206 lines
23 KiB
XML
206 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="D706FCF3117B6209446AA4C6EBDC8A41" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus faunulus G. S. Miller 1902" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="147" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="147" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
|
||
<mods:mods id="F63ADD04DDDA43697E972FEC8BC8C356" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6C548FE1E087A8BB462FFC6887E0B29E">
|
||
<mods:title id="6AA86F47F4007BC96FB30FD6E30231E5">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="D0999B5FAF3DAF35E9D00AE349B339CF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="748835E0FE1A0B14CCD0100EFB4B7159">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="571502B3C6561B2FC37E3A6CF197DAF9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C887D568A8E2D9C93181053D5FB7DCDB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E28E1FDF737980DC39748685295164DA" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="1AA94BF8A2A163200B2EC7E9436C941A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="1BED472A689FCD6DB113DA79087A317C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="88F5CC5909F8B837E95B7B3C69751D4C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C137854104828035769D3FA18E1223D2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="470412546230F47AB91D4A18E65CD7B2" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="EDF064EACD09C78D509A788DE85B904E">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="8B739D0B7607D842FCACD782B4804381">2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="7DE3C94CA4BDD66AEFDEE5F4A3F6B56E" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="003D7C6ED20A7E9C501DDF6154336447">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="EB4429CC844007A0AD2FD27F1B40A933">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="36F29EBEBF6E6350CC3AC492F0A4C2C3">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="4945BC7CC0CAA3E545998264BEF8E098">
|
||
<mods:title id="E1DBCB2AE8692E171887094DC27BD32F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="3C005C1D28A85F7B865CA3D7112BB5F4">
|
||
<mods:extent id="D2F9B6790F19F8033D62EEE1A94DC503" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="0ED136BB7EBFE4981983FD536B5B9354">16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="01EBDED17FE90021874EB9C434C40122">162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="4A0D91D41E12FF7EE41E76ABE8F5A5CB">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="19BF1B85287604470C5C56F29696DB88" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6921311BCE524147A721D9FF0EFF3EAE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4F9C0E097C02B31DA4BF5FA636383D5E" type="GBIF-Dataset">bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="920F2CCC12692E65D3E7E9770A1947CE" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8356E0E78E61EC57677DB868DF5B4C93" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6788912" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379373" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6788912" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF9DF67389733D98F681FAF8" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389733D98FF19F629" box="[109,188,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389733D98FF19F629" blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[109,188,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF67389733D98FF19F629" box="[109,188,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF9DF67389733D98FF19F629" box="[109,188,2436,2482]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">159.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389D33D98FDF9F629" box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389D33D98FDF9F629" blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF67389D33D98FDF9F629" box="[205,604,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF67389D33D98FDF9F629" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[205,604,2436,2482]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Nicobar Flying Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738B813D98FC4CF629" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738B813D98FC4CF629" blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF6738B813D98FC4CF629" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738B813D98FC4CF629" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738B813D98FC4CF629" box="[671,1001,2436,2482]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Pteropus faunulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF67389743DD8FBF7F642" box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF67389743DD8FBF7F642" blockId="89.[104,1107,2436,2523]" box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF9DF67389743DD8FBF7F642" box="[106,1106,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67389743DD8FF10F642" bold="true" box="[106,181,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF67389A13DD8FE07F642" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[191,418,2500,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Roussette des Nicobar</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF67388A83DD8FDB4F642" bold="true" box="[438,529,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF6738B053DD8FD47F642" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[539,738,2500,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Nikobaren-Flughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BE93DD8FCF7F642" bold="true" box="[759,850,2500,2521]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9DF6738A423DD8FBF7F642" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[860,1106,2500,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Zorro volador de Nicobar</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BD33E14FCB2F5CB" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BD33E14FCB2F5CB" blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BD33E14FCCCF5B2" bold="true" box="[717,873,2568,2601]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738A663E14FCB6F5CB" ID-CoL="4Q2ZG" authority="G. S. Miller, 1902" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Pteropus faunulus G. S. Miller, 1902</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738A383E2FFCDDF5EC" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738A383E2FFCDDF5EC" blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF9DF6738A383E2FFCDDF5EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391348" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
“Car Nicobar [Island],”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738D9C3E2FFCBCF5EC" name="India" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738A343E46FCD0F5EC" box="[810,885,2650,2679]" name="India" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BD03E62FB3CF575" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BD03E62FB3CF575" blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738BD03E62FC1DF504" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[718,952,2686,2719]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="faunulus">Pteropus faunulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was formerly included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738BD33EB9FC33F55D" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[717,918,2725,2758]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it probably belongs in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738BD33ECDFC86F575" box="[717,803,2769,2798]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BD33EE5FABEF4FF" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF9DF6738BD33EE5FABEF4FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803285/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" startId="89.[717,887,2809,2838]" targetBox="[101,693,2576,2990]" targetPageId="89">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BD33EE5FABEF4FF" blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BD33EE5FCDFF48D" bold="true" box="[717,890,2809,2838]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Nicobar Is (Teressa, Bompoka, Camorta, Trinkat, Nankowry, and Katchall). Probably extinct on Car Nicobar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738BD23F77F889FE4E" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738BD23F77F889FE4E" blockId="89.[716,1311,2568,2995]" lastBlockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738BD23F77FC6EF417" bold="true" box="[716,971,2923,2956]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738DBF3F77FAB9F417" box="[1185,1308,2923,2956]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738A813F8AFBA3F428" box="[927,1030,2966,2995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738DB13F8AFAB3F428" box="[1199,1302,2966,2995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF67389F43FA4FE07F442" box="[234,418,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="120.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="110.0">110-130 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738B3A3FA4FD10F442" box="[548,693,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.725" metricValueMax="2.33" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="g" value="172.5" valueMax="233.0" valueMin="112.0">112-233 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are c¢.54-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738DDE3FA4FAB3F442" box="[1216,1302,3000,3033]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The Nicobar Flying Fox has big eyes, warm brown irises, and triangular ears, narrowly rounded at tips. Shiny and dense fur on back is blackish brown, with hint of red and some silvery hairs; head is more grizzled. Shoulders and venter are ocher-yellow to grayish chestnut-brown. Hair is longer and underparts are paler than on the Island Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738CF0350BF918FEA3" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1853" box="[1518,1725,279,312]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypomelanus">P. hypomelanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Claw on index finger is well developed. Skull is narrow, with pointed rostrum. Interorbital area is wider than in larger related species, and postorbital processes are relatively robust. In general, the Nicobar Flying Fox has smaller teeth and skull than the Island Flying Fox.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C7535C1F94EFDBF" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C7535C1F94EFDBF" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C7535C1FA7FFE65" bold="true" box="[1387,1498,477,510]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical and subtropical moist forests and mangrove swamps from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738F94361FF942FDBF" box="[1674,1767,515,548]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C753637F8BCFD01" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C753637F8BCFD01" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C753637F9DCFDD7" bold="true" box="[1387,1657,555,588]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Nicobar Flying Fox feeds on fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF67381E43637F5BFFDD7" box="[2298,2586,555,588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Bombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bombax (Malvaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738C73364BF93EFDEF" box="[1389,1691,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738FAE364BF80CFDEF" box="[1712,1961,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738EA0364BF747FDEF" box="[1982,2274,599,628]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF67381E7364BFA6CFD01" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mangifera (Anacardiaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738F043661F8B0FD01" box="[1562,1813,637,666]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba (Malvaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C7536BEF8CEFD72" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C7536BEF8CEFD72" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C7536BEFA54FD58" bold="true" box="[1387,1521,674,707]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births of Nicobar Flying Foxes occur in rainy seasons when preferred food trees bloom. Litters have one young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C7736EDF5A7FC13" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C7736EDF5A7FC13" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C7736EDF9F2FC89" bold="true" box="[1385,1623,753,786]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Nicobar Flying Fox is nocturnal, but some daytime activity occurs. It is often observed in wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738E4B3704F7F5FCA2" box="[1877,2128,792,825]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Areca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Areca (Arecaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
nut palms. It prefers to forage below forest canopies at
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738FD63723F89AFCFB" box="[1736,1855,831,864]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15-20 m</quantity>
|
||
, probably to avoid the larger Black-eared Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9DF6738C69377BF984FC13" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1399,1569,871,904]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="melanotus">P. melanotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Search for food begins after sunset and ends in early morning hours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C743793F865FBBE" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C743793F865FBBE" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C743793F7ECFC2B" bold="true" box="[1386,2121,911,944]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Nicobar Flying Foxes generally roost alone, in pairs, or rarely in small groups in tree hollows and under fronds of big trees. Roosts of males tend to be closer to foraging areas (2-1-12-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF673801837C2F6EAFC64" box="[2310,2383,990,1023]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
) than those of females (7-5-10-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9DF6738F4D3018F904FBBE" box="[1619,1697,1028,1061]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
). They forage alone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C743030F907FB71" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C743030F907FB71" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C743030F96BFBD6" bold="true" box="[1386,1742,1068,1101]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Habitat loss from deforestation is a big threat. The Nicobar Flying Fox is hunted because it is believed to cure asthma. It is also occasionally kept as a pet. Effect of the tsunami in December 2004 is unclear. Additional studies are needed to clarify its conservation status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF6738C7430E7F681FAF8" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF6738C7430E7F681FAF8" blockId="89.[1384,2599,279,1379]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF6738C7430E7F9A6FA8F" bold="true" box="[1386,1539,1275,1300]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1908b, 1912b), Aul (2007), Aul & Vijayakumar (2003), Aul et al. (2014), Bates & Harrison (1997), Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Hill (1967), Kingston, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008), Miller (1902b), Molur et al. (2002), Simmons (2005), Srinivasulu, C. et al. (2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |