Geoffroy’s Rousette is similar to Leschenault’s Rousette (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF63180463706F587FCA0" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1820" box="[2392,2594,794,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leschenaultii">R. leschenaultii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), distinguished by subcircular (as opposed to elliptical) occlusal outline of M,, narrower ears, and proportionally more slender and shorter rostrum. Ears are narrow, tips are not attenuated, and antitragus is small and round. Fur coloris similar to that of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318F0F37A5F929FC41" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1553,1676,953,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
: generally brown and grayish drab on chest, breast, and belly. It has been suggested that darker hue might be useful to distinguish Geoffroy’s Rousette from other eastern species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318E713014F84FFBB2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1903,2026,1032,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Head, back, and rump range from dark brown to dark olive or sepia-brown; nape is wood-brown to greenish brown; sides of neck and fore neck are more or less suffused with wood-brown or tawny olive in males and greenish brown in females. Distinct band of dorsal fur, 15-35-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF631803B309BF6D2FB3B" box="[2341,2423,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, occurs between both plagiopatagium insertions. Furis rather short and sparse. Neck region is almost naked. Uropatagium and tibia are almost bare. Adults of both sexes can have two bright-colored and bristly hair tufts, one at either side of neck; these tufts occur especially in older specimens and are often absent, without geographical regularity. Wing membranes are dark brown but are nearly translucent over bones giving appearance of white stripes. Claw is present on index finger. Palatal ridges are variable depending on subspecies: 3+4+1,4+3+1,0or4+4 +1 (less commonly). Dental formula for all species of Rousettusis12/2, C1/1,P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Dentition is conservative in tooth number and structure of dental pieces. There is a tendency in Geoffroy’s Rousette for reduction of interspace between C' and P?%P! in some individuals is closely wedged between those two teeth (absent in a few individuals); this characteristic is variable, without correlation to geography. Premolars and molars vary in size but are similar to those of Leschenault’s Rousette. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 68.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6632D3F840F8A5" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6632D3F840F8A5" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6632D3FA42F96B" bold="true" box="[1400,1511,1743,1776]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary and secondary forests, mixed agricultural land (orchard), and open areas, from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318ED432EBF79CF883" box="[1994,2105,1783,1816]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
. Geoftroy’s Rousette also occurs in residential areas up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318E9B333DF844F8A5" box="[1925,2017,1825,1854]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C66335AF58EF79E" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C66335AF58EF79E" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C66335AF9DFF8FC" bold="true" box="[1400,1658,1862,1895]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Geoffroy’s Rousette is frugivorous but also eats nectar. It often feeds on overripe fruits, minimizing their damage in commercial orchards. On Panay Island (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF6318CD33388F9D6F82E" box="[1485,1651,1940,1973]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
), diets included native and exotic fruits from at least 14 genera and eleven families.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318F4933A0F93FF846" box="[1623,1690,1980,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was very important on Panay Island, with eleven species included in diets. Flowers from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318FB333F4F86CF79E" box="[1709,1993,2024,2053]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Erythrina (Fabaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF631810B33F4F606F79E" box="[2069,2467,2024,2053]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Barringtonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
are used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C693C17F644F62C" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C693C17F644F62C" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C693C17FA5BF7B7" bold="true" box="[1399,1534,2059,2092]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
On Negros Island (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF6318E293C17F878F7B7" box="[1847,2013,2059,2092]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
), multiparous Geoffroy’s Rousettes gave birth in March-April and usually August-September, a pattern of seasonal bimodal polyestry. Exact timing of these birth periods probably varies from year to year, but births coincide with beginning of dry season and early wet season. Females were lactating and pregnant when captured in April-May, indicating that most females have young in both birthing periods and postpartum estrus. Females become pregnant in their first year oflife; first births occurred in broad peak from June to late August. Gestation is ¢.150 days, and lactation lasts ¢.60 days. Crown—rump length of neonates is ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318CB93D5BF9ABF6F3" box="[1447,1550,2375,2408]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
|
||
. A similar reproductive pattern was observed in New Guinean populations, with females producing two litters of one young annually. Geoffroy’s Rousettes might have a harem-type of mating system; adult males are less abundant than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6B3DA1F89EF5B7" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6B3DA1F89EF5B7" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6B3DA1F9C5F645" bold="true" box="[1397,1632,2493,2526]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
On Mindanao, Geoffroy’s Rousette roosted in caves with large openings and close to water, and it might use rock crevices and old tombs. It is docile when handled, rarely calling or biting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C683E28F93EF414" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C683E28F93EF414" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C683E28F79DF5CE" bold="true" box="[1398,2104,2612,2645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Geoffroy’s Rousette roosts in large colonies of2000-100,000 individuals. On the Island of Samal (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF63181C93E40F6D8F5E6" box="[2263,2429,2652,2685]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
), the world’s largest colony of Geoffroy’s Rousette was estimated at ¢.883,000 individuals in the first
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318C673EB2FA68F550" box="[1401,1485,2734,2763]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
of a 150 m-long cave (Monfort Cave). It often roosts in association with other fruit bats such as the Lesser Dawn Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFDFF6318EAA3ECEF73AF568" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[1972,2207,2770,2803]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Eonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea">Eonycteris spelaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A capture-recapture study suggested that individuals have large home ranges. Geoftroy’s Rousettes regularly fly long distances (more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFDFF6318FF33F3DF8E3F4D9" box="[1773,1862,2849,2882]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
|
||
/night) to forage. Genetic studies based on allozymes showed little genetic differentiation among populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF63181F03F54F62BF4F2" box="[2286,2446,2888,2921]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
, indicating high dispersal ability.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6B3F8BF6E4F3B5" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6B3F8BF6E4F3B5" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6B3F8BF977F423" bold="true" box="[1397,1746,2967,3000]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Geoffroy’s Rousette is widespread, with common and abundant populations, and seemingly not declining at a fast rate. Nevertheless,it is heavily hunted in South-east Asia, Borneo, and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFDFF6318CF53811F92CF3B5" box="[1515,1673,3085,3118]" name="Philippines" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
and regarded as a pest in parts ofits distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFDFF6318C6B3822F9A2F368" pageId="27" pageNumber="85" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFDFF6318C6B3822F9A2F368" blockId="27.[1395,2612,289,3316]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFDFF6318C6B3822F9AEF3CC" bold="true" box="[1397,1547,3134,3159]" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans & Hill (1980), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Carpenter, E.S. et al. (2014), Csorba, Rosell-Ambal & Ingle (2008), Francis (1989), Galorio & Nuneza (2014), Heaney, Dolar et al. (2010), Heaney, Walsh & Peterson (2005), Heideman & Heaney (1989), Heideman & Utzurrum (2003), Hill (1983), Hodgkison et al. (2004b), Hood et al. (1988), Lengkong etal. (2016), Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981), Tanalgo & Hughes (2018), Tanalgo &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFDFF6318C6A38C6FA1CF368" box="[1396,1465,3290,3315]" country="Tanzania" name="Tabora" pageId="27" pageNumber="85">Tabora</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2015).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |