244 lines
29 KiB
XML
244 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="414C1FD1C4BF1EF448CD90F24D5E959E" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFA5F64B8964351EFD05F301" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus livingstonii J. E. Gray 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="155" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="155" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
|
||
<mods:mods id="FF4D4CB7D3AB266D11A341791B4069D8" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="3521118DE294C56455176055AD0CEDB7">
|
||
<mods:title id="7ECBBC8C176E58A7B6D880734191B477">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="561432600E64E51DD84153340EDB5CED" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="55F09973B1DFC37FC3AE68C6A2B45635">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B4DACB2834DFC9F5DE884502F8F96F5F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="294BDC7B7C9F229B655577E131BE07BF">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="EDA504CB32BA1538DB5071ED41A500CB" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="233986B8ED3BC9AFC53BBE442EF805B8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6655045C564970007D7F25026E475838">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="FF62D552016A49CEEDD4FA36B9BC1505">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="BF928A49A88BC8C980EF86B04E4FCE22">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="41A8C71BDF3C5476AD040950D2956C07" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="F9C901A0E6CE512C0E0E489C4AD8820A">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="397380C1325AB148252E0DD666A5A5CE">2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="0F032C6D55C4B0DD789B2BC4240EE484" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="B25F5C928F475B7DFDE5E4EC3D48243F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="02B1DA23D72A22CE6E8E9DFD155A1AB7">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="7355B2D3659D1C076540CA96E10B862B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A850551FEAE97193E81BEBBE994F804E">
|
||
<mods:title id="ED02A7AF4A5E356C52DA4897DCD01660">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="A1EF744384C507F269E3C348465CCCE4">
|
||
<mods:extent id="B8B58BB0A335F64FBD6ACD16E64D58A4" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="57A77D96DF858AA96A4106197D45A1D8">16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="C89E9BD9FBCE47B3B4078625CEBF19B2">162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="E8E8470CB6AAB067EABF25B8E25C85A4">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6A762E4E8E278BEE8C105F1552E9A71D" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="58B042518F9F4D0096AE88D5DA809199" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7D869889C6E5635294B43C9C23521433" type="GBIF-Dataset">bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="75AB60B1FB77C4C8F7E3B5B884DF571F" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="7D155C31CEB32B89011FD4D4BDCBB0C7" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AD87FAFFA5F64B8964351EFD05F301" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449062" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449062" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFA5F64B8964351EFD05F301" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFA5F64B8964351EFD05F301" lastPageNumber="155" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8964351EFF6FFEAF" box="[122,202,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8964351EFF6FFEAF" blockId="97.[117,1201,258,392]" box="[122,202,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFA5F64B8964351EFF6FFEAF" box="[122,202,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFA5F64B8964351EFF6FFEAF" box="[122,202,258,308]" captionStart="Plate 11: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="97.[117,147,3321,3346]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="174. Livingstone’s Flying Fox (Pteropus livingstonii), 175. Pemba Flying Fox (Pleropus voeltzkowi), 176. Ryukyu Flying Fox (Pleropus dasymallus), 177. Bonin Flying Fox (Pteropus pselaphon), 178. Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pleropus pumilus), 179. Lyle’s Flying Fox (Pteropus lylei), 180. Indian Flying Fox (Pleropus medius), 181. Rodrigues Flying Fox (Pteropus rodricensus), 182. Large Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus), 183. Aldabra Flying Fox (Pleropus aldabrensis), 184. Malagasy Flying Fox (Pteropus rufus), 185. Seychelles Flying Fox (Pleropus seychellensis), 186. Greater Mascarene Flying Fox (Pteropus niger), 187. Aru Flying Fox (Pteropus aruensis), 188. Kai Flying Fox (Pleropus keyensis), 189. Black-bearded Flying Fox (Pleropus melanopogon), 190. South Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus chrysoproctus), 191. North Moluccan Flying Fox (Pteropus caniceps)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448911/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">174.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B89C5351EFD75FEAF" box="[219,720,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B89C5351EFD75FEAF" blockId="97.[117,1201,258,392]" box="[219,720,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFA5F64B89C5351EFD75FEAF" box="[219,720,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B89C5351EFD75FEAF" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[219,720,258,308]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Livingstone’s Flying Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8A0A351EFB21FEAF" box="[788,1156,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8A0A351EFB21FEAF" blockId="97.[117,1201,258,392]" box="[788,1156,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFA5F64B8A0A351EFB21FEAF" box="[788,1156,258,308]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8A0A351EFB21FEAF" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[788,1156,258,308]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8A0A351EFB21FEAF" box="[788,1156,258,308]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Pteropus livingstonii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8969355AFCB8FE19" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8969355AFB15FEC0" blockId="97.[117,1201,258,392]" box="[119,1200,326,347]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFA5F64B8969355AFB15FEC0" box="[119,1200,326,347]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8969355AFF66FEC0" bold="true" box="[119,195,326,347]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B89D3355AFE6EFEC0" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[205,459,326,347]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Roussette de Livingstone</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B88C1355AFD9FFEC0" bold="true" box="[479,570,326,347]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B8B5A355AFCBFFEC0" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[580,794,326,347]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Livingstone-Flughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8A31355AFC2FFEC0" bold="true" box="[815,906,326,347]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B8A8D355AFB15FEC0" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[915,1200,326,347]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Zorro volador de Livingstone</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B89693571FCB8FE19" blockId="97.[117,1201,258,392]" box="[119,797,365,386]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFA5F64B89693571FCB8FE19" box="[119,797,365,386]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B89693571FEC8FE19" bold="true" box="[119,365,365,386]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B88693571FD96FE19" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[375,563,365,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Comoro Flying Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFA5F64B8B5F3571FCB8FE19" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[577,797,365,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Livingstone's Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8BC535A9FC80FE62" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8BC535A9FC80FE62" blockId="97.[731,1324,437,860]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8BC535A9FCD3FE49" bold="true" box="[731,886,437,466]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8A9835A9FC85FE62" ID-CoL="78M4Z" authority="J. E. Gray, 1866" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Pteropus livingstonii J. E. Gray, 1866</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8A2835C4FB44FDBB" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8A2835C4FB44FDBB" blockId="97.[731,1324,437,860]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFA5F64B8A2835C4FB44FDBB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391404" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
“Island of Johanna [=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8D9A35C4FCBAFDBB" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Anjouan Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
], Comoro group [=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA5F64B8D21361FFB6FFDBB" box="[1087,1226,515,544]" name="Comoros" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8BC53637FBBEFDF4" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8BC53637FBBEFDF4" blockId="97.[731,1324,437,860]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8BC53637FC7AFDD3" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[731,991,555,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="livingstonii">Pteropus livingstonii</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8D7E3637FB4AFDD3" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1866" box="[1120,1263,555,584]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="livingstonii">livingstonii</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8BC53669FCF6FD26" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFA5F64B8BC53669FCF6FD26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803313" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803313/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" startId="97.[731,903,629,662]" targetBox="[116,707,443,856]" targetPageId="97">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8BC53669FCF6FD26" blockId="97.[731,1324,437,860]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8BC53669FC2EFD0D" bold="true" box="[731,907,629,662]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Comoro Is (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8D783669FB7AFD0D" box="[1126,1247,629,662]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8BC53680FCE0FD26" box="[731,837,668,701]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B8BC536D8FDAFF9BA" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B8BC536D8FDAFF9BA" blockId="97.[731,1324,437,860]" lastBlockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B8BC536D8FC40FD7E" bold="true" box="[731,997,708,741]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8DAE36D8FA8FFD7E" box="[1200,1322,708,741]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="340.0">340 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8AAF36ECFBF4FC96" box="[945,1105,752,781]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="30.0">30-31 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 5H
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8C0536ECFCEFFCAF" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="27.0" valueMax="53.0" valueMin="1.0">1- 53 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8AF1370BFB17FCAF" box="[1007,1202,791,820]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6649999999999998" metricValueMax="1.72" metricValueMin="1.61" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="166.5" valueMax="172.0" valueMin="161.0">161-172 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 576-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8A053723FCECFCC7" box="[795,841,831,860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="g" value="3.0">3 g</quantity>
|
||
(males) and 601-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8D463723FB2DFCC7" box="[1112,1160,831,860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
|
||
(females). Livingstone’s Flying Fox is the largest species of western Indian Ocean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8DAD377DFA80FC19" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1203,1317,865,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Head 1s fox-like; muzzle is long and black. Eyes are relatively large, with orange to scarlet-red irises; ears are large, protruding, and semicircular above; inner margin is convex; outer margin is straight or slightly convex; and exposed concha is smooth, without ribs or grooves. Males and females are alike, generally blackish brown on head and body. Back is dark to blackish brown, with dark russet tinge, and speckled with golden or tawny hairs; tawny hairs are also variably found in mantle, lower back, and flanks; tawny-tipped hairs in mantle form a band c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8DFE306AFA8FFB0C" box="[1248,1322,1142,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B88143081FE04FB25" box="[266,417,1181,1214]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10-15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long anteroposteriorly, with tufts of similarly colored fur on each shoulder. Dense pelage is present on upper inside of femur and uropatagium,; upper side of tibia is naked. Belly and flanks are similarly colored as back. Genital area can be surrounded by ring of deep reddish brown hair, extending laterally as a short stripe. Wings are dark, often jet-black, shiny, and hairless; index claw is present; tail membrane is poorly developed. Skull is typical pteropine, with very long rostrum; orbit is often closed by postorbital process reaching zygomatic arch; and crests and mandible are strong. Dentition is typical pteropine, with relatively small canines grooved in their outer surface; P' is lost in most adults; and cheekteeth are relatively simple but robust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896B3230FC33F895" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896B3230FC33F895" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896B3230FF41F9D2" bold="true" box="[117,228,1580,1609]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Undisturbed moist forests and, to a lesser extent, degraded forests at elevations above
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B883A3253FED9F9EB" box="[292,380,1615,1648]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B88A43253FD91F9EB" box="[442,564,1615,1648]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8B9D3253FD6FF9EB" box="[643,714,1615,1648]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8A143253FCD5F9EB" box="[778,880,1615,1648]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Roosts of Livingstone’s Flying Foxes are predominantly found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8B7A326BFD02F903" box="[612,679,1655,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
exasperata and FE lutea (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8AF0326BFBDAF903" box="[1006,1151,1655,1688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8D82326BFE1FF924" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Gyrostipula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="comorensis">Gyrostipula comorensis (Rubiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and especially Gambeya spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8A983282FB83F924" box="[902,1062,1694,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8D953282FB79F924" box="[1163,1244,1694,1727]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Stilbaceae" genus="Nuxia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nuxia</taxonomicName>
|
||
pseudodentata (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B881632DAFE38F97C" box="[264,413,1734,1767]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Stilbaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Stilbaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Roosts are in steep-sided (30-50°) valleys with south-east facing slopes, suggesting that they are sensitive to wind and sun.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896B3309FA8DF84F" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896B3309FA8DF84F" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896B3309FEDDF8AD" bold="true" box="[117,376,1813,1846]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Livingstone’s Flying Fox is primarily frugivorous, eating fruits of native trees but also nectar and leaves.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B8B773321FD09F8C5" box="[617,684,1853,1886]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
antandronarumis preferred during wet season and F lutea during dry season; other foods come from at least 14 genera in 13 families. Flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B880D3393FE07F837" authorityName="J.-F.Leroy" authorityYear="1975" box="[275,418,1935,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Gyrostipula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gyrostipula</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B88F53393FC94F837" box="[491,817,1935,1964]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Neonauclea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Neonauclea (Rubiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and flowers, nectar, and to a lesser extent unripe fruit of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFA5F64B88B433AFFD3BF84F" box="[426,670,1971,2004]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba (Malvaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
are eaten. Captive bats caught and ate insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896B33C6FE7CF7EA" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896B33C6FE7CF7EA" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896B33C6FF5EF860" bold="true" box="[117,251,2010,2043]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Captive female Livingstone’s Flying Foxesstart to reproduce at 3-4 years old. After gestation of c.152 days, young are generally born in first part of September and weigh c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B89F93C35FE9FF7D1" box="[231,314,2089,2122]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="g" value="137.0">137 g</quantity>
|
||
. Females with young were also observed in July-August, October, and January. Litter size is one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896D3C64FC58F6AC" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896D3C64FC58F6AC" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896D3C64FEC4F702" bold="true" box="[115,353,2168,2201]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Livingstone’s Flying Foxes forage at night. During the day, they remain in roosts and bask and stretch their wings in the sun to warm up, or urinate on their wings while flapping them to cool down. They take advantage of afternoon thermals to soar long distances. Peak activity is between 22:00 h and 02:00 h, and it declines to ¢.04:00 h. They start urinating immediately after taking flight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896A3D21FBCEF64F" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896A3D21FBCEF64F" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896A3D21FCE8F6C5" bold="true" box="[116,845,2365,2398]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Livingstone’s Flying Foxes form colonies of 15-150 individuals, exceptionally 250-349 during rainy seasons. Intra-island movements between roosts are common; inter-island movements are unknown. A dominant male has a harem of adult females and their female offspring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896B3DC7FD1DF466" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896B3DC7FD1DF466" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896B3DC7FE40F667" bold="true" box="[117,485,2523,2556]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Livingstone’s Flying Fox has a small distribution (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8DBE3E1FFABBF5BF" box="[1184,1310,2563,2596]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8559999999999999" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="1856.0">1856 km</quantity>
|
||
? overall but probably
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B88A83E36FDFCF5D0" box="[438,601,2602,2635]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.265" metricValueMax="1.88" metricValueMin="0.65" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="km" value="126.5" valueMax="188.0" valueMin="65.0">65-188 km</quantity>
|
||
*) and suspected significant population decline (current population is ¢.1300 animals: 940 on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8A3B3E4EFC06F5E8" box="[805,931,2642,2675]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and 360 on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8D7F3E4EFB6CF5E8" box="[1121,1225,2642,2675]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
) from habitat loss due to logging for firewood, construction, and conversion to agricultural use. Recent disappearance of lowland forests has forced individuals higher on slopes up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B887B3ED4FE1BF572" box="[357,446,2760,2793]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B88E53ED4FDDCF572" box="[507,633,2760,2793]" country="Comoros" name="Anjouan" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Anjouan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFA5F64B8BD43ED4FC87F572" box="[714,802,2760,2793]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFA5F64B8A7F3ED4FC6EF572" box="[865,971,2760,2793]" country="Comoros" name="Moheli" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Mohéli</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It is not threatened by hunting. “The Conservation Action Plan for Livingstone’s Flying Fox” was set up and adopted by the government of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFA5F64B8B813F0BFC80F4A3" box="[671,805,2839,2872]" name="Comoros" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Comoros</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and a captive breeding program was established that led to a captive population of 59 individuals spread over four institutions as of 2014. Based on high levels of inter-island genetic differentiation, island populations probably need to be considered separate management units. Livingstone’s Flying Foxes do not occur in any protected area, but plans for appropriate reserves are being developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFA5F64B896B3817FD05F301" pageId="97" pageNumber="155" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFA5F64B896B3817FD05F301" blockId="97.[111,1325,865,3226]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFA5F64B896B3817FEABF3BF" bold="true" box="[117,270,3083,3108]" pageId="97" pageNumber="155">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (1991), Cheke & Dahl (1981), Courts (1998), Daniel et al. (2017), Granek (2000), Ibouroi, Cheha, Arnal et al. (2018), Ibouroi, Cheha, Astruc et al. (2018), O'Brien et al. (2009), Sewall (2004), Sewall, Granek et al. (2007), Sewall, Young et al. (2016), Smith & Leslie (2006), Szekely et al. (2015), Trewhella et al. (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |