221 lines
23 KiB
XML
221 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="5E50238CE85E9E6CBF4C95D94BB8B946" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Acerodon leucotis Sanborn 1950" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="135" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="135" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="A1904F43BFC6147A810E1094670E49F2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F5596C8B23370367A46F5DB47A3D9F2A">
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<mods:title id="31C60B22A7651A9CC618CE82C69C8440">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="5B3B10922102419B5B4B90C5F28D947E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A3171066D0501DC04245A1ACB6D71C04">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7E389A111DE2322B3F543CED2344384A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E5A489DD47134B12410FDCD9D63B8774">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4305EE8516FF055CD2064F649B509AC1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="4C19AAA2226A6E78344ACB47DAB04FDF">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="482DCAEEBD4572A71E495020299ABEE4" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="673DDAFCFA4C5E844EFDAA58F34727CA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="31F58494BAC5E09E655BB601AE091758">
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<mods:placeTerm id="8E4F453B50D05DBFF4493371E9785DCB">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C2ACEF71E05EFC8391C958C1FEA33949">
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<mods:title id="3B0D887CC45ECE52BCDE61CBD7C49D35">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3B55D0EA62CF6F89514AD674F35382D4">
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<mods:start id="AE8D09FA42F8EB4FDC5A529B93500303">16</mods:start>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449040" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379455" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF89F66789693EA7F755FAC6" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F66789693EA7FF63F572" box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F66789693EA7FF63F572" blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF89F66789693EA7FF63F572" box="[119,198,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF89F66789693EA7FF63F572" box="[119,198,2747,2793]" captionStart="Plate 8: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="75.[98,128,3361,3386]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,16,3662]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="127. Wallace's Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium wallacei), 128. Mindoro Stripe-faced Fruit Bat (Styloctenium mindorensis), 129. Small-toothed Fruit Bat (Neopteryx frosti), 130. Sulawesi Flying Fox (Acerodon celebensis), 131. Talaud Flying Fox (Acerodon humilis), 132. Golden-capped Flying Fox (Acerodon jubatus), 133. Palawan Flying Fox (Acerodon leucotis), 134. Sunda Flying Fox (Acerodon macklotii), 135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox (Pleropus personatus), 136. Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensus), 137. Little Red Flying Fox (Pteropus scapulatus), 138. Big-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus macrotis), 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox (Pteropus gilliardorum), 140. Sanborn’s Flying Fox (Pleropus mahaganus), 141. Dwarf Flying Fox (Pteropus woodfordi), 142. Pohnpei Flying Fox (Pteropus molossinus), 143. Chuuk Flying Fox (Pteropus pelagicus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448883" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448883/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">133.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F66789C63EA7FDC2F572" box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F66789C63EA7FDC2F572" blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF89F66789C63EA7FDC2F572" box="[216,615,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F66789C63EA7FDC2F572" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[216,615,2747,2793]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F66789C63EA7FE25F572" box="[216,384,2747,2793]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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Flying Fox
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BB23EA7FC7FF572" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BB23EA7FC7FF572" blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FF89F6678BB23EA7FC7FF572" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678BB23EA7FC7FF572" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678BB23EA7FC7FF572" box="[684,986,2747,2793]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Acerodon leucotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F667896A3EE7FDBAF4AC" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F667896A3EE7FBE6F48B" blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[116,1091,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF89F667896A3EE7FBE6F48B" box="[116,1091,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F667896A3EE7FF1AF48B" bold="true" box="[116,191,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F66789D93EE7FE3AF48B" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[199,415,2811,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
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Acérodon de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F667884E3EE7FE3AF48B" box="[336,415,2811,2832]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F66788AB3EE7FDAAF48B" bold="true" box="[437,527,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678B073EE7FD68F48B" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[537,717,2811,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">Palawan-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678BFD3EE7FC9BF48B" bold="true" box="[739,830,2811,2832]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F6678A593EE7FBE6F48B" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[839,1091,2811,2832]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
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Zorro volador de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678AED3EE7FBE6F48B" box="[1011,1091,2811,2832]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F667896D3F3EFDBAF4AC" blockId="77.[114,1091,2747,2872]" box="[115,543,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF89F667896D3F3EFDBAF4AC" box="[115,543,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F667896D3F3EFECFF4AC" bold="true" box="[115,362,2850,2871]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF89F667886A3F3EFDBAF4AC" ID-CoL="94ZK" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[372,543,2850,2871]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F667886A3F3EFE61F4AC" box="[372,452,2850,2871]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BC93F73FA80F413" box="[727,1317,2927,2952]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC93F73FA80F413" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" box="[727,1317,2927,2952]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678BC93F73FCD7F413" bold="true" box="[727,882,2927,2952]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678A633F73FA85F413" ID-CoL="7KQ8V" authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[893,1312,2927,2952]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucotis">Pteropus leucotis Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BC63F91FBF3F44E" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC63F91FBF3F44E" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF89F6678BC63F91FBF3F44E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391373" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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“Singay, Busuanga Island, Calamianes Group,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF89F6678A583FA8FBE1F44E" box="[838,1092,2996,3029]" name="Philippines" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BC93FC0FB28F466" box="[727,1165,3036,3069]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC93FC0FB28F466" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" box="[727,1165,3036,3069]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BC6381FFCCFF359" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF89F6678BC6381FFCCFF359" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803846" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803846/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" startId="77.[728,882,3075,3108]" targetBox="[112,703,2931,3344]" targetPageId="77">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC6381FFBCDF3BF" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" box="[728,1128,3075,3108]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678BC6381FFBCDF3BF" bold="true" box="[728,1128,3075,3108]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC9382FFC26F3E8" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678BC9382FFBF0F3D7" authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[727,1109,3123,3148]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucotis" subSpecies="leucotis">A. lL leucotis Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
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— Calamian Is (Busuanga).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC93862FCCFF359" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678BC93862FBF3F300" authority="Sanborn, 1950" authorityName="Sanborn" authorityYear="1950" box="[727,1110,3198,3227]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucotis" subSpecies="obscurus">A. l. obscurus Sanborn, 1950</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678D693862FB42F300" box="[1143,1255,3198,3227]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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and Balabac Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678BC938D5F5B3FE32" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678BC938D5F5B3FE32" blockId="77.[727,1318,2927,3346]" lastBlockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678BC938D5FC6AF371" bold="true" box="[727,975,3273,3306]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Tailless, ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678D9538D5FA85F371" box="[1163,1312,3273,3306]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.9" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="29.0">29-32 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678A7C38E5FC6EF289" box="[866,971,3321,3346]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="46.0">46 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678D7838E5FA85F289" box="[1126,1312,3321,3346]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.475" metricValueMax="1.65" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="147.5" valueMax="165.0" valueMin="130.0">130-165 mm</quantity>
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||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F6678B13390BFD04F2A3" box="[525,673,3351,3384]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="mm" value="68.0" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="67.0">67-69 mm</quantity>
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||
. Ears of the
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678A4E390BFC1AF2A3" box="[848,959,3351,3384]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
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||
Flying Fox have rounded tips and are shorter than muzzle, with no reduction above. Ears are light brown to whitish, almost translucent, with white to whitish silvery cap between ears flecked with light brown hairs. Body is generally light tan brown, with variable patches of large white to whitish silvery patches above and below. Mantle is slightly more golden russet than body. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Skull is typical pteropine, with long postorbital processes, although not quite reaching zygomatic process. P' is often early deciduous.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C35ACF653FDF5" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C35ACF653FDF5" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C35ACFA7AFE4A" bold="true" box="[1394,1503,432,465]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and dense secondary forests. The
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F667814D35ACF767FE4A" box="[2131,2242,432,465]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox has been observed in several disturbed forest remnants with dense secondary forest, suggesting some degree of tolerance for disturbance. It was previously recorded at sea level, but its upper elevational limit is not known. Dense secondary forests that it currently uses are threatened by potential exploitation from agroforestry as palm oil and rubber plantations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C3669F66EFD26" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C3669F66EFD26" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C3669F9DBFD0D" bold="true" box="[1394,1662,629,662]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678FCF3669F8E7FD0D" box="[1745,1858,629,662]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox eats mangoes and is also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F66780F83669F9B1FD26" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees. It has been recorded foraging at c¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF89F667817F3680F734FD26" box="[2145,2193,668,701]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
|
||
high in tree canopies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C36D8F8CFFCAF" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C36D8F8CFFCAF" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C36D8FA5CFD7E" bold="true" box="[1394,1529,708,741]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproduction of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678E2A36D8F800FD7E" box="[1844,1957,708,741]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is thought to be similar to that of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF89F6678CD436F7F99BFC97" box="[1482,1598,747,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Acerodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acerodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
flying foxes. It is suspected to live up to 6-8 years, suggesting an estimated generation time of 3-5 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6E3726F96FFC19" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6E3726F96FFC19" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6E3726F9FBFCC0" bold="true" box="[1392,1630,826,859]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678F733726F97BFCC0" box="[1645,1758,826,859]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Foxes are nocturnal and have been found in small tents at the canopy level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C3795F794FC62" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C3795F794FC62" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C3795F792FC31" bold="true" box="[1394,2103,905,938]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F66781E93795F6CEFC31" box="[2295,2411,905,938]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F66780A83795F582FC31" box="[2486,2599,905,938]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox does not form large colonies, which might be a consequence of overhunting that makes observations and tracking difficult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C37E3F709FA96" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C37E3F709FA96" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C37E3F973FBBB" bold="true" box="[1394,1750,1023,1056]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678FF0303BF8FAFBD3" box="[1774,1887,1063,1096]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
Flying Fox is projected to decline more than 30% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. In southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F66780543053F61BFBEB" box="[2378,2494,1103,1136]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, unsustainable hunting of flying foxes for food is the primary threat. Expansion of palm oil and rubber plantations into
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F6678E2B3082F803FB24" box="[1845,1958,1182,1215]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
will degrade potential roosting and foraging habitats. It has been found in protected areas on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF89F667810130D9F737FB7D" box="[2079,2194,1221,1254]" country="Philippines" name="Palawan" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Palawan</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but enforcement of existing laws restricting hunting and habitat protection are lacking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF89F6678C6C3101F755FAC6" pageId="77" pageNumber="135" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF89F6678C6C3101F755FAC6" blockId="77.[1392,2605,274,1377]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF89F6678C6C3101F9AEFAAD" bold="true" box="[1394,1547,1309,1334]" pageId="77" pageNumber="135">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Corbet & Hill (1992), Esselstyn, Widmann & Heaney (2004), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Musser et al. (1982), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Esselstyn et al. (2008), Sanborn (1950a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |