219 lines
28 KiB
XML
219 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="D623CACBC4F8CF8C9DD292C3BAF0DC68" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteropus scapulatus Peters 1862" docType="treatment" docVersion="18" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="136" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
|
||
<mods:mods id="E982E7E81ABEB892A38B4B3CC7019E76" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="BD948EC4AA981513681341B1EF9AF0B6">
|
||
<mods:title id="84CF8AF211C87CEDC514F44CF788824E">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="60AE22FB79A0966446B0411E60EDC276" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="8535C7CF88D6D6AD24BACC5D25F3BD72">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="AF3C980D445C9B1FB1EEFC60C5602526">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="9B09A789D284DEB543034BC2301538C2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B2F552C20111089D2847D63E158BEF4E" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="79D14F9AE27FDECE6892792DCB737C76">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A0BF1C925AD2633F1104BE34D855A75E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3312387CA7F604E6EC1F293B9F9446DB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="37E59FA29FC081EEF5B54EB6D168B0E4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="7F7E2990552449DBCE0C8C954C64BD0E" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="92F00E870B041974E24BB5EC76B7C9FB">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="EFBBF3F3B35DE18DC49E0ABE3115D38B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="B792A3DAA5200F7A38B3860027E05FA1" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="F89E5E1D9D3CA66A6F7DFB32606E6BFA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="6A1E661086C8EB82E192C7C0F0BA4332">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="3EF3EB8C7BC2CB6EC3C4CAB868916995">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="C5577011A99D3114EA6B6810C67B1334">
|
||
<mods:title id="32C654C28139DB63B7CD6306496D99F0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="E63507FE9208E6FAC29FE09AA10FE083">
|
||
<mods:extent id="DF460EC0450671DDFCB4857AC2D1F17A" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="6DBCDF6915D70BEF5C6A450BFFF76348">16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0D1D3AC43DF1A53C7A858FF557889133">162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="484DF8C9BE3BA77A4BF2FA2BBC7A1815">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1932B713D7F2AB223A12221FCAE825E4" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BF841F5654A356F441641E2EAA2BFE1B" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="1DFA2156D9D8F1931687A570E5ADE523" type="GBIF-Dataset">bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C0FA46DC1C8374A089D8FC9BC1D456E7" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0C35AFBEF8E66D8B86CED03F21E21169" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449046" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379379" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449046" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF6648CB63F47FA52F412" box="[1448,1527,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF6648CB63F47FA52F412" blockId="78.[1443,2476,2907,2995]" box="[1448,1527,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF8AF6648CB63F47FA52F412" box="[1448,1527,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF8AF6648CB63F47FA52F412" box="[1448,1527,2907,2953]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">137.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF6648F163F47F819F412" box="[1544,1980,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF6648F163F47F819F412" blockId="78.[1443,2476,2907,2995]" box="[1544,1980,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF8AF6648F163F47F819F412" box="[1544,1980,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8AF6648F163F47F819F412" ID-CoL="78M5B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[1544,1980,2907,2953]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">Little Red Flying Fox</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF664811E3F47F6C0F412" box="[2048,2405,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF664811E3F47F6C0F412" blockId="78.[1443,2476,2907,2995]" box="[2048,2405,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF8AF664811E3F47F6C0F412" box="[2048,2405,2907,2953]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8AF664811E3F47F6C0F412" ID-CoL="78M5B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[2048,2405,2907,2953]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF664811E3F47F6C0F412" box="[2048,2405,2907,2953]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Pteropus scapulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF6648CBB3F87F60EF42B" box="[1445,2475,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF6648CBB3F87F60EF42B" blockId="78.[1443,2476,2907,2995]" box="[1445,2475,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FF8AF6648CBB3F87F60EF42B" box="[1445,2475,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF6648CBB3F87FA55F42B" bold="true" box="[1445,1520,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8AF6648CE43F87F914F42B" ID-CoL="78M5B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[1530,1713,2971,2992]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">Roussette a collier</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF6648FD83F87F885F42B" bold="true" box="[1734,1824,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8AF6648E353F87F7ABF42B" ID-CoL="78M5B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[1835,2062,2971,2992]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">Kleiner Roter Flughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF664813A3F87F725F42B" bold="true" box="[2084,2176,2971,2992]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FF8AF66481973F87F60EF42B" ID-CoL="78M5B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[2185,2475,2971,2992]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">
|
||
Zorro volador de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8AF664802A3F87F60EF42B" box="[2356,2475,2971,2992]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF66481173FC1F5FDF465" box="[2057,2648,3037,3070]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF66481173FC1F5FDF465" blockId="78.[2057,2653,3037,3464]" box="[2057,2648,3037,3070]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF66481173FC1F705F465" bold="true" box="[2057,2208,3037,3070]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8AF66481B03FC1F5F6F465" ID-CoL="78M5B" authority="Peters, 1862" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[2222,2643,3037,3070]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">Pteropus scapulatus Peters, 1862</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF66481143818F5A7F3D6" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF66481143818F5A7F3D6" blockId="78.[2057,2653,3037,3464]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF8AF66481143818F5A7F3D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391323" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
“Promontorium York [= Cape York,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8AF66480F43818F7EEF3D6" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
], Nova Hollandia [=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8AF6648077382CF649F3D6" box="[2409,2540,3120,3149]" name="Australia" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF6648114384FF5ADF307" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF6648114384FF5ADF307" blockId="78.[2057,2653,3037,3464]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8AF6648114384FF6ACF3EF" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[2058,2313,3155,3188]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scapulatus">Pteropus scapulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8AF66481153863F737F307" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1862" box="[2059,2194,3199,3228]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="scapulatus">scapulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8AF665811738B6FDBDFEC3" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FF8AF665811738B6FDBDFEC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803854" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803854/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="78" pageNumber="136" startId="78.[2057,2224,3242,3267]" targetBox="[1442,2033,3047,3462]" targetPageId="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8AF665811738B6FDBDFEC3" blockId="78.[2057,2653,3037,3464]" lastBlockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8AF664811738B6F711F358" bold="true" box="[2057,2228,3242,3267]" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
N, W & E coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8AF66480C738B6F5F6F358" box="[2521,2643,3242,3267]" name="Australia" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, going inland to subcoastal areas of N & E; also found on some
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8AF664805638EDF5F6F289" box="[2376,2643,3313,3346]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Torres Strait, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8AF6648016393DF608F2A1" box="[2312,2477,3361,3386]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="78" pageNumber="136">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Is (Melville, Groote Eylandt, Thursday, Horn, Badu, Hammond, Muralug, Palm, Hinchinbrook, and Fraser). Historical records from S New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF6658BD7350FFC89FEAB" box="[713,812,275,304]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
considered extralimital and a record from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF66589DF352BFED6FEC3" box="[193,371,311,344]" name="New Zealand" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
is a vagrant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF665896A357EFDB9FC54" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF665896A357EFDB9FC54" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF665896A357EFED7FEE4" bold="true" box="[116,370,354,383]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658B2B357EFD4EFEE4" box="[565,747,354,383]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.22" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="161.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="122.0">122-200 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658ADC357EFBFFFEE4" box="[962,1114,354,383]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="28.0">28-32 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 30- 43-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF66589BE3599FF50FE3D" box="[160,245,389,422]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF665889B3599FD9FFE3D" box="[389,570,389,422]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.295" metricValueMax="1.43" metricValueMin="1.16" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="129.5" valueMax="143.0" valueMin="116.0">116-143 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658BAD3599FCE6FE3D" box="[691,835,389,422]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.29" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.58" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="g" value="429.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="258.0">258-600 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 54— 59-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF66589BE35B0FF55FE56" box="[160,240,428,461]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
and tibias
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF665889535B0FD85FE56" box="[395,544,428,461]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="63.5" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="61.0">61-66 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Eyes of the Little Red Flying Fox are moderately large, with brown irises. Ears are long and pointed. Entire body is a shade of dark reddish brown to light brown, with flanks occasionally browner and some darker brown patches on belly and chest. Mantle varies from cinnamon to burnt umber and darkens at sides of neck, fore neck, and throat. Base of fur is paler and ocherous bufty. Males have glandular neck tufts that are yellowish buff to deep tawny. There is narrow spinal tract in some individuals that splits mantle into right and left halves. Patch of light creamy brown fur occurs where wing membrane and shoulder meet. Head can be similar to pale reddish brown on rest of body but mixed with gray fur. Wings are brown and translucentin flight. Legs are naked. Canines and cheekteeth are much narrower than in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658861372BFE4EFCC3" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" box="[383,491,823,856]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other teeth are generally reduced. C' is long and only mildly recurved or straight, with narrow cingulum and deep, broad vertical groove on front face. C,is similarly long, with narrow cingulum, but is recurved. Canines are heavier in males than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF665896B37C9FE72FB27" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF665896B37C9FE72FB27" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF665896B37C9FF41FC6D" bold="true" box="[117,228,981,1014]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Wide variety of habitats including temperate and tropical forests, swamps, and semiarid areas. Feeding and roosting sites of Little Red Flying Foxes have been recorded in sclerophyll woodland, paperbark (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658A113038FC72FBDE" box="[783,983,1060,1093]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Melaleuca spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658AF73038FBDCFBDE" box="[1001,1145,1060,1093]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) swamp forest, mangroves, bamboo, and occasionally orchards or ornamentaltrees. It is not often found roosting in urban habitats as often as other Australian flying foxes, but this has increased in recent years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF665896B30DEFF75FA32" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF665896B30DEFF75FA32" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF665896B30DEFE25FB78" bold="true" box="[117,384,1218,1251]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Little Red Flying Fox feeds on nectar of dominant tree and shrub species in their distribution, and viable pollen has been found on its fur. Fruits, including cultivated crops, are rarely eaten and only when other food resources are unavailable. It forms large colonies near ephemeral flowering of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658D343124FF1BFA1A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF665880C317CFE33FA1A" box="[274,406,1376,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Melaleuca</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is believed to prefer foraging on native plants vs. cultivated plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF665896B31B3FC30F819" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF665896B31B3FC30F819" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF665896B31B3FF59FA4B" bold="true" box="[117,252,1455,1488]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Little Red Flying Fox reproduces synchronously throughoutits distribution. Males and females become sexually mature at c.18 months of age. Mating occurs in November—January when adults form large colonies, with males creating harems of 2-5 females in small territories that are actively defended from other males. Gestation lasts ¢.5 months and lactation 3-5 months. It gives birth to one young/year, usually in April-May in predominantly female colonies from which males have dispersed. Young are carried for a month and then left at the roost while mothers forage at night, returning at intervals to feed them. Young begin to fly and move between trees at roosting sites during their second month of life. There have been some studies that found populations with reduced reproduction during periods of nutritional stress, butit is unknown how common this is. It reproduces out of phase from other Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658DF83325FF01F819" authorityName="Brisson" authorityYear="1762" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteropus</taxonomicName>
|
||
by c¢.6 months and is not dependent on photoperiod.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF665896A3394FE52F7D3" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF665896A3394FE52F7D3" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF665896A3394FEFAF832" bold="true" box="[116,351,1928,1961]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Red Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosting sites around dusk to forage; they return around dawn. During the day, they rest at roost sites and engage in typical pteropodine activity, such as wing fanning and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Compared with other flying foxes, the Little Red Flying Fox roosts closer to the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF66589683C52FE4DF503" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF66589683C52FE4DF503" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF66589683C52FC90F7F4" bold="true" box="[118,821,2126,2159]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Little Red Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts in colonies of more than 100,000 individuals. Long-term colonies at the same roost site result in damage to roosting trees due to the weight of large numbers of individuals. They tend to roost closer to one another than other flying fox species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF8BF665888D3CF0FDB7F696" box="[403,530,2284,2317]" name="Australia" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Because of ephemerality of flower resources, Little Red Flying Foxes are highly vagile and nomadic. Individuals have been recorded traveling several hundred kilometers between successive roosting sites. Nightly foraging distances from roosts to initial foraging sites are 4-23-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF8BF6658A7F3D7EFC0CF618" box="[865,937,2402,2435]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
, and multiple foraging sites can be used each night. Little Red Flying Foxes sometimes co-roost in mixed colonies with the other Australian flying fox species such as the Black Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658D663DADFB43F649" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1837" box="[1144,1254,2481,2514]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alecto">P. alecto</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Spectacled Flying Fox (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF66588DB3DC5FD3CF661" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1850" box="[453,665,2521,2554]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="conspicillatus">P. conspicillatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or the Gray-headed Flying Fox (FP.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF8BF6658DBF3DC5FF07F5BA" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1825" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="poliocephalus">poliocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Compared with other flying foxes, Little Red Flying Foxes form much more temporary colonies, usually lasting 4-6 weeks. They can displace other flying fox species from roosting and foraging sites by moving into centers of colonies and then pushing other species to the edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF66589693E82FEC6F294" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF66589693E82FEC6F294" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF66589693E82FE77F524" bold="true" box="[119,466,2718,2751]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Little Red Flying Fox has a wide distribution, broad range of habitat tolerance, and large population size. It faces no major threats, but conversion of foraging and roosting habitats for agriculture, forestry, or urban development has resulted in some loss ofits historical distribution, and it might be locally threatened. It occasionally comes into conflict with fruit growers due to crop damage, butit is not considered a serious pest. It is killed under license in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8BF6658BDD3F97FCC9F437" box="[707,876,2955,2988]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF8BF6658AAB3F97FB03F437" box="[949,1190,2955,2988]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
as a crop protection measure under special circumstances, but there might be additional illegal killing that is difficult to measure. There has been an increase in persecution of flying foxes due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies. Additional threats might include electrocution on power lines, entanglement on barbed wire or netting, extreme weather events, and mortality from Australian bat lyssavirus. Due to its nomadic nature, monitoring population trends and distribution is difficult. The Little Red Flying Fox might periodically be found in protected areas, but its yearly variation in distribution makes it difficult to plan conservation and management actions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF8BF66589663902FDB1F21C" pageId="79" pageNumber="137" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF8BF66589663902FDB1F21C" blockId="79.[115,1328,275,3466]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF8BF66589663902FEB4F2AC" bold="true" box="[120,273,3358,3383]" pageId="79" pageNumber="137">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Daniel (1975), Eby & Roberts (2016), Lavery et al. (2012), Martin et al. (1995), Plowright et al. (2008), Simmons (2005), Vardon & Tidemann (1999), Vardon et al. (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |