212 lines
26 KiB
XML
212 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="E8BABB61ADBDC695377C464D29CB0887" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFD0F63E89B93C3BF6D1F5CB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Penthetor lucasii" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="78" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="D6D2975822AE53906617871B82FAB3DE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="474B6EA303FFC7F531799BDB966EF200">
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<mods:title id="3431A1299E72B1B84A4951AC11D0D4AD">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3BA76C638230E00E8E6A6831ECB3739B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BAF2DDA81799B4D809DC445AC3A9A104">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B956B97243574C564B4DADFF011B9A34">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="09F5E22B9B83F82BB5ED1E9E31ECB5C3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="64FDA71945E3DE5BFAA4570E7AE5B61F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="56B104421BA4476C4672A4FEE1077C22">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="9C5D720ACC63788B9AD475F540F360B5" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="9D7156DEC9790BFCF6DC799FE03D6359">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="2AF54FACE61CFD87F2F06E1D9403C511">
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<mods:placeTerm id="5459855B701DABC76D257233CC8E92FE">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="7135E075FDA037D49680DD95B8D2E9EE">
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<mods:title id="5F5A2462A166589A43A94B40A260C98D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3D0E9964D5777CAA2517769CDA8EF4B2">
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<mods:start id="B873AC7DC2A2D6C38F43035983DD568F">16</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="58961C3D692F6CBDCEBEED21139BF060" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD0F63E89B93C3BF6D1F5CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448893" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448893" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD0F63E89B93C3BF6D1F5CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD0F63E89B93C3BF6D1F5CB" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89B93C3BFF45F7CA" box="[167,224,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B93C3BFF45F7CA" blockId="20.[165,1213,2087,2209]" box="[167,224,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD0F63E89B93C3BFF45F7CA" box="[167,224,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD0F63E89B93C3BFF45F7CA" box="[167,224,2087,2129]" captionStart="Plate 2: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="13.[140,170,3324,3349]" captionTargetBox="[14,2760,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="15. Brooks's Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus brooksi), 16. Common Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), 17. Philippine Large-headed Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus rickarti), 18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat (Sphaerias blanfordi), 19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris maculata), 20. Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris seemundi), 21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops aequalis), 22. Common Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops alecto), 23. Common Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus nigrescens), 24. Suhaniah’s Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus suhaniahae), 25. Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (Alionycteris paucidentata), 26. Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), 27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus), 28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Latidens salimaliz), 29. Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax melanocephalus), 30. Sulawesi Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax tumulus), 31. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasu)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448837/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">31.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89EF3C3BFCF0F7CA" box="[241,853,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89EF3C3BFCF0F7CA" blockId="20.[165,1213,2087,2209]" box="[241,853,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD0F63E89EF3C3BFCF0F7CA" box="[241,853,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD0F63E89EF3C3BFCF0F7CA" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[241,853,2087,2129]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8A9B3C3BFB19F7CA" box="[901,1212,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8A9B3C3BFB19F7CA" blockId="20.[165,1213,2087,2209]" box="[901,1212,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD0F63E8A9B3C3BFB19F7CA" box="[901,1212,2087,2129]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E8A9B3C3BFB19F7CA" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[901,1212,2087,2129]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8A9B3C3BFB19F7CA" box="[901,1212,2087,2129]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Penthetor lucasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89B83C7FFD9AF73B" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83C7FFBDFF7E3" blockId="20.[165,1213,2087,2209]" box="[166,1146,2147,2168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD0F63E89B83C7FFBDFF7E3" box="[166,1146,2147,2168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89B83C7FFF57F7E3" bold="true" box="[166,242,2147,2168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD0F63E89E53C7FFE66F7E3" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[251,451,2147,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">Cynoptére de Lucas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E88C63C7FFD96F7E3" bold="true" box="[472,563,2147,2168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD0F63E8B233C7FFC98F7E3" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[573,829,2147,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">Lucas-Kurznasenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8A4D3C7FFC0BF7E3" bold="true" box="[851,942,2147,2168]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD0F63E8AA63C7FFBDFF7E3" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[952,1146,2147,2168]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">Penthetor de Lucas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83C97FD9AF73B" blockId="20.[165,1213,2087,2209]" box="[166,575,2187,2208]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD0F63E89B83C97FD9AF73B" box="[166,575,2187,2208]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89B83C97FE38F73B" bold="true" box="[166,413,2187,2208]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD0F63E88B93C97FD9AF73B" ID-CoL="76PRP" baseAuthorityName="Dobson" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[423,575,2187,2208]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">Dusky Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BB3CD0FC19F776" box="[165,956,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BB3CD0FC19F776" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" box="[165,956,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BB3CD0FEE4F776" bold="true" box="[165,321,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E88513CD0FC12F776" ID-CoL="7SWMY" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[335,951,2252,2285]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii" subGenus="Ptenochirus">Cynopterus (Ptenochirus) lucasii Dobson, 1880</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8AD93CD0FAFCF776" box="[967,1369,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8AD93CD0FAFCF776" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" box="[967,1369,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD0F63E8AD93CD0FAF3F776" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391407" box="[967,1366,2252,2285]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E8ACA3CD0FBE3F776" box="[980,1094,2252,2285]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
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, Borneo,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E8DC03CD0FAF3F776" box="[1246,1366,2252,2285]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89B93CE8FCA8F6A6" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B93CE8FCA8F6A6" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E88743CE8FE78F68E" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[362,477,2292,2325]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasii">P. lucasii</taxonomicName>
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from Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E8BCF3CE8FCE2F68E" box="[721,839,2292,2325]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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are referred here to subspecies suyantoi with caution. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89B83D5FFE93F640" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD0F63E89B83D5FFE93F640" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803640" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803640/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" startId="20.[166,320,2371,2404]" targetBox="[1438,2030,283,697]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83D5FFD92F6FF" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" box="[166,567,2371,2404]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89B83D5FFD92F6FF" bold="true" box="[166,567,2371,2404]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83D6FFD2BF617" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" box="[166,654,2419,2444]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E89B83D6FFE59F617" authority="Dobson, 1880" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1880" box="[166,508,2419,2444]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucasii" subSpecies="lucasii">PL lucasii Dobson, 1880</taxonomicName>
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— Borneo.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83D8EFE93F640" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E89B83D8EFD9EF628" authority="Maryanto, 2004" authorityName="Maryanto" authorityYear="2004" box="[166,571,2450,2483]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Penthetor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lucasii" subSpecies="suyantoi">P. l. suyantoi Maryanto, 2004</taxonomicName>
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— Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E8A183D8EFCDEF628" box="[774,891,2450,2483]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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and Sumatra, including Riau Archipelago.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89B83DF9F638F9EE" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89B83DF9F638F9EE" blockId="20.[164,1374,2252,2648]" lastBlockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89B83DF9FE3EF599" bold="true" box="[166,411,2533,2562]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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||
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||
, tail
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8A253DF9FC1BF599" box="[827,958,2533,2562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="8.0">8-13 mm</quantity>
|
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, ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8D183DF9FB3DF599" box="[1030,1176,2533,2562]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="13.0">13-17 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8C303DF9FEACF5B1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="10.0">10- 13 mm</quantity>
|
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, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E888B3E11FD83F5B1" box="[405,550,2573,2602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="54.0">54-66 mm</quantity>
|
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(males) and
|
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8BFA3E11FCD3F5B1" box="[740,886,2573,2602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.3" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="60.0" valueMax="63.0" valueMin="57.0">57-63 mm</quantity>
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||
(females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8D623E11FB4DF5B1" box="[1148,1256,2573,2602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.1" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="41.0" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="34.0">34-48 g</quantity>
|
||
(males) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E89FA3E2CFEEBF5CA" box="[228,334,2608,2641]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="48.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="42.0">42-55 g</quantity>
|
||
(females). Head is stout; muzzle is broad at base, tapering, and moderately deep; nostrils are shortly tubular; philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves. Eyes are large and bulging; iris is warm brown. Fars are moderately long and rounded, pale brown skin is thin, and antitragus is very small. Head is very wide; pelage is sparse on muzzle and cheek; pelage is very short, dense, and darker on cap, with some individuals presenting a distinctly darker, wide central line on the cap; and very long guard hairs occur in occiput. Neck and back are sparsely haired, especially in scapular area; dorsum is brown to grayish brown. Uropatagium is naked, tail is moderately long and very thin, calcar is short, and tibia is long. Throatis thinly furred but has isolated, very long hairs, and sides of neck lack tufts or distinctly colored ruff. Chest and belly are light grayish brown, and flanks are distinctly warmer and browner. Wing membranes are dark brown from sides of body and attach on first toe, pollex and index finger are distinctly short, and index claw is present. Skull lacks basicranial deflection, rostrum is short and moderately deep, orbit is large, zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line, and zygomais rather thin and little arched posteriorly. Dorsally, rostrum is wide at base and slightly tapering; paranasal recesses are inflated, passing root of small, triangular postorbital processes; there is no postorbital foramen or postorbital constriction; barely obvious temporal lines do notjoin in a sagittal crest; braincase is oval and long; and nuchal crest is moderately developed. Ventrally, palate is moderately long (wider in nominate lucasit) and flat; tooth rows are almost straight; post-dental is short and converging; end of post-dental palate is concave; there is no palatine spine; sphenoidalcrest is thin and sharp; and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly, and edged internally by ribbon-like entotympanic. Mandible is thin (less so in subspecies suyantoi); coronoid slopes butis rather tall, with rounded tip; condyle is level with lower alveolar line; and angle is distinctly marked. Dental formula is12/1,C1/1,P3/3 M 1/2 (x2) = 28. Upper incisors are very thin; I! is longer; Cl is short with marked anterointernal groove; P' is a spicule; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height, without additional cusps, and have rectangular outlines; and P23 is broad. Lower incisors are thin (possibly representing L,); C, is relatively wide at base and short; P, is peg-like; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height and are rather wide and somewhat squarish in occlusal outline; and M, is peg-like. Diploid numberis 2n = 48.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBC3267F672F907" box="[1442,2519,1659,1692]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBC3267F672F907" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" box="[1442,2519,1659,1692]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBC3267F9B4F907" bold="true" box="[1442,1553,1659,1692]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland to hill rainforest from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E80683267F676F907" box="[2422,2515,1659,1692]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBC32BEF603F958" box="[1442,2470,1698,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBC32BEF603F958" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" box="[1442,2470,1698,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBC32BEF90DF958" bold="true" box="[1442,1704,1698,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
L.ucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBC32D2F5AFF7D5" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBC32D2F5AFF7D5" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBC32D2F98CF970" bold="true" box="[1442,1577,1742,1771]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E8F7832D2F96DF970" box="[1638,1736,1742,1771]" name="Brunei" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Brunei</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with synchronized births centered in October and estrus and mating within 2-3 weeks postpartum, followed by prolonged delayed embryonic development; rapid development resumes in the next year’s July-September, and births occur again around October. This birth peak does not correlate with rainfall or fruiting/flowering peaks and might be related to specific resources. Neonates weigh c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E816E3393F70AF82B" box="[2160,2223,1935,1968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="15.0">15 g</quantity>
|
||
at birth and are able to fly in 2-3 weeks old when they weigh more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E811233ABF7ECF843" box="[2060,2121,1975,2008]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="20.0">20 g</quantity>
|
||
. Lactation lasts 2-4 months. Females achieve sexual maturity at weights of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8EB033C2F7BFF864" box="[1966,2074,2014,2047]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="33.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="33.0">33-34 g</quantity>
|
||
and males at c.12 months old when they weigh
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8F1D3C1AF9D0F7BC" box="[1539,1653,2054,2087]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="28.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="27.0">27-30 g</quantity>
|
||
. Other patterns might exist elsewhere based on near-term pregnant females recorded in January and lactating female in May in Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD0F63E80903C31F5A3F7D5" box="[2446,2566,2093,2126]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBF3C45F5A0F7ED" box="[1441,2565,2137,2166]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBF3C45F5A0F7ED" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" box="[1441,2565,2137,2166]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBF3C45F928F7ED" bold="true" box="[1441,1677,2137,2166]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat roosts in caves and rock shelters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBD3C60F9C1F6A7" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBD3C60F9C1F6A7" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBD3C60F7DDF706" bold="true" box="[1443,2168,2172,2205]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bats can have more than 100 individuals that cluster together in crevices and cave ceilings in the twilight zones. Nursing females roost together in clusters in caves. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat likely commutes between a fixed cave roost and shifting feeding areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBA3D5EF860F642" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBA3D5EF860F642" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBA3D5EF8ADF6F8" bold="true" box="[1444,1800,2370,2403]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bats can be locally very common, generally in the proximity of occupied caves, but are generally rare. Limestone extraction and to a lesser extent deforestation are likely conservation threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E8CBA3DF4F6D1F5CB" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E8CBA3DF4F6D1F5CB" blockId="20.[1441,2650,710,2640]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E8CBA3DF4F998F59A" bold="true" box="[1444,1597,2536,2561]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Andersen (1912b), Bates, Bumrungsri, Suyanto, Francis, Kingston & Maryanto (2008), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Kingston et al. (2006), Kofron (2007b), Maryanto (2004), Mohd-Ridwan & Abdullah (2012), Payne et al. (1985), Rahman & Abdullah (2010), Rosli et al. (2018), Yong & Dhaliwal (1976).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |