231 lines
28 KiB
XML
231 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3C233E14020B711AE7F0C37FC413A17C">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9A1FC7DE3C634AE2669B2E878263A939">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6A5E248B5CA8795FC95D65EBA41C402">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C76B857EB8D52CFE6DA86A12C39102A4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF93F6728C723F41FB98F799" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794734" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794734" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF93F6728C723F41FB98F799" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF93F6728C723F41FB98F799" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8C723F41FA19F410" box="[1388,1468,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C723F41FA19F410" blockId="87.[1383,2499,2909,3077]" box="[1388,1468,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF93F67D8C723F41FA19F410" box="[1388,1468,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF93F67D8C723F41FA19F410" box="[1388,1468,2909,2955]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">155.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8CD33F41F8D4F410" box="[1485,1905,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8CD33F41F8D4F410" blockId="87.[1383,2499,2909,3077]" box="[1485,1905,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF93F67D8CD33F41F8D4F410" box="[1485,1905,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8CD33F41F8D4F410" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1485,1905,2909,2955]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Marianas Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8EAB3F41F686F410" box="[1973,2339,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8EAB3F41F686F410" blockId="87.[1383,2499,2909,3077]" box="[1973,2339,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FF93F67D8EAB3F41F686F410" box="[1973,2339,2909,2955]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8EAB3F41F686F410" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1973,2339,2909,2955]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8EAB3F41F686F410" box="[1973,2339,2909,2955]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Pteropus mariannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8C773F82F6CBF39A" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C773F82F63FF428" blockId="87.[1383,2499,2909,3077]" box="[1385,2458,2974,2995]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF93F67D8C773F82F63FF428" box="[1385,2458,2974,2995]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8C773F82FA11F428" bold="true" box="[1385,1460,2974,2995]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8CA03F82F918F428" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1470,1725,2974,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Roussette des Mariannes</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8FCC3F82F88BF428" bold="true" box="[1746,1838,2974,2995]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8E293F82F852F428" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1847,2039,2974,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Marianen-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D81133F82F7CCF428" bold="true" box="[2061,2153,2974,2995]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D816F3F82F63FF428" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2161,2458,2974,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Zorro volador de las Marianas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C763FD9F6CBF39A" blockId="87.[1383,2499,2909,3077]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF93F67D8C763FD9F6CBF39A" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8C763FD9F9FAF441" bold="true" box="[1384,1631,3013,3034]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8F773FD9F8BAF441" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1641,1823,3013,3034]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Marianas Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8E333FD9F853F441" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1837,2038,3013,3034]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Marianna Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D811A3FD9F941F39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Micronesian Flying Fox; Japanese Flying Fox (loochoensis); Pagan Island Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8FEC3FF0F6CBF39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1778,2414,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8FEC3FF0F86CF39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1778,1993,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Pagan Island Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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(
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D8EC73FF0F7ECF39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2009,2121,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">paganensis</vernacularName>
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);
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D81413FF0F759F39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2143,2300,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Ulithi Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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(
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF93F67D80153FF0F6CDF39A" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2315,2408,3052,3073]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">ulthiensis</vernacularName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8C793833F7A0F3CB" box="[1383,2053,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C793833F7A0F3CB" blockId="87.[1382,2593,3119,3476]" box="[1383,2053,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8C793833F9A7F3CB" bold="true" box="[1383,1538,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8F103833F7A4F3CB" ID-CoL="4Q32R" authority="Desmarest, 1822" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1550,2049,3119,3152]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Pteropus mariannus Desmarest, 1822</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D810F3833F667F3CB" box="[2065,2498,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D810F3833F667F3CB" blockId="87.[1382,2593,3119,3476]" box="[2065,2498,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF93F67D810F3833F667F3CB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391393" box="[2065,2498,3119,3152]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF93F67D810F3833F7C0F3CB" box="[2065,2149,3119,3152]" name="Guam" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Guam</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF93F67D81633833F761F3CB" box="[2173,2244,3119,3152]" name="United States of America" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">USA</collectingCountry>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF93F67D81C03833F61BF3CB" box="[2270,2494,3119,3152]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F67D8C763847F867F2A7" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C763847F867F2A7" blockId="87.[1382,2593,3119,3476]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8C763847F9CFF3E3" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1384,1642,3163,3192]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariannus">Pteropus mariannus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8FF33847F8E6F3E3" box="[1773,1859,3163,3192]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Taxa
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D81743847F74EF3E3" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1908" box="[2154,2283,3163,3192]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="pelewensis">pelewensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D81E03847F6C2F3E3" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1883" box="[2302,2407,3163,3192]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="ualanus">ualanus</taxonomicName>
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, and yapensis are often listed as subspecies but have been confirmed as separate from
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D80923863F5BCF33B" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[2444,2585,3199,3232]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mariannus">mariannus</taxonomicName>
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. Taxonomic status of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8F9338BAF89DF35C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[1677,1848,3238,3271]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="loochoensis">P. loochoensis</taxonomicName>
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by J. E. Gray in 1870 from
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF93F67D81A638BAF696F35C" box="[2232,2355,3238,3271]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
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Islands (Ryukyu Islands,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF93F67D8CC938D1F988F375" box="[1495,1581,3277,3310]" name="Japan" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Japan</collectingCountry>
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) remains uncertain; it is known from just two specimens collected in the 19" century, and it is here considered conspecific with or an extinct subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8C793907F9B3F2A7" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1383,1558,3355,3388]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="mariannus">P. mariannus</taxonomicName>
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. Three subspecies recognized.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF93F6728C79395EFB09FE66" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF93F6728C79395EFB09FE66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803273/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" startId="87.[1383,1537,3394,3427]" targetBox="[170,761,289,702]" targetPageId="88">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C79395EF952F2F8" blockId="87.[1382,2593,3119,3476]" box="[1383,1783,3394,3427]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF93F67D8C79395EF952F2F8" bold="true" box="[1383,1783,3394,3427]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF93F67D8C793977F5BEF217" blockId="87.[1382,2593,3119,3476]" box="[1383,2587,3435,3468]" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF93F67D8C793977F8B4F217" authority="Desmarest, 1822" authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1822" box="[1383,1809,3435,3468]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="145" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="mariannus" subSpecies="mariannus">P.m. mariannus Desmarest, 1822</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S Mariana Is (Saipan, Tinian, Aguijan, Rota, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF93F67D80AA3977F5A8F217" box="[2484,2573,3435,3468]" name="Guam" pageId="87" pageNumber="145">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728A0F3506FBD5FE35" blockId="88.[784,1378,282,705]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728A0F3506FB7AFEAC" authority="Yamashima, 1932" authorityName="Yamashima" authorityYear="1932" box="[785,1247,282,311]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="mariannus" subSpecies="paganensis">P. m. paganensis Yamashima, 1932</taxonomicName>
|
||
— N Mariana Is (Farallon de Pajaros, Maug, Asuncion, Agrihan, Pagan, Alamagan, Zealandia
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9CF6728A5B3589FC2AFE35" box="[837,911,405,430]" country="Gambia" name="North Bank" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Bank</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Anatahan)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728A0F35A4FB09FE66" blockId="88.[784,1378,282,705]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728A0F35A4FB47FE4E" authority="Yamashima, 1932" authorityName="Yamashima" authorityYear="1932" box="[785,1250,440,469]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="mariannus" subSpecies="ulthiensis">P m. ulthiensis Yamashima, 1932</taxonomicName>
|
||
— Ulithi Atoll (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728A7535FCFBACFE66" box="[875,1033,480,509]" name="Micronesia" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9CF6728D0835FCFB3BFE66" box="[1046,1182,480,509]" country="Micronesia" name="Yap" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Yap State</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728A0F361FFDACFC43" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728A0F361FFDACFC43" blockId="88.[784,1378,282,705]" lastBlockId="88.[171,1383,713,2050]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728A0F361FFB8FFDBF" bold="true" box="[785,1066,515,548]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728C3C361FFC24FDD7" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.225" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.95" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="222.5" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="195.0">195- 250 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728D583633FB7DFDD7" box="[1094,1240,559,588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="25.0">25—26 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728A0C364AFC0FFDE8" box="[786,938,598,627]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="5.4" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="53.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="52.0">52-54 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728D22364AFB56FDE8" box="[1084,1267,598,627]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.44" metricValueMax="1.54" metricValueMin="1.34" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="144.0" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="134.0">134-154 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728A0D3665FC02FD01" box="[787,935,633,666]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.235" metricValueMax="5.77" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="g" value="423.5" valueMax="577.0" valueMin="270.0">270-577 g</quantity>
|
||
. Males are slightly larger than females. Fur on back is blackish, sprinkled with silvery gray-white hairs. Head, belly, and sides are black-brown, covered with silvery hair. Mantle and neck are creamy white to yellow or russet, and light brown to orange on sides of neck in some individuals. Cap is frosted. Eyes are moderately large, with brown irises. Ears have rounded tips. Wings are blackish brown. Claw on index fingeris well developed. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Tibia is hairless. Skull is robust, with long pointed snout, wide zygomatic arches, and sagittal crest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF67289B337C1FBAFFBBD" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF67289B337C1FBAFFBBD" blockId="88.[171,1383,713,2050]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B337C1FEB9FC65" bold="true" box="[173,284,989,1022]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical dry forests, cliffs, strand vegetation, and mangroves. The Marianas Flying Fox often roosts in native limestone and ravine forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF67289B33030FC29FBEE" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF67289B33030FC29FBEE" blockId="88.[171,1383,713,2050]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B33030FE13FBD6" bold="true" box="[173,438,1068,1101]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Marianas Flying Fox feeds on fruits and flowers from at least 23 plant genera, and it contributes to seed dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF67289B33067FEA3FB77" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF67289B33067FEA3FB77" blockId="88.[171,1383,713,2050]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B33067FE91FB07" bold="true" box="[173,308,1147,1180]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Marianas Flying Foxes reproduce year-round without birth peaks; 7-20% of harem females have small to medium-sized young each month. Litter size 1s one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF67289B230EDFB98F799" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF67289B230EDFB98F799" blockId="88.[171,1383,713,2050]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B230EDFE3BFA89" bold="true" box="[172,414,1265,1298]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Marianas Flying Fox is nocturnal. Daytime activities include body care, mating, marking, flying, and climbing to other sleeping places. Males defend roosting territories. Individuals typically fly after sunset to foraging areas and return before sunrise. Roosts are often in upper one-half of emergenttrees.
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B03193FCC0FA2B" bold="true" box="[174,869,1423,1456]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Marianas Flying Foxes roost in colonies with multiple harems of one male and 2-15 females and bachelor groups and occasionally alone or in small groups. They can move up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728AC831C2FB8CFA64" box="[982,1065,1502,1535]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
between roosting sites and feedings areas. When colonies were disturbed, they moved 0-6-9-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728D7E321AFB01F9BC" box="[1120,1188,1542,1575]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
to new roosts.
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289B13231FDA6F9D5" bold="true" box="[175,515,1581,1614]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The [UCN Red List (“Japanese Flying Fox” assessed as a separate species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728ACA3248FBDFF9EE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1870" box="[980,1146,1620,1653]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="loochoensis">P. loochoensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and classified as Data Deficient). The Marianas Flying Fox is threatened by illegal hunting because it is a delicacy on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF672885132BFFE07F95F" box="[335,418,1699,1732]" name="Guam" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF67288FB32BFFCEDF95F" box="[485,840,1699,1732]" name="Northern Mariana Islands" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Northern Mariana Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Introduced brown tree snakes (Boiga urregularis) prey on young. Loss of habitat from deforestation and structural changes caused by introduced plant and animal species (e.g. pigs, goats, and deer) are also problems. Typhoons and volcanic eruptions have had significant impacts on populations. There is a recovery plan in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728886335DFE4BF8F9" box="[408,494,1857,1890]" name="Guam" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but additional protection including stricter hunting regulations and containment of brown tree snakes (e.g., snake-proofing roosting trees) are needed.
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF67289AE3385FEEFF829" bold="true" box="[176,330,1945,1970]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allison, Bonaccorso, Helgen & James (2008), Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Brown et al. (2011), Esselstyn et al. (2006), Flannery (1995a), Gray (1870), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Pierson & Rainey (1992), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2015), USFWS (1990, 2009), Wiles (1987a, 1987b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |