527 lines
70 KiB
XML
527 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="542B9F0F3FB17941C361FEE7386FECE9" ID-CLB-Dataset="26217" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4638.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fb8c670e-e341-4236-9b05-402c7f92b8f1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3335260" ID-ZooBank="E5A26EB4-1F98-4310-A8D7-A0F933E75D95" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1563173981185" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sim-Smith, Carina & Kelly, Michelle" docDate="2019" docId="03CB87E6FF98F946FF7BFD09FCC9F9A9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4638.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4638 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Penares tylotaster Dendy 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFF2FF9EFF9CF941FFECFFD0FF94FFFA" masterDocTitle="Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698741243220" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7B5D1902781CFB61DF667745321FDC10">Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="551F513013D6EDA28F63C3AB9CE2395B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6FAAF5D70A1C4DF7A74719D7C0D9937D">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="49EE8765F01E86556AD8C5B21810683B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4638.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CB87E6FF98F946FF7BFD09FCC9F9A9" ID-GBIF-Taxon="158628780" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87E6FF98F946FF7BFD09FCC9F9A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87E6FF98F946FF7BFD09FCC9F9A9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF98F945FF7BFD09FD84FD09" box="[151,528,729,756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFD09FD84FD09" blockId="4.[151,528,729,791]" box="[151,528,729,756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D095819CFF98F945FF7BFD09FD84FD09" bold="true" box="[151,528,729,756]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF98F945FF7BFD09FD84FD09" authority="Dendy, 1924" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,528,729,756]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF7BFD09FD84FD09" bold="true" box="[151,528,729,756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF7BFD09FEFBFD0E" bold="true" box="[151,367,729,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF98F945FE9AFD09FD84FD09" author="Dendy, A." box="[374,528,729,755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF98F945FF7BFD2DFEF8FCED" box="[151,364,765,791]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFD2DFEF8FCED" blockId="4.[151,528,729,791]" box="[151,364,765,791]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13592A75FF98F945FF73FD2DFE90FCED" box="[159,260,765,791]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,250,1467,1492]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetBox-2="[476,1113,703,1449]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[471,1117,697,1455]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Penares tylotaster Dendy 1924, NHMUK 1926.5.1.114: A. Section showing the radial arrangement of megascleres near the surface and the disorganised mass of oxeas near the centre of the sponge; B. Cortical section showing the position of the dichotriaene cladomes below the cortex; C. A surface scrap preparation showing the regular pattern of microxeas surround- ing the pores." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Distribution of P. tylotaster Dendy, 1924 around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3448316" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3448316/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3335264/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs 1–3</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF98F945FEFCFD2DFEF5FCED" box="[272,353,765,791]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,241,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[166,1357,298,505]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares tylotaster. Dimensions are given as the mean (minimum–maximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; O = oxyaster; MOX = microxea; MR = microrhabds; TYL = tylaster." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4">Table 1</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C378657BFF98F945FF7BFC92FD31FC2E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFC92FC86FCA3" blockId="4.[151,786,833,980]" box="[151,786,833,857]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF7BFC92FECDFCA3" box="[151,345,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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Dendy, 1924, p. 303; pl. VII, figs 16–19.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFCB0FD05FC82" blockId="4.[151,786,833,980]" box="[151,657,864,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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NOT
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF38FCB1FE02FC82" box="[212,406,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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, Brøndsted, 1924: 440.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFCAFFDF9FC6C" blockId="4.[151,786,833,980]" box="[151,621,894,919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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NOT
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF38FCAFFE02FC6D" box="[212,406,895,919]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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, Burton, 1929: 415.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFC4DFD1EFC4F" blockId="4.[151,786,833,980]" box="[151,650,925,949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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NOT
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF38FC4EFE02FC4F" box="[212,406,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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, Bergquist, 1961: 198.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BFC6CFD31FC2E" blockId="4.[151,786,833,980]" box="[151,677,956,980]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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NOT
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF38FC6DFE02FC2E" box="[212,406,956,980]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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, Bergquist, 1968: 40–41.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF1D6678FF98F945FF7BF8A1FEB5F80F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3448316" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3448316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3448316/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[151,250,1905,1930]" targetBox="[151,1435,994,1893]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF98F945FF7BF8A1FEB5F80F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1905,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FF7BF8A1FE86F870" bold="true" box="[151,274,1905,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FEF4F8A2FE44F870" box="[280,464,1906,1930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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Dendy 1924, NHMUK 1926.5.1.114:
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FCBFF8A1FCFFF870" bold="true" box="[851,875,1905,1930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A.</emphasis>
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Section showing the radial arrangement of megascleres near the surface and the disorganised mass of oxeas near the centre of the sponge;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FC09F846FC69F854" bold="true" box="[997,1021,1942,1966]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B.</emphasis>
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Cortical section showing the position of the dichotriaene cladomes below the cortex;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF98F945FDB7F869FDE0F828" bold="true" box="[603,628,1977,2002]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C.</emphasis>
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A surface scrap preparation showing the regular pattern of microxeas surround- ing the pores.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF1D6678FF99F944FF7BFAF0FC59FAA7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF7BFAF0FC59FAA7" blockId="5.[151,1436,1312,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF7BFAF0FE87FAC3" bold="true" box="[151,275,1312,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF99F944FEF6FAF2FDCAFAC3" authority="Dendy, 1924" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[282,606,1312,1337]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FEF6FAF2FE47FAC3" box="[282,467,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Penares tylotaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF99F944FE36FAF0FDCAFAC3" author="Dendy, A." box="[474,606,1312,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31:
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FC8EFAF0FCEFFAC3" bold="true" box="[866,891,1312,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A.</emphasis>
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Oxea;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FC29FAF1FB86FAC3" bold="true" box="[965,1042,1312,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B & C.</emphasis>
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Dichotriaene;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FB45FAF1FB56FAC3" bold="true" box="[1193,1218,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D.</emphasis>
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Plagiotriaene;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FAB0FAF1FAE0FAC3" bold="true" box="[1372,1396,1313,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E.</emphasis>
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Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FDF2FA95FDA5FAA7" bold="true" box="[542,561,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">F.</emphasis>
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Microxeas;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FD5CFA94FD5EFAA7" bold="true" box="[688,714,1348,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G.</emphasis>
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Microrhabd;
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FCBAFA95FCE4FAA7" bold="true" box="[854,880,1349,1373]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">H.</emphasis>
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Tylaster.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF99F944FF7BFA5BFD0EF9CF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF7BFA5BFC24F9E8" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF7BFA5BFD57FA5C" bold="true" box="[151,707,1419,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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Material examined. Type material.
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<typeStatus id="54D98852FF99F944FDBAFA5CFD57FA5C" box="[598,707,1420,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FD2FFA5CFD48FA5F" box="[707,732,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">—</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED73AE35FF99F944FD30FA5CFCD2FA5C" box="[732,838,1420,1446]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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1923.10.1.31, dry subsample from R.N.XXVII,
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<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FA62FA5CFF40FA33" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="7.0">7 miles</quantity>
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east of North Cape,
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<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FE50FA60FD91FA30" box="[444,517,1456,1482]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="128.0">128 m</quantity>
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, British
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<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF99F944FD8FFA7FFD4CFA33" box="[611,728,1455,1481]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
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||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FD04FA60FCF3FA33" box="[744,871,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF99F944FD04FA60FCB1FA33" authorityName="Johnson & Matusik" authorityYear="1988" box="[744,805,1456,1481]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Terra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Terra</taxonomicName>
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Nova
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</emphasis>
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) Expedition,
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<date id="FFDC1030FF99F944FBEDFA60FB0DFA33" box="[1025,1177,1455,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1910-07-16">1910, 16 Jul–</date>
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24 Sep 1911;
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<collectionCode id="ED73AE35FF99F944FADEFA60FA08FA30" box="[1330,1436,1456,1482]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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||
1926.5.1.114 &
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED73AE35FF99F944FEA2FA04FE2CFA14" box="[334,440,1492,1518]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
1923.10.1.231, microscope slides from R.N.XXVII,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FBFCFA04FBF7FA17" box="[1040,1123,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mi" value="7.0">7 miles</quantity>
|
||
east of North Cape,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FAA2FA04FA03FA14" box="[1358,1431,1492,1518]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="128.0">128 m</quantity>
|
||
, British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF99F944FF05FA27FECAF9EB" box="[233,350,1527,1553]" name="Antarctica" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FE82FA28FE79F9EB" box="[366,493,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF99F944FE82FA28FE3FF9EB" authorityName="Johnson & Matusik" authorityYear="1988" box="[366,427,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Terra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Terra</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nova
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) Expedition,
|
||
<date id="FFDC1030FF99F944FD6AFA28FC8AF9EB" box="[646,798,1527,1554]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1910-07-16">1910, 16 Jul–</date>
|
||
24 Sep 1911.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF2BF9CCFD0EF9CF" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" box="[199,666,1563,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B0A3CADFF99F944FF2BF9CCFD02F9CF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2274830379" box="[199,662,1563,1590]" country="New Zealand" location="North Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF2BF9CCFEF2F9CC" bold="true" box="[199,358,1563,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF99F944FF2BF9CCFE96F9CC" box="[199,258,1564,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8EBD602BFF99F944FE80F9CBFE65F9CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87E6FF98F946FF7BFD09FCC9F9A9:8EBD602BFF99F944FE80F9CBFE65F9CC" box="[364,497,1563,1590]" country="New Zealand" name="North Cape" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">North Cape</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF99F944FE10F9CCFD02F9CF" box="[508,662,1563,1590]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF99F944FF2BF9EFFB65F9A0" box="[199,1265,1599,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF2BF9EFFB65F9A0" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" box="[199,1265,1599,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF2BF9EFFEF5F9A0" bold="true" box="[199,353,1599,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Only known from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF99F944FD8CF990FD04F9A0" box="[608,656,1600,1626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, North Cape,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF99F944FC6BF990FBB5F9A3" box="[903,1057,1599,1626]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FBC0F990FBE7F9A0" box="[1068,1139,1600,1626]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="128.0">128 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FB6EF9EFFB70F9A0" box="[1154,1252,1599,1626]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1467,1492]" captionTargetBox="[476,1113,703,1449]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[471,1117,697,1455]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Distribution of P. tylotaster Dendy, 1924 around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335264/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF99F947FF2BF9B3FB4CFE55" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF2BF9B3FAD9F910" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF2BF9B3FECDF984" bold="true" box="[199,345,1635,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology is irregularly massive, incorporating considerable calcareous debris,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FB14F9B3FAD3F984" box="[1272,1351,1635,1662]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide ×
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FF7BF958FF72F958" box="[151,230,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF99F944FED8F957FE57F958" author="Dendy, A." box="[308,451,1671,1698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Texture is firm, rigid. Surface is nodular and corrugated. A few conspicuous, semi-circular oscules, up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FE95F97CFE42F93C" box="[377,470,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter are scattered singly over the surface of the sponge. Oscules lie flush with the surface of the sponge (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF99F944FE52F91FFDD9F910" author="Dendy, A." box="[446,589,1743,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colour in ethanol is pale yellowish grey throughout (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF99F944FB5DF91FFAD4F910" author="Dendy, A." box="[1201,1344,1743,1770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F944FF2BF923FA8FF83B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF2BF923FEA1F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,309,1779,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Cortical skeleton thin (
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FDD6F924FD59F8F4" box="[570,717,1780,1806]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="150.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="100.0">100–200 µm</quantity>
|
||
), poorly defined, consisting of an interwoven mesh of tangential microxeas and microrhabds that form a regular pattern around circular pores,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF99F944FBE5F8C7FBF5F8C8" box="[1033,1121,1815,1842]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 µm</quantity>
|
||
diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FB37F8C7FAC5F8C8" box="[1243,1361,1815,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Penares tylotaster Dendy 1924, NHMUK 1926.5.1.114: A. Section showing the radial arrangement of megascleres near the surface and the disorganised mass of oxeas near the centre of the sponge; B. Cortical section showing the position of the dichotriaene cladomes below the cortex; C. A surface scrap preparation showing the regular pattern of microxeas surround- ing the pores." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3448316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3448316/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sub- dermal canals separate the cortex from the choanosome. Choanosomal skeleton has a single layer of dichotriaenes just below the cortex, cladomes uppermost (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FD66F88FFD6BF880" box="[650,767,1887,1914]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Penares tylotaster Dendy 1924, NHMUK 1926.5.1.114: A. Section showing the radial arrangement of megascleres near the surface and the disorganised mass of oxeas near the centre of the sponge; B. Cortical section showing the position of the dichotriaene cladomes below the cortex; C. A surface scrap preparation showing the regular pattern of microxeas surround- ing the pores." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3448316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3448316/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oxeas are more-or-less radially arranged near the surface but are confused towards the centre of the sponge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FD38F853FCDFF864" box="[724,843,1923,1950]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1905,1930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,994,1893]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Penares tylotaster Dendy 1924, NHMUK 1926.5.1.114: A. Section showing the radial arrangement of megascleres near the surface and the disorganised mass of oxeas near the centre of the sponge; B. Cortical section showing the position of the dichotriaene cladomes below the cortex; C. A surface scrap preparation showing the regular pattern of microxeas surround- ing the pores." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3448316" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3448316/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Microxeas and tylasters are abundant and scattered throughout the choanosome, with tylasters more commonly found in the walls of the aquiferous canals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF99F947FF2BF81BFC7AFEE5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1419,2022]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,683]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FF2BF81BFEBDF81C" bold="true" box="[199,297,1995,2022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Spicules</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FED5F81BFE0AF81C" box="[313,414,1995,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF99F944FE47F81BFE6BF81C" box="[427,511,1995,2022]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,241,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[166,1357,298,505]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares tylotaster. Dimensions are given as the mean (minimum–maximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; O = oxyaster; MOX = microxea; MR = microrhabds; TYL = tylaster." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF99F944FDF5F81CFD31F81C" box="[537,677,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Megascleres</emphasis>
|
||
—oxeas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF99F944FCFDF81BFC1DF81C" box="[785,905,1995,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
) are small, fusiform and slightly curved; 1212 (978–1404) × 33 (22–45) µm (n = 20). Dichotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FD15FF49FC37FF49" box="[761,931,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2B & C</figureCitation>
|
||
) are stout with a short conical rhabdome that strongly tapers to a sharp point. Rhabdome is similar in length to the width of the cladome. Occasionally, plagiotriaenes are found that are of similar size to dichotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FCEAFF31FCE8FF01" box="[774,892,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
), some of which may have the odd bifurcate clad tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FF2FFED5FEACFEE5" box="[195,312,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
); 543 (390–637) µm long × 545 (401–652) µm wide (n = 20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9AF947FF2BFEF9FB4CFE55" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FF2BFEF9FEC3FEB9" box="[199,343,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Microscleres</emphasis>
|
||
—microxeas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FE18FEF9FDF0FEB9" box="[500,612,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
) are curved or sharply angulate towards the distal ends, often centrotylote, variable in size; 198 (85–287) × 14 (8–20) µm (n = 20). Microrhabds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FC72FE9DFB86FE9D" box="[926,1042,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
) are small, smooth and curved with bluntly rounded tips, most are faintly centrotylote; 55 (36–79) × 6 (4–8) µm (n = 20). Tylasters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FB53FEA1FAA7FE71" box="[1215,1331,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
) are very small with numerous rays that have recurved spines at the tips; 9 (7–12) µm in diameter (n = 20).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF9AF947FF2BFE69FC90FD51" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9AF947FF2BFE69FC90FD51" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,683]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FF2BFE69FEAFFE29" bold="true" box="[199,315,441,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FEADFE69FE48FE29" author="Dendy, A." box="[321,476,441,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not specifically list microrhabds as a separate spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9AF947FB82FE69FB0AFE29" box="[1134,1182,441,467]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FB27FE6AFAC4FE29" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[1227,1360,441,467]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FB27FE6AFAC4FE29" box="[1227,1360,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, from Dendy’s description of the smallest rhabds, “
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FCE1FE0EFC0EFDC5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Microxeas; ranging in size from about 0.034 by
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9AF947FAC1FE0DFA08FE0D" box="[1325,1436,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="0.004">0.004 mm</quantity>
|
||
to 0.34 by
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9AF947FEFFFDD1FE13FDE1" box="[275,391,513,539]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="0.017">0.017 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The smallest slightly curved, sausage shaped, bluntly ended, and slightly centrotylote. The largest curved, fusiform, sharply and gradually pointed at each end,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” it is apparent that he has combined both the small, bluntly rounded microrhabds and the sharply pointed microxeas in the same spicule category. While there is little size separation between the largest microrhabds and the smallest microxeas (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF9AF947FBC1FDBDFB15FD7D" box="[1069,1153,621,647]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,241,152,179]" captionTargetBox="[166,1357,298,505]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 1. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares tylotaster. Dimensions are given as the mean (minimum–maximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; D = dichotriaene rhabdome, DP = dichotriaene protoclad; DD = dichotriaene deutroclad; DC = dichotriaene cladome; O = oxyaster; MOX = microxea; MR = microrhabds; TYL = tylaster." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="DF1D6678FF94F949FF7BFF48FD80FEE4">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), these two spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9AF947FA8DFDBDFA08FD7D" box="[1377,1436,621,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">types</typeStatus>
|
||
can be separated by their morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13592A75FF9AF947FDA0FD41FD63FD51" box="[588,759,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1312,1337]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1435,181,1300]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Penares tylotaster Dendy, 1924, NHMUK 1923.10.1.31: A. Oxea; B & C. Dichotriaene; D. Plagiotriaene; E. Dichotriaene/plagiotriaene combination; F. Microxeas; G. Microrhabd; H. Tylaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335262/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 2F & G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1D6678FF9AF947FF7BFA6BFED4FA0D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335264/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,250,1467,1492]" targetBox="[476,1113,703,1449]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9AF947FF7BFA6BFED4FA0D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1467,1528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FF7BFA6BFE87FA2E" bold="true" box="[151,275,1467,1492]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FE59FA6DFD21FA2E" authority="Dendy, 1924" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[437,693,1467,1492]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FE59FA6DFDBAFA2E" box="[437,558,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FDD8FA6BFD21FA2E" author="Dendy, A." box="[564,693,1467,1492]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
around New Zealand. The white outline shows New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF9AF946FF2BF9F6FB01FEB9" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9AF947FF2BF9F6FC20F8C6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1574,1853]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Despite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FECFF9F7FE33F9BA" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[291,423,1574,1600]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FECFF9F7FE33F9BA" box="[291,423,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being the first and only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FCCAF9F7FC15F9BA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[806,897,1575,1600]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FCCAF9F7FC15F9BA" box="[806,897,1575,1600]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Penares</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be formally described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9AF947FB3BF9F7FAF8F9BA" box="[1239,1388,1574,1601]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters, we have failed to find any further specimens of this species amongst the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D64FD79FF9AF947FC10F99AFB00F99E" box="[1020,1172,1610,1637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="generic">75 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined in this study, even from collections in similar localities. Since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FD56F9BEFCFDF973" author="Dendy, A." box="[698,873,1646,1673]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy’s (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
publication,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FC10F9BFFB11F972" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[1020,1157,1646,1673]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FC10F9BFFB99F972" box="[1020,1037,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FBF7F9BEFB11F972" box="[1051,1157,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded in the literature from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A6F812FF9AF947FE81F943FD9DF956" box="[365,521,1682,1709]" country="New Zealand" name="Bay of Plenty" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bay of Plenty</collectingRegion>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FDD8F942FD68F957" author="Brondsted, H. V." box="[564,764,1682,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 483" refId="ref26253" refString="Brondsted, H. V. (1924) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XXIII. Sponges from New Zealand. Part I. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KJObenhavn, 77, 435 - 483." type="journal article" year="1924">Brøndsted (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9AF947FCA9F942FC2EF956" box="[837,954,1682,1708]" name="Antarctica" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FC0AF943FB1CF957" author="Burton, M." box="[998,1160,1683,1709]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="393 - 458" refId="ref26300" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 6, 393 - 458." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton (1929)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from the Chatham Rise by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FF56F966FEEEF92B" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[186,378,1718,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and from the Three King Islands and Hauraki Gulf by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FC0DF966FB36F92B" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[993,1186,1718,1745]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref26024" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1968) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). In: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 188. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 37. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, pp. 1 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1968">Bergquist (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Unfortunately, few of these specimens could be located for re-examination, but we believe that none of them are likely to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FAFBF90BFA08F90E" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[1303,1436,1754,1780]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FAFBF90BFA08F90E" box="[1303,1436,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the species descriptions by the authors and the localities they were described from. Our reasons for refuting each of the specimens as being
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FE14F8F3FC86F8C6" box="[504,786,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9AF947FE14F8F3FDEAF8C6" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[504,638,1826,1852]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tylotaster">P. tylotaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9AF947FD68F8F3FC86F8C6" box="[644,786,1827,1852]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, is as follows:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9AF946FF7BF8BBFB01FEB9" blockId="6.[151,1436,1898,2033]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,153,1511]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
1. Specimen from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A6F812FF9AF947FE79F8BBFDA4F87E" box="[405,560,1898,1925]" country="New Zealand" name="Bay of Plenty" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bay of Plenty</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Slipper Island, intertidal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9AF947FCB4F8BAFB8EF87F" author="Brondsted, H. V." box="[856,1050,1898,1925]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="435 - 483" refId="ref26253" refString="Brondsted, H. V. (1924) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XXIII. Sponges from New Zealand. Part I. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KJObenhavn, 77, 435 - 483." type="journal article" year="1924">Brøndsted (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—described as possessing “
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FABAF8BAFC13F852" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">rather few dichotriaenes, the tetactines mostly being orthotriaenes</emphasis>
|
||
…
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FC4FF85FFBFBF836" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
oxeas only attain a length of ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9AF947FAF5F85FFAFEF852" box="[1305,1386,1935,1961]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 µ</quantity>
|
||
and there are all intermediate stages between these and the small ones of ca.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9AF947FBD5F863FBFBF836" box="[1081,1135,1971,1997]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="25.0">25 µ</quantity>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
…
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9AF947FB67F862FE6BF80A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
tylasters are here about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9AF947FF0FF807FEABF80A" box="[227,319,2007,2033]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 µ</quantity>
|
||
in total diameter
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. This specimen could not be located, but given the dominance of orthotrianes (not dichotriaenes as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE2CFF4AFD43FF49" box="[448,727,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FE2CFF4AFDABFF49" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[448,575,153,179]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tyloaster">P. tyloaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FDA4FF4AFD43FF49" box="[584,727,154,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), the smaller size of the oxeas (cf. 1212 (978–1404) µm in
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FA64FF4AFE4DFF2D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FA64FF4AFED1FF2D" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tyloaster">P. tyloaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FEA0FF6EFE4DFF2D" box="[332,473,190,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and microrhabds (cf. 55 (36–79) µm in
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FC4BFF6EFB2DFF2D" box="[935,1209,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FC4BFF6EFBB1FF2D" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[935,1061,189,215]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tyloaster">P. tyloaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FBC0FF6EFB2DFF2D" box="[1068,1209,190,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and the locality of this specimen (
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE62FF32FD36FF01" box="[398,674,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FE62FF32FD98FF01" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[398,524,225,251]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tyloaster">P. tyloaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FDF8FF32FD36FF01" box="[532,674,226,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has only been recorded from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A6F812FF9BF946FC18FF31FBFEFF06" box="[1012,1130,225,252]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Northland</collectingRegion>
|
||
), we believe that it is more likely to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FE85FED6FE44FEE5" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[361,464,262,287]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE85FED6FE44FEE5" box="[361,464,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE3BFED5FDD6FEE5" bold="true" box="[471,578,260,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FE3BFED5FDA5FEE5" box="[471,561,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0034BFF9BF946FD81FED5FD57FEE5" box="[621,707,261,287]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="18.[151,239,154,178]" captionTargetBox="[166,1343,262,1003]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 4. Spicule dimensions (µm) of Penares aureus sp. nov. Dimensions are given as the mean (minimum–maximum) length × mean (minimum–maximum) width (number of spicules measured). OX = oxea; P = plagiotriaene rhabdome, PC = plagotriaene clad; C = plagiotriaene cladome; MOX = microxea; MR = microrhabd; O = oxyaster." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FD3BFED6FC11FEE5" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[727,901,262,287]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FD3BFED6FC11FEE5" box="[727,901,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Penares aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FC60FED5FC77FEE5" box="[908,995,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
does has oxyasters instead of tylasters, but these two spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9BF946FE39FEF9FD84FEB9" box="[469,528,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are often difficult to differentiate using light microscopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C378657BFF9BF946FF7BFE9DFCC9F9A9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9BF946FF7BFE9DFCC1FE0D" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
2. Specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9BF946FE7BFE9DFD9BFE9D" box="[407,527,333,359]" name="Antarctica" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, McMurdo Sound,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9BF946FD01FE9CFCA1FE9D" box="[749,821,332,359]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.52" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="252.0">252 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FCA9FE9DFC47FE9D" author="Burton, M." box="[837,979,333,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="393 - 458" refId="ref26300" refString="Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report, London, British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 6, 393 - 458." type="journal article" year="1929">Burton 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—Burton provides no description or illustrations of the specimen, but simply lists the specimen, which could not be located from re-examination. Despite Burton’s application of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FDA8FE45FD65FE55" author="Dendy, A." box="[580,753,405,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="269 - 392" refId="ref26632" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic Sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (" Terra Nova ") Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6, 269 - 392, pls. 261 - 215." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy’s (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
species names to several Antarctic specimens, we have found very little overlap with sub-Antarctic species, and no overlap with species from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9BF946FB50FE69FAC1FE29" box="[1212,1365,441,467]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Thus, the Burton species record is considered to be erroneous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9BF946FF7BFDD1FEE1FCED" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
3. Specimen from Chatham Rise, Stn
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9BF946FD8BFDD1FD5CFDE1" box="[615,712,513,539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.396" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="6396.0">6, 396 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FD39FDD1FCEAFDE6" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[725,894,513,540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—Bergquist provides no spicule measurements, the only comments that were made were that the specimen “
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FC78FDF6FD96FD7D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
concurs with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9BF946FBB4FDF6FB13FDC5" box="[1112,1159,550,575]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
description in all maJor respects…contains only rare dichotriaenes…contains much calcareous debris and appears to have been of a semi-encrusting habitat
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.” Only a slide of specimen could be located. Examination of this slide found that spicule morphology and measures did not concur with those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FC71FD42FB25FD51" box="[925,1201,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FC71FD42FB8DFD51" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[925,1049,657,683]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tyloaster">P. tyloaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FBF3FD42FB39FD51" box="[1055,1197,658,683]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but in fact concurred with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FEF1FD66FE00FD35" box="[285,404,693,719]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FEF1FD66FE00FD35" box="[285,404,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. schulezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also known to incorporate much calcareous debris (see section of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FB10FD66FAE7FD35" box="[1276,1395,693,719]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FB10FD66FAE7FD35" box="[1276,1395,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. schulezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for more details). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FE17FD09FD2FFD0E" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[507,699,729,756]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made no note of the unusual purple colouration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FAEBFD0AFAEAFD09" box="[1287,1406,729,755]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="schulezi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FAEBFD0AFAEAFD09" box="[1287,1406,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. schulezi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9BF946FF7BFCF1FCCBFC79" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
4. Specimen from Great Barrier Island, intertidal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FCE9FCF1FC27FCC6" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[773,947,801,828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref26024" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1968) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). In: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 188. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 37. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, pp. 1 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—this specimen was found in Bergquist’s collection that is deposited in the Museum of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9BF946FD36FC95FCFAFCA5" box="[730,878,837,863]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ PO.001397). Examination of this specimen found that it is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FD74FCBAFD6AFC79" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[664,766,874,899]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FD74FCBAFD6AFC79" box="[664,766,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FCE9FCB9FCCBFC79" box="[773,863,873,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FCE9FCB9FCCBFC79" bold="true" box="[773,863,873,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9BF946FF7BFC5CFB43FA1D" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
5. Two specimens from: Hauraki Gulf (Shag Rock)
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9BF946FCC6FC5DFCFEFC5D" box="[810,874,909,935]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="49.0">49 m</quantity>
|
||
; and, Three Kings Island,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9BF946FB4AFC5CFA8FFC5D" box="[1190,1307,908,935]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="10.8" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="81.0" valueMax="108.0" valueMin="54.0">54–108 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FAC2FC5DFE8EFC36" author="Bergquist, P. R." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref26024" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1968) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). In: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 188. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 37. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, pp. 1 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1968">Bergquist 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)—the descriptions of these two specimens differ from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D98852FF9BF946FC58FC61FC70FC31" box="[948,996,945,971]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FBE6FC62FB05FC31" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[1034,1169,945,971]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FBE6FC62FB05FC31" box="[1034,1169,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that they all: a) have much longer microxeas (310 (210–380) µm and 340 (
|
||
<quantity id="4C9A9B15FF9BF946FCD2FC05FC44FC15" box="[830,976,981,1007]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="315.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="230.0">230–400 µm</quantity>
|
||
respectively, versus 198 (85–287) µm in
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FF0FFC2AFD94FBE9" box="[227,512,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FF0FFC2AFEFDFBE9" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[227,361,1017,1043]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tylotaster">P. tylotaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FE9DFC2AFD94FBE9" box="[369,512,1018,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); b) lack microrhabds (present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FC6FFC2AFB34FBE9" box="[899,1184,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FC6FFC2AFB9EFBE9" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[899,1034,1017,1043]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="tylotaster">P. tylotaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FBFEFC2AFB34FBE9" box="[1042,1184,1018,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
); and, c) possess both oxyasters and tylasters. Based on the species descriptions and spicule measurements we cannot attribute these two specimens to any of the species described in this paper, and thus, deem them to be unrecognisable at this stage. We could rename these two specimens, but feel that this action would be simply gratuitous as the sponges have never been collected again. Moreover, we have noted several mistakes in Bergquist’s descriptions and feel that she may have described several species under the one name (specimens vary in morphology from thinly encrusting to massive, and vary in live colour from yellowish white to grey black, a phenomenon not noted within species today). Furthermore, we are unable to re-examine and re-describe the material as the specimens could not be located—Bergquist (1961, 1968) did not assign unique specimen numbers to the specimens making it very difficult to locate the specimens. We found two other specimens registered as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FE90FAB2FD91FA81" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[380,517,1377,1403]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE90FAB2FD91FA81" box="[380,517,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Bergquist’s collection deposited in the Museum of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9BF946FB72FAB1FAA3FA81" box="[1182,1335,1377,1403]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ) that are from different locations to those above. We have examined these two NMNZ specimens and identified them as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FDB4FA7AFD2AFA39" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[600,702,1450,1475]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FDB4FA7AFD2AFA39" box="[600,702,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FD28FA79FC8EFA39" box="[708,794,1449,1475]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(NMNZ PO.001467, see species description for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FADBFA7AFA08FA39" authority="Sim-Smith & Kelly, 2019" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[1335,1436,1450,1475]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FADBFA7AFA08FA39" box="[1335,1436,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2255799FF9BF946FF0FFA1DFEA9FA1D" box="[227,317,1485,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
), and a new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FDD3FA1EFD11FA1D" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[575,645,1486,1511]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Jaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FDD3FA1EFD11FA1D" box="[575,645,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Jaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NMNZ PO.001391) from the Poor Knights Islands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD36F0FF9BF946FF2BF9C5FCC9F9A9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1557,1619]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Unfortunately, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C624D73FF9BF946FE0FF9C6FDFEF9D5" authorityName="Sim-Smith & Kelly" authorityYear="2019" box="[483,618,1557,1583]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tylotaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916EAE2FF9BF946FE0FF9C6FDFEF9D5" box="[483,618,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">P. tylotaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, promulgated incorrectly by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FC54F9C5FBE4F9D5" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[952,1136,1557,1583]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="169 - 206" refId="ref25983" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 expedition. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 13, 169 - 206." type="journal article" year="1961">Bergquist (1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF34B01FF9BF946FB92F9C5FB23F9CA" author="Bergquist, P. R." box="[1150,1207,1557,1584]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 106" refId="ref26024" refString="Bergquist, P. R. (1968) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). In: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 188. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 37. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, pp. 1 - 106." type="book chapter" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) has been used colloquially by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3757660FF9BF946FEA2F9E9FE70F9A9" box="[334,484,1593,1619]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
scientific community, ever since.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |