311 lines
39 KiB
XML
311 lines
39 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E18EFFF81DE960C925F9086F5B8E96C2">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6165231BE4896886FA33CD0B383649EB">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E0EEBD6F4829B7436C0ED342D484848">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6636D40C6A8C27C2127F4D06A791ED07">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="2F00DD765BEBA8080BFB9470CE9B5226">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF98F67689B035B4F844FD02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794754" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379399" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794754" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF98F67689B035B4F844FD02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF98F67689B035B4F844FD02" lastPageNumber="150" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B035B4FF58FE4D" box="[174,253,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B035B4FF58FE4D" blockId="92.[169,1289,424,553]" box="[174,253,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF98F67689B035B4FF58FE4D" box="[174,253,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF98F67689B035B4FF58FE4D" box="[174,253,424,470]" captionStart="Plate 10: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="91.[102,132,3363,3388]" captionTargetBox="[12,2743,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="161. New Britain Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus capistratus), 162. New Ireland Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus ennisae), 163. New Caledonia Flying Fox (Pteropus vetula), 164. Common Samoan Flying Fox (Pteropus samoensis), 165. Banks Flying Fox (Pteropus fundatus), 166. Vanuatu Flying Fox (Pleropus anetianus), 167. Vanikoro Flying Fox (Pleropus tuberculatus), 168. Temotu Flying Fox (Pteropus nitendiensis), 169. Solomons Flying Fox (Pteropus rayneri), 170. Makira Flying Fox (Pteropus cognatus), 171. Rennell Flying Fox (Pteropus rennelli), 172. Temminck’s Flying Fox (Pteropus temminckui), 173. Gray-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448901/files/figure.png" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">164.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F676881135B4FCD7FE4D" box="[271,882,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F676881135B4FCD7FE4D" blockId="92.[169,1289,424,553]" box="[271,882,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF98F676881135B4FCD7FE4D" box="[271,882,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F676881135B4FCD7FE4D" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[271,882,424,470]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">Common Samoan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768AA835B4FAACFE4D" box="[950,1289,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768AA835B4FAACFE4D" blockId="92.[169,1289,424,553]" box="[950,1289,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF98F6768AA835B4FAACFE4D" box="[950,1289,424,470]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768AA835B4FAACFE4D" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[950,1289,424,470]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768AA835B4FAACFE4D" box="[950,1289,424,470]" italics="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Pteropus samoensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B535F4FDC2FDBE" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B535F4FB56FE66" blockId="92.[169,1289,424,553]" box="[171,1267,488,509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F67689B535F4FB56FE66" box="[171,1267,488,509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B535F4FF53FE66" bold="true" box="[171,246,488,509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F676881E35F4FE7FFE66" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[256,474,488,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
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Roussette des
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F676888935F4FE7FFE66" box="[407,474,488,509]" name="Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Samoa</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67688F135F4FDEFFE66" bold="true" box="[495,586,488,509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768B4D35F4FC2EFE66" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[595,907,488,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">Gewohnlicher Samoa-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768ABF35F4FC59FE66" bold="true" box="[929,1020,488,509]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F6768D1B35F4FB56FE66" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1029,1267,488,509]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768DAE35F4FB56FE66" box="[1200,1267,488,509]" name="Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Samoa</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B4360CFDC2FDBE" blockId="92.[169,1289,424,553]" box="[170,615,528,549]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FF98F67689B4360CFDC2FDBE" box="[170,615,528,549]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B4360CFE04FDBE" bold="true" box="[170,417,528,549]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF98F67688B5360CFDC2FDBE" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[427,615,528,549]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">Samoan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768A11364EFAF8FDE8" box="[783,1373,594,627]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768A11364EFAF8FDE8" blockId="92.[783,1378,594,1021]" box="[783,1373,594,627]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768A11364EFC0FFDE8" bold="true" box="[783,938,594,627]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768AA7364EFAFDFDE8" ID-CoL="4Q33R" authority="Peale, 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[953,1368,594,627]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="samoensis">Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768A113666FC07FD59" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768A113666FC07FD59" blockId="92.[783,1378,594,1021]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF98F6768A113666FC07FD59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391374" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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Tutuila Island (
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768AF13666FB4EFD00" box="[1007,1259,634,667]" name="American Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
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), Samoan Islands.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768A0E36D4FE4DFA89" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768A0E36D4FE4DFA89" blockId="92.[783,1378,594,1021]" lastBlockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
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K. Andersen in 1912 suspected a closerrelationship between
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D3F36F3FB38FC8B" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1057,1181,751,784]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768DFD36F3FAC4FC8B" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1251,1377,751,784]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anetianus">anetianus</taxonomicName>
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and placed both in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D6B370BFB54FCA3" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1141,1265,791,824]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
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species group. According to genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014, this group represents a second radiation of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A7537A9FC72FC4D" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[875,983,949,982]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
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in the Pacific region, which includes at least six additional species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768C3937C0FF57FBBE" authorityName="Felten & Kock" authorityYear="1972" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="fundatus">fundatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67688193014FE04FBBE" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1869" box="[263,417,1032,1061]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tuberculatus">tuberculatus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67688AB3014FDEEFBBE" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1930" box="[437,587,1032,1061]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="nitendiensis">nitendiensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B413014FD12FBBE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[607,695,1032,1061]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rayneri">rayneri</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768BD23014FC9EFBBE" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[716,827,1032,1061]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="cognatus">cognatus</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A8F3014FC4AFBBE" authorityName="Troughton" authorityYear="1929" box="[913,1007,1032,1061]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="rennelli">rennelli</taxonomicName>
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. S. M. Tsang in 2015 also added
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676880E3037FE3CFBD7" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1876" box="[272,409,1067,1100]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="capistratus">capistratus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67688FB3037FD97FBD7" authorityName="Jouan" authorityYear="1863" box="[485,562,1067,1100]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="vetula">vetula</taxonomicName>
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in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B803037FCBFFBD7" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[670,794,1067,1100]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
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group. Taxon nawaiensis was considered as a full species by Andersen in 1912 but was treated as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768DA4304FFA93FBEF" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1210,1334,1107,1140]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
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by K. Wodzicki and H. Felten in 1975. Genetic data provided by A. L. Russell and others in 2016 identify
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676888A30BEFD96FB58" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[404,563,1186,1219]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">P. samoensis</taxonomicName>
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as monophyletic with respect to other
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D7F30BEFB68FB58" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[1121,1229,1186,1219]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
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and internally composed of two groups that correspond exactly to nawaiensis and
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D8230D5FABCFB71" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1180,1305,1225,1258]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B43104FD52FA4C" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF98F67689B43104FD52FA4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803297/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" startId="92.[170,325,1304,1337]" targetBox="[168,759,608,1021]" targetPageId="92">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B43104FD9EFAA2" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" box="[170,571,1304,1337]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B43104FD9EFAA2" bold="true" box="[170,571,1304,1337]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B53158FD0FFA12" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67689B53158FD0FFA12" authority="Peale, 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="samoensis" subSpecies="samoensis">P.s.samoensisPeale,1848—WesternSamoa(SavaiiandUpoluIs)andAmericanSamoa(Tutuila,Ofu,Olosega,andTauIs).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B5318BFD52FA4C" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67689B5318BFDF4FA2B" authority=". E. Gray, 1870" authorityName=". E. Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[171,593,1431,1456]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="samoensis" subSpecies="nawaiensisj">P. s. nawaiensisJ. E. Gray, 1870</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768B6A318BFD3BFA2B" box="[628,670,1431,1456]" name="Fiji" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
Is (Vanua Levu, Taveuni,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768D12318BFB98FA2B" box="[1036,1085,1431,1456]" name="Fiji" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Viti</collectingCountry>
|
||
Levu, Ovalau, Cicia, Nayau, Vanua Balavu, Vatu Vara, Kadavu).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B431FAFD9EF842" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B431FAFD9EF842" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B431FAFE00FA64" bold="true" box="[170,421,1510,1535]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768B7F31FAFCB1FA64" box="[609,788,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.975" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.75" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="197.5" valueMax="220.0" valueMin="175.0">175-220 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear 20-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768D0C31FAFB34FA64" box="[1042,1169,1510,1535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="1.0">1-23 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768C3F31FAFE86F9BD" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.379999999999999" metricValueMax="15.559999999999999" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="838.0" valueMax="1556.0" valueMin="120.0">120- 1556 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F67688BD3219FD93F9BD" box="[419,566,1541,1574]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="g" value="330.0" valueMax="440.0" valueMin="220.0">220-440 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 57-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768D303219FB11F9BD" box="[1070,1204,1541,1574]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="3.0">3-64 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Subspecies nawaiensis is smaller and has weaker teeth than nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D1A3230FB24F9D6" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1028,1153,1580,1613]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Common Samoan Flying Fox has small rounded ears, partly hidden in fur, and long grizzled pelage. Dense pelage and wings are dark brown. Fur on head, neck, and back varies from sandy oversilvery gray to brown. Crown of head is brightly colored. Mantle is buffy gray to dark chestnut or reddish brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768BD832D6FCE7F970" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[710,834,1738,1771]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ocherous buffy to yellowish white in nawaiensis. Mantle color extended to sides of neck and collar. Claw on index finger is well developed. Wing membranesare attached ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768A6E3305FBA1F8A1" box="[880,1028,1817,1850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="25.0">25-26 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart from sides of back. Uropatagium is very narrow. Skull is robust, with very short snout. Coronoid process is higher than in the sympatric Pacific Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A673375FBBCF811" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[889,1049,1897,1930]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tonganus">P. tonganus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). I, and P, are large; P' is less strongly reduced. Basal ledges of cheekteeth are strongly developed compared with otherflying fox species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B533C3FEFFF7B2" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B533C3FEFFF7B2" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B533C3FEBFF79B" bold="true" box="[171,282,2015,2048]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary tropical moist forests and sometimes agroforests, plantations, and village areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B53C32FD0FF641" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B53C32FD0FF641" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B53C32FE0BF7D4" bold="true" box="[171,430,2094,2127]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Common Samoan Flying Fox feeds on fruits, leaves, and flower parts, with fruits forming the biggest parts of diets. At least 32 plant species are used as food, including in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67688CB3C61FD91F705" box="[469,564,2173,2206]" name="Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B583C61FD3DF705" box="[582,664,2173,2206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carica</taxonomicName>
|
||
papaya (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A0F3C61FC14F705" box="[785,945,2173,2206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768AD73C61FBF7F705" box="[969,1106,2173,2206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Dysoxylum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dysoxylum</taxonomicName>
|
||
maota (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768DA33C61FAF7F705" box="[1213,1362,2173,2206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67689B23CB9FE9DF75D" box="[172,312,2213,2246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Artocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
altilis and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67688C73CB9FCB0F75D" box="[473,789,2213,2246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus spp. (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A353CB9FC3AF75D" box="[811,927,2213,2246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Syzygium</taxonomicName>
|
||
inophylloides (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D793CB9FB5FF75D" box="[1127,1274,2213,2246]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; plants visited as flower source);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B0E3CD0FBA2F776" box="[528,1031,2252,2285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">Cupaniopsis samoensis (Sapindaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D093CD0FB38F776" authorityName="Gaudichaud-Beaupre" authorityYear="1824" box="[1047,1181,2252,2285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Freycinetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Freycinetia</taxonomicName>
|
||
reinecker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768C3D3CD0FE93F68E" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pandanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676884C3CE8FE74F68E" box="[338,465,2292,2325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Inocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Inocarpus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fagifer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B5F3CE8FD6CF68E" box="[577,713,2292,2325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768BFB3CE8FAA5F68E" box="[741,1280,2292,2325]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Elaeocarpaceae" genus="Elaeocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tonganus">Elaeocarpus tonganus (Elaeocarpaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768C083CE8FF55F6A7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Terminalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
catappa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F67688673D07FDE8F6A7" box="[377,589,2331,2364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B753D07FD5FF6A7" box="[619,762,2331,2364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Palaquium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Palaquium</taxonomicName>
|
||
stehlinii and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768AA93D07FB3BF6A7" box="[951,1182,2331,2364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Planchonella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Planchonella spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768DA43D07FAFEF6A7" box="[1210,1371,2331,2364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapotaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; plants visited as fruit or fruitlike pulp source); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768ABE3D5EFBB3F6F8" box="[928,1046,2370,2403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Cananga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cananga</taxonomicName>
|
||
odorata (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768D873D5EFAF4F6F8" box="[1177,1361,2370,2403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676885C3D76FE1BF610" box="[322,446,2410,2443]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers fruits and inflorescences oftrees in primary forests but also feeds on coconut palms and A. altilis. Subspecies nawaiensis feeds mainly on nectar and sprouts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F676885E3DA5FD03F641" box="[320,678,2489,2522]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pandanus (Pandanaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B23DFCFAC5F5E3" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B23DFCFAC5F5E3" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B23DFCFE97F59A" bold="true" box="[172,306,2528,2561]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Common Samoan Flying Fox is monogamous. Breeding is broadly seasonal; mating occurs in August-December. During this time, a female usually also cares for her young from the last litter. Births occur in March-October, peaking in May-June. Young begin to fly at ¢.3 months old. Weaning occurs during peak fruiting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B53E62FD3CF4A5" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B53E62FD3CF4A5" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B53E62FE30F504" bold="true" box="[171,405,2686,2719]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768B2B3E62FD14F504" box="[565,689,2686,2719]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Samoan Islands is mostly diurnal, with foraging flights in morning and late afternoon, but it also has some night activity. Soaring using air thermals occurs during the day and subspecies nawaiensis on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768DD33ED1FAC4F575" box="[1229,1377,2765,2798]" name="Fiji" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Fiji Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
is less diurnal and does not forage until late afternoon, possibly to avoid predation by peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B23F5FFD09F3C9" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B23F5FFD09F3C9" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B23F5FFCCDF4FF" bold="true" box="[172,872,2883,2916]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF98F6768A6D3F5FFC13F4FF" box="[883,950,2883,2916]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
Common Samoan Flying Foxes defend territories of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768B093F77FDF7F417" box="[535,594,2923,2956]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
?®They mark branches and tree trunks with secretion from neck glands. Territorial behavior also includes aerial pursuits, vocalizations, and display on clearly visible branches. Females also show territorial behavior, but it is less strongly pronounced. Actively defended territories are c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF98F6768AC93FFDFB83F399" box="[983,1062,3041,3074]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
? occupied by couples year-round, and are maintained by vocalizations, glandular scent marks, and wing displays. Both partners chase intruders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F676809B3FF8F62CF39A" blockId="92.[1451,2657,3000,3467]" box="[2437,2441,3044,3073]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F67689B03844F9C2FE4F" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F67689B03844F9C2FE4F" blockId="92.[170,1381,1032,3469]" lastBlockId="92.[1446,2655,277,670]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F67689B03844FDB0F3E2" bold="true" box="[174,533,3160,3193]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. In the 1980s, numbers of nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF98F6768A643863FC5DF33B" box="[890,1016,3199,3232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Cupaniopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">samoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
declined sharply because it was commercially captured for export as a luxury food to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768D2D38BAFB2DF35C" box="[1075,1160,3238,3271]" name="Guam" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768DC238BAFE32F374" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Northern Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Because international trade has been banned since 1990, this is no longer a threat. Hunting for the local market is not a major threat in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768DC938E9FAA0F28D" box="[1239,1285,3317,3350]" name="Fiji" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it is in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67689E93901FEF0F2A5" box="[247,341,3357,3390]" name="Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67688BD3901FD38F2A5" box="[419,669,3357,3390]" name="American Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There is a temporary ban on hunting in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F6768C123901FEFCF2FE" name="American Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but this is hardly known among citizens. Main threat now is habitat loss from deforestation and conversion into agricultural land. Typhoons and other catastrophic weather events are also a threat. In the 1990s, overall population of the Common Samoan Flying Fox was weakened by storms that destroyed food sources. Some important roosting and foraging places are in protected areas (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF98F67680D13574F9A0FE37" name="American Samoa" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Park). Nevertheless, additional protection is needed to help population recovery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF98F6768CB935FEF844FD02" pageId="92" pageNumber="150" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF98F6768CB935FEF844FD02" blockId="92.[1446,2655,277,670]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF98F6768CB935FEF9E5FE60" bold="true" box="[1447,1600,482,507]" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Banack (1998, 2001), Banack & Grant (2003a), Brooke (2001), Brooke & Wiles (2008), Brooke et al. (2000), Cox (1983), Dobson (1878), Flannery (1995a), Gray (1870), Koopman & Steadman (1995), Melin et al. (2014), Mickleburgh et al. (1992),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF98F67681F3362DF693FDD1" box="[2285,2358,561,586]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="92" pageNumber="150">Nelson</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2000), Palmeirim et al. (2007), Peale (1848), Richmond et al. (1998), Russell et al. (2016), Simmons (2005), Thomson et al. (1998, 2002), Tsang (2015), Wodzicki & Felten (1975, 1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |