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<treatment id="03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551528" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208985910" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7551528" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EF87ABFFB3FF84CD54FBD63F23F83C" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" scope_class="Gastropoda" scope_family="Janthinidae" scope_phylum="Mollusca" scope_subFamily="Epitoniinae">
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB3FF82CD54FBD63835FB63" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD54FBD63835FB63" blockId="75.[892,1323,1147,1174]" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<heading id="D0B181D1FFB3FF82CD54FBD63835FB63" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD54FBD63835FB63" authority="Thompson, 1840" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD54FBD63835FB63" bold="true" box="[892,1323,1147,1174]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD54FBD63953FB60" bold="true" box="[892,1101,1147,1174]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA7CFBD63835FB63" author="Thompson, W" box="[1108,1323,1147,1173]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB3FF82CDD2FB1D39B3FB3D" box="[1018,1197,1200,1227]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CDD2FB1D39B3FB3D" blockId="75.[1018,1197,1200,1227]" box="[1018,1197,1200,1227]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB3FF82CDD2FB1D3960FB3D" box="[1018,1150,1200,1227]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[122,185,1707,1729]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[166,1434,151,2003]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2 (facing page 123). Shells of the five living species of Janthina and two species of Recluzia recognized in this work; apertural views, and left lateral views showing outer lip sinus.(A–F) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus);A–B, D, GNS RM4442, two specimens, beach, Takou Bay, Northland, New Zealand; C, GNS WM15986, “bicolor” form, San Lourenço Beach, Santa Maria I., Azores, Atlantic; E, GNS RM6735, “bicolor” form, Ohope Beach, Whakatane, New Zealand; F, GNS WM15297, beach between Hutchinson Bluff and Rayner Point, Raoul I., Kermadec Islands. (G–J) Janthina globosa (Swainson); G, GNS WM15254, beach, Mauritius, Indian Ocean; H–J, GNS RM5321, two specimens, Muriwai Beach, West Auckland, New Zealand. (K–L) Janthina pallida Thompson, GNS WM15256, beach, Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux, southern Western Australia.(M, O) Janthina exigua Lamarck, GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, New Zealand. (N, Q) Janthina umbilicata d’Orbigny, GNS RM5627, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, New Zealand. (P, R) Recluzia johnii (Holten), GNS WM17360, ventral and dorsal views; trawled in sediment, 130–180 m, Swain Reefs, SE Queensland, Australia (shortest specimen, last entryin Table 12).(S–T) Recluzia lutea (Bennett), GNS RM6748,beach, Great Exhibition Bay,Northland, New Zealand (from same sample as Figs 36M–P). Scale bar 10 mm, applies to all figures." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551505/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Figs 2K–L</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB3FF82CAA2FB1D39B3FB3D" box="[1162,1197,1200,1227]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">5B</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB3FF85CD10FB723C85FD2B" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="195" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10FB723EC7FADC" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10FB723EC7FADC" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CD10FB7239B3FB03" author="Thompson, W" box="[824,1197,1247,1269]" page="96" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1840">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10FB7239B3FB03" authority="Thompson, 1840: 96" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[824,1197,1247,1269]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10FB723EC6FB02" box="[824,984,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CDC8FB7239B3FB03" author="Thompson, W" box="[992,1197,1247,1269]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840: 96</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. 2 (under “
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD49FB573EABFAF9" box="[865,949,1274,1295]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD49FB573EABFAF9" box="[865,949,1274,1295]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?”, name attributed to Harvey; tentatively a new species).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10FA823EEDFA8F" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10FA823EEDFA8F" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10FA823938FAB3" authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1062,1327,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10FA823ECBFAB2" box="[824,981,1327,1348]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA19FA8239FAFAB3" author="Thorpe, C" box="[1073,1252,1327,1349]" page="152" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1844">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA19FA8239FAFAB3" author="Thorpe, C" box="[1073,1252,1327,1349]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe, 1844: 152</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CAC5FA823E7DFAA9" author="Kuster, H" page="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CAC5FA823E7DFAA9" author="Kuster, H" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref110121" refString="Kuster, H. C. 1868. Die Gattungen Janthina und Recluzia. In Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. In Verbindung mit Dr. Philippi, Dr. Pfeiffer, Dr. Dunker, Dr. Romer, Weinkauff, Clessin, Dr. Brot, Th. Lobbecke und Dr. v. Martens. Neu Herausgegeben und Vervollstandigt von Dr. H. C. Kuster, nach Dessen Tode Fortgesetzt von Dr. W. Kobelt. Volume 2 (12), 1 - 12, pls 1 - 2. Nurnburg: Bauer &amp; Raspe [dates and parts: Smith &amp; England (1937); Welter-Schultes (1999): pl. 1, part 183, 1862; pl. 2, part 186; pp 1 - 8, part 189; pp 9 - 12, part 187, all 1868]. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124677" type="journal article" year="1868">Küster, 1868: 5</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 5;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CDCEFAE739DAFAA9" author="Monterosato, T" box="[998,1220,1353,1375]" page="95" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1878">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CDCEFAE739DAFAA9" author="Monterosato, T" box="[998,1220,1353,1375]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="61 - 115" refId="ref113698" refString="Monterosato, T. A. M. di. 1878 Enumerazione e sinonimia delle conchiglie Mediterranee. Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche 13: 61 - 115 [reprinted in: 1983. Tommaso di Maria, Marchese di Monterosato. Opera Omnia, Vol. II (1878 - 1885), ed. R. Giannuzzi-Savelli, pp. 375 - 429. Palermo: Societa Italiana di Malacologia]." type="book chapter" year="1878">Monterosato, 1878: 95</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CAE6FAE43874FAA9" author="Locard, A" box="[1230,1386,1353,1375]" page="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CAE6FAE43874FAA9" author="Locard, A" box="[1230,1386,1353,1375]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref111507" refString="Locard, A. 1898. Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman Pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage Publie sous les Auspices du Ministere de l'Instruction Publique sous la Direction de A. Milne-Edwards. Mollusques Testaces. Tome second. Paris: V. Masson." type="journal volume" year="1898">Locard, 1898: 2</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CD7EFAC93EF1FA8F" author="Dall, W" box="[854,1007,1380,1402]" page="318" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CD7EFAC93EF1FA8F" author="Dall, W" box="[854,1007,1380,1402]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall, 1908: 318</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10FAD23874FA13" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10FAD239ECFA63" authority="A. Adams &amp; Reeve, 1850: 54" authorityName="A. Adams &amp; Reeve" authorityPageNumber="54" authorityYear="1850" box="[824,1266,1407,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10FAD23EC2FA62" box="[824,988,1407,1428]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina striolata</emphasis>
A.Adams &amp; Reeve, 1850: 54
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 11, fig. 9; H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1854: 87;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CABFFA37380FFA59" author="Reeve, L" box="[1175,1297,1433,1455]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 5, figs 24a–b; Hedley, 1900: 141; Pritchard &amp; Gatliff, 1900: 141; Macpherson &amp; Chapple, 1951: 124;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA9DFA623878FA13" author="Cotton, B" box="[1205,1382,1487,1509]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref102254" refString="Cotton, B. C. 1959. South Australian Mollusca. Archaeogastropoda. Handbook of the Fauna and Flora of South Australia. Adelaide: Government Printer." type="book" year="1959">Cotton, 1959: 376</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10FA443993F9B9" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10FA443938FA09" authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1062,1513,1535]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10FA443ECAFA08" box="[824,980,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA0DFA47392AFA09" box="[1061,1076,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
Forbes &amp; Hanley, 1853: 553, pl. 69, figs 10–11; H. Adams &amp; A. Adams, 1854: 87;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CB06F9A83E97F9C3" author="Reeve, L" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 4, figs 20a–b;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA05F9B239C0F9C2" author="Benson, W" box="[1069,1246,1567,1589]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="405 - 414" refId="ref98240" refString="Benson, W. H. 1860. Notes on Ianthina, Bolten, and indication of a new species of the allied oceanic genus Recluzia, Petit. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 6: 405 - 414." type="journal article" year="1860">Benson, 1860: 412</bibRefCitation>
; G. B. Sowerby II, 1882: 51, pl. 444, figs 19–20.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF396635FFB3FF82CE51F9873F30F9B7" box="[121,558,1578,1602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" startId="75.[121,184,1578,1602]" targetBox="[125,734,1632,2004]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="75">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CE51F9873F30F9B7" blockId="75.[121,558,1578,1602]" box="[121,558,1578,1602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CE51F9873DD5F9B4" bold="true" box="[121,203,1578,1602]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Table 8</emphasis>
. Dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CF54F9873F39F9B4" authorityName="Lamarck, GNS RM" authorityYear="1816" box="[380,551,1578,1602]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CF54F9873F39F9B4" box="[380,551,1578,1602]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina exigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F9F93E9EF972" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F9F93E9EF972" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F9F939B5F99C" authority="Harway" authorityName="Harway" box="[824,1195,1620,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F9F93942F99F" box="[824,1116,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Harway
</taxonomicName>
[sic].
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CAF7F9F839F0F99C" box="[1247,1262,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CAC6F9F93E62F972" author="Morch, O" page="281" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1860">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CAC6F9F93E62F972" author="Morch, O" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref113979" refString="Morch, O. A. L. 1860. Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire de la famille des Janthines. Journal de Conchyliologie 8: 261 - 285." type="journal article" year="1860">Mörch, 1860: 281</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CE55F9CD3FC0F825" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<table id="F946C41DFFB30036CE55F9CD3FC0F822" box="[125,734,1632,2004]" colsContinueFrom="65.[797,1396,1583,1954]" gridcols="4" gridrows="15" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F9CD3FC0F985" box="[125,734,1632,1651]" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F9CD3F78F985" box="[125,614,1632,1651]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">locality height</th>
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF9CD3FBBF985" box="[628,677,1632,1651]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">diam.</th>
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F9CD3FC0F985" box="[697,734,1632,1651]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">H/D</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F9253FC0F96A" box="[125,734,1672,1692]" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F9253F32F96A" box="[125,556,1672,1692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Piha Beach, W Auckland, NZ</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F9253F78F96A" box="[569,614,1672,1692]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">19.5</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF9253FBBF96A" box="[628,677,1672,1692]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.7</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F9253FC0F96A" box="[697,734,1672,1692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F90D3FC0F942" box="[125,734,1696,1716]" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F90D3F32F942" box="[125,556,1696,1716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Pih a Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F90D3F78F942" box="[569,614,1696,1716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.3</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF90D3FBBF942" box="[628,677,1696,1716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.1</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F90D3FC0F942" box="[697,734,1696,1716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F9153FC0F93D" box="[125,734,1720,1739]" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F9153F32F93D" box="[125,556,1720,1739]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5311, Piha Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F9153F78F93D" box="[569,614,1720,1739]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.7</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF9153FBBF93D" box="[628,677,1720,1739]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.7</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F9153FC0F93D" box="[697,734,1720,1739]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.06</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F97D3FC0F912" box="[125,734,1744,1764]" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F97D3F32F912" box="[125,556,1744,1764]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach, Whanganui, NZ</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F97D3F78F912" box="[569,614,1744,1764]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.9</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF97D3FBBF912" box="[628,677,1744,1764]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.9</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F97D3FC0F912" box="[697,734,1744,1764]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F9453FC0F90D" box="[125,734,1768,1787]" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F9453F32F90D" box="[125,556,1768,1787]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F9453F78F90D" box="[569,614,1768,1787]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.0</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF9453FBBF90D" box="[628,677,1768,1787]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">13.6</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F9453FC0F90D" box="[697,734,1768,1787]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8AD3FC0F8E5" box="[125,734,1792,1811]" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8AD3F32F8E5" box="[125,556,1792,1811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8AD3F78F8E5" box="[569,614,1792,1811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.9</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8AD3FBBF8E5" box="[628,677,1792,1811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">13.9</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8AD3FC0F8E5" box="[697,734,1792,1811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8B53FC0F8DD" box="[125,734,1816,1835]" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8B53F32F8DD" box="[125,556,1816,1835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8B53F78F8DD" box="[569,614,1816,1835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">16.2</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8B53FBBF8DD" box="[628,677,1816,1835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.3</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8B53FC0F8DD" box="[697,734,1816,1835]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F89D3FC0F8B5" box="[125,734,1840,1859]" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F89D3F32F8B5" box="[125,556,1840,1859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">GNS RM5626, Nukumaru Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F89D3F78F8B5" box="[569,614,1840,1859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.2</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF89D3FBBF8B5" box="[628,677,1840,1859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">14.1</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F89D3FC0F8B5" box="[697,734,1840,1859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8E53FC0F8AA" box="[125,734,1864,1884]" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8E53F32F8AA" box="[125,556,1864,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach, Waiuku, NZ</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8E53F78F8AA" box="[569,614,1864,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.7</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8E53FBBF8AA" box="[628,677,1864,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.6</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8E53FC0F8AA" box="[697,734,1864,1884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8CD3FC0F882" box="[125,734,1888,1908]" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8CD3F32F882" box="[125,556,1888,1908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8CD3F78F882" box="[569,614,1888,1908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.8</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8CD3FBBF882" box="[628,677,1888,1908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.8</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8CD3FC0F882" box="[697,734,1888,1908]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8D53FC0F87A" box="[125,734,1912,1932]" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8D53F32F87A" box="[125,556,1912,1932]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8D53F78F87A" box="[569,614,1912,1932]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">20.3</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8D53FBBF87A" box="[628,677,1912,1932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.8</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8D53FC0F87A" box="[697,734,1912,1932]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F83D3FC0F852" box="[125,734,1936,1956]" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F83D3F32F852" box="[125,556,1936,1956]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F83D3F78F852" box="[569,614,1936,1956]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">19.7</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF83D3FBBF852" box="[628,677,1936,1956]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.3</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F83D3FC0F852" box="[697,734,1936,1956]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F8053FC0F84A" box="[125,734,1960,1980]" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F8053F32F84A" box="[125,556,1960,1980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M277699, Karioitahi Beach</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F8053F78F84A" box="[569,614,1960,1980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">22.0</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF8053FBBF84A" box="[628,677,1960,1980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">17.2</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F8053FC0F84A" box="[697,734,1960,1980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.28</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB30036CE55F86D3FC0F822" box="[125,734,1984,2004]" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<th id="76A75D83FFB30036CE55F86D3F32F822" box="[125,556,1984,2004]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">NMNZ M214377, Raoul I, Kermadec Is.</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC11F86D3F78F822" box="[569,614,1984,2004]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">18.1</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC5CF86D3FBBF822" box="[628,677,1984,2004]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">15.1</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB30036CC91F86D3FC0F822" box="[697,734,1984,2004]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">1.20</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F9243EA1F94F" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F9243EA1F94F" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F9243800F969" authority="Adams &amp; Reeve." authorityName="Adams &amp; Reeve." box="[824,1310,1673,1695]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F9243970F968" box="[824,1134,1673,1694]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) striolata</emphasis>
Adams &amp; Reeve.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CB02F9243EA5F94F" author="Morch, O" page="282" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1860">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CB02F9243EA5F94F" author="Morch, O" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="261 - 285" refId="ref113979" refString="Morch, O. A. L. 1860. Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire de la famille des Janthines. Journal de Conchyliologie 8: 261 - 285." type="journal article" year="1860">Mörch, 1860: 282</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F912384EF923" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" box="[824,1360,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F912384EF923" box="[824,1360,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F912394CF923" authority="(Harvey)" baseAuthorityName="Harvey" box="[824,1106,1727,1749]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Amethistina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F9123EEBF922" box="[824,1013,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Amethistina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA7CF912397DF922" box="[1108,1123,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA4BF9123852F923" author="Monterosato, T" box="[1123,1356,1727,1749]" page="105" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA4BF9123852F923" author="Monterosato, T" box="[1123,1356,1727,1749]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="655 - 808" refId="ref113773" refString="Monterosato, T. A. M. di. 1884. Nomenclatura Generica e Specifica di Alcune Conchiglie Mediterranee. Palermo: Tipografico Virzi (reprinted, as above, pp. 655 - 808). https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 51528" type="book chapter" year="1884">Monterosato, 1884: 105</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F9743938F8FC" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F97439CFF919" authority="(Harvey Mss) Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[824,1233,1753,1775]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F9743EC8F918" box="[824,982,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey Mss) Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
–Bucquoy
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CB11F977387DF918" box="[1337,1379,1753,1775]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">et al</emphasis>
., 1886: 435, text-fig. 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F8A23EF8F8C9" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F8A23EF8F8C9" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F8A239BDF8D2" authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1187,1807,1828]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="globosa" variety="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F8A23EC2F8D2" box="[824,988,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina globosa</emphasis>
var.
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA24F8A2394EF8D2" box="[1036,1104,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA87F8A23852F8D2" author="Tryon, G" box="[1199,1356,1807,1828]" page="37" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA87F8A23852F8D2" author="Tryon, G" box="[1199,1356,1807,1828]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref122313" refString="Tryon, G. W. 1887. Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic. With Illustrations of the Species. Series 1, volume 9. Solariidae, Ianthinidae, Trichotropidae, Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae. Philadelphia: G. W. Tryon." type="book" year="1887">Tryon, 1887: 37</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 15–16.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F8E9391DF883" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F8E9391DF883" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F8E939BBF8AC" authority="Harvey." authorityName="Harvey." box="[824,1189,1860,1882]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F8E93948F8AF" box="[824,1110,1860,1881]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Harvey.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA98F8E93875F8AC" author="Thiele, J" box="[1200,1387,1860,1882]" page="225" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1929">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA98F8E93836F8AF" author="Thiele, J" box="[1200,1320,1860,1882]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" refId="ref121543" refString="Thiele, J. 1929. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Erster Band. Teil 1. Loricata; Gastropoda. I: Prosobranchia (Vorderkeimer). Jena: G. Fischer (reprint, 1963, Amsterdam: Asher and Co.; Smithsonian Institution Libraries translation by J. S. Bhatti, ed. R. Bieler and P. Mikkelsen, 1992)." type="book" year="1929">Thiele, 1929</bibRefCitation>
, p. 225
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CD7CF8F23EE1F883" author="Priolo, O" box="[852,1023,1887,1909]" page="186" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CD7CF8F23EE1F883" author="Priolo, O" box="[852,1023,1887,1909]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo, 1959: 186</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F8D439B8F85F" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F8D439B8F85F" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F8D4395DF879" authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson." box="[824,1091,1913,1935]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F8D43ECCF878" box="[824,978,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA6BF8D73951F879" box="[1091,1103,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA67F8D739E2F879" author="Laursen, D" box="[1103,1276,1913,1935]" page="31" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA67F8D739E2F879" author="Laursen, D" box="[1103,1276,1913,1935]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953: 31</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 36–39; Macpherson &amp; Gabriel, 1962: 119.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB3FF82CD10F80239AAF829" blockId="75.[824,1393,1247,2015]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB3FF82CD10F80239AAF829" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CD10F802395BF832" authority="Swainson." authorityName="Swainson." box="[824,1093,1967,1989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CD10F8023EC2F832" box="[824,988,1967,1988]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">Ianthina globosa</emphasis>
Swainson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA6CF802394DF832" box="[1092,1107,1967,1988]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB3FF82CA7BF8023817F833" author="Morton, J" box="[1107,1289,1967,1989]" page="167" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB3FF82CA7BF8023817F833" author="Morton, J" box="[1107,1289,1967,1989]" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" pagination="163 - 200" refId="ref114031" refString="Morton, J. E. 1954. The pelagic Mollusca of the Benguela Current. Part I. First survey, R. R. S. ' William Scoresbey', March 1950. With an account of the reproductive system and sexual succession of Limacina bulimoides. Discovery Reports 27: 163 - 200." type="journal article" year="1954">Morton, 1954: 167</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(in part
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CB77F8023E84F828" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CB77F8023E84F828" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB3FF82CA6CF86739B8F828" box="[1092,1190,1993,2015]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="75" pageNumber="194" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB3FF82CA6CF86739B8F828" box="[1092,1190,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="194">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFF3A3C96FF3E" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFF3A3C96FF3E" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFF3A3F5FFF5B" authority="(Harvey) Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,577,151,174]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFF3A3C77FF5A" box="[197,361,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
(Harvey) Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC65FF3A3C27FF3E" author="Pasteur-Humbert, C" page="53" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1962">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC65FF3A3C27FF3E" author="Pasteur-Humbert, C" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 245" refId="ref115743" refString="Pasteur-Humbert, C. 1962. Les mollusques marins testaces du Maroc. Catalogue non critique. I - Les gasteropodes. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Serie Zoologie 23: 1 - 245." type="journal article" year="1962">Pasteur-Humbert, 1962: 53</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 75.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFF603C6BFE6B" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFF603C6BFE6B" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFF603CE2FF15" authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,508,205,227]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFF603C66FF14" box="[197,376,205,226]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC21FF603FCEFF14" author="Bennett, I" box="[521,720,205,227]" page="47" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC21FF603FCEFF14" author="Bennett, I" box="[521,720,205,227]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="40 - 51" refId="ref98207" refString="Bennett, I. 1966. Some pelagic molluscs and associated animals in southeastern Australian waters. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 1 (9): 40 - 51." type="journal article" year="1966">Bennett, 1966: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 2–3; Fretter &amp; Graham, 1982: 393, fig. 280; Kilburn &amp; Rippey, 1982: 79; Wells &amp; Bryce, 1986: 60, fig. 154;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CF6CFEB03FD4FEC5" author="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R &amp; Pusateri, A" box="[324,714,285,307]" page="54" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CF6CFEB03FD4FEC5" author="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R &amp; Pusateri, A" box="[324,714,285,307]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref105136" refString="Giannuzzi-Savelli, R., F. Pusateri, A. Palmeri, and C. Ebreo. 1999. Atlante delle Conchiglie Marine del Mediterraneo. Atlas of the Mediterranean Seashells. Vol. 3 (Caenogastropoda parte 2: Ptenoglossa). Roma: Evolver srl." type="book" year="1999">
Giannuzzi-Savelli
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC2AFEB33F2FFEC4" box="[514,561,285,307]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 1999: 54–57
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 96a–101;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CF6DFE9A3CE7FEBB" author="Redfern, C" box="[325,505,311,333]" page="76" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2001">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CF6DFE9A3CE7FEBB" author="Redfern, C" box="[325,505,311,333]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref118049" refString="Redfern, C. 2001. Bahamian Seashells. A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Boca Raton, Florida: Bahamianseashells. com." type="book" year="2001">Redfern, 2001: 76</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 36, fig. 317; Ardovini &amp; Cossignani, 2004: 28, 136;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC22FEFF3FCEFE9E" author="Robertson, R" box="[522,720,338,360]" page="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC22FEFF3FCEFE9E" author="Robertson, R" box="[522,720,338,360]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="4 - 9" refId="ref118841" refString="Robertson, R. 2007 a. Janthina: floating Epitonium (wentletrap) relatives. American Conchologist 35 (3): 4 - 9." type="journal article" year="2007">Robertson, 2007a: 5</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CED6FEC03CB0FE74" author="Luque, A" box="[254,430,365,386]" page="209" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CED6FEC03CB0FE74" author="Luque, A" box="[254,430,365,386]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="208 - 209" refId="ref111898" refString="Luque, A. 2011. Familia Janthinidae. In Moluscos Marinos de Andalucia. Volumen I - Introduccion General, Clase Solenogastres, Clase Caudeofoveata, Clase Polyplacophora y Clase Gastropoda (Prosobranchia), eds S. Gofas, D. Mareno and C. Sallas, pp. 208 - 209. Malaga: Universidad de Malaga." type="book chapter" year="2011">Luque, 2011: 209</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, text-fig.;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC3DFEC03DE3FE6B" author="Hernandez, J &amp; Rolan, F &amp; Swinnen, R" page="98" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC3DFEC03DE3FE6B" author="Hernandez, J &amp; Rolan, F &amp; Swinnen, R" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref107254" refString="Hernandez, J. M., E. Rolan, F. Swinnen, R. Gomez, and J. M. Perez. 2011. Moluscos y Conchas Marinas de Canarias. Solenogastres, Caudofoveata, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda y Scaphopoda. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book" year="2011">
Hernández
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CCADFEC33FACFE74" box="[645,690,365,387]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 2011: 98
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 30J–K.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFE0F3C55FE25" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFE0F3C55FE25" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFE0F3CC8FE4E" authority="(Thompson)" baseAuthorityName="Thompson" box="[197,470,418,440]" class="Gastropoda" family="Epitoniidae" genus="Violetta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neotaenioglossa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFE0F3C47FE41" box="[197,345,418,439]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Violetta pallida</emphasis>
(Thompson)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFF2FE0E3CF7FE4E" box="[474,489,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CFC1FE0F3FC6FE4E" author="Kuroda, T" box="[489,728,418,440]" page="246" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CFC1FE0F3FC6FE4E" author="Kuroda, T" box="[489,728,418,440]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref110035" refString="Kuroda, T., T. Habe, and K. Oyama. 1971. The Sea Shells of Sagami Bay Collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Tokyo: Maruzen." type="book" year="1971">
Kuroda
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC1FFE0E3F7CFE41" box="[567,610,418,440]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al</emphasis>
., 1971: 246
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 62, fig. 15.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFE7A3F63FDF1" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFE7A3F63FDF1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFE7A3F29FE1B" authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,567,471,493]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Violetta">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFE7A3CDBFE1A" box="[197,453,471,492]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Violetta) pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC1EFE753F5BFE1B" box="[566,581,472,493]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC6DFE7A3FE9FE1B" author="Abbott, R" box="[581,759,471,493]" page="113" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1974">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC6DFE7A3FE9FE1B" author="Abbott, R" box="[581,759,471,493]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref95518" refString="Abbott, R. T. 1974. American Seashells. The Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Second edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold." type="book" year="1974">Abbott, 1974: 113</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, col. pl. 3, fig. 1180;
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CF8DFE5F3F64FDF1" author="Higo, S" box="[421,634,498,520]" page="174" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CF8DFE5F3F64FDF1" author="Higo, S" box="[421,634,498,520]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref107334" refString="Higo, S., P. Callomon, and Y. Goto. 1999. Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda. Bivalvia. Polyplacophora. Scaphopoda. Osaka: Elle Scientific Publications." type="book" year="1999">
Higo
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFF2FE5E3F0EFDF1" box="[474,528,498,520]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">et al.,</emphasis>
1999: 174
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFDA03C6AFDCB" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFDA03C6AFDCB" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFDA03F46FDD5" authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,600,524,547]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Violeta">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFDA03C6EFDD4" box="[197,368,525,546]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Violeta)</emphasis>
[sic]
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF8CFDA03CF6FDD4" box="[420,488,525,546]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC7FFDA33F78FDD5" box="[599,614,526,547]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC4EFDA03FE9FDD4" author="Rios, E" box="[614,759,525,547]" page="102" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC4EFDA03FE9FDD4" author="Rios, E" box="[614,759,525,547]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref118404" refString="Rios, E. de C. 1994. Seashells of Brazil. Second edition. Collaborators: M. Haimovici, J. A. Alvares Peres, R. A. dos Santos. Rio Grande, RS, Brazil: Museu Oceanografico ' Prof. Eliezer de Carvalho Rios', Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande." type="book" year="1994">Rios 1994: 102</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 33, fig. 415.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFDEF3C87FD84" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFDEF3C87FD84" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFDEF3F7EFDAE" authority="Thompson." authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[197,608,578,600]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida" subGenus="Amethistina">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFDEF3CF2FDA1" box="[197,492,578,599]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina (Amethistina) pallida</emphasis>
Thompson.
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC43FDEF3C17FD84" author="Okutani, T" page="319" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC43FDEF3C17FD84" author="Okutani, T" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="318 - 319" refId="ref115217" refString="Okutani, T. 2000. Janthinidae. In Marine Mollusks in Japan, ed. T. Okutani, pp. 318 - 319. Tokyo: Tokai University Press." type="book chapter" year="2000">Okutani, 2000: 319</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 158, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFDDA3C74FD51" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFDDA3C74FD51" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFDDA3CADFD7B" authority="Harvey" authorityName="Harvey" box="[197,435,631,653]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFDDA3C7AFD7A" box="[197,356,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
Harvey
</taxonomicName>
in Thompson.–
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CC64FDDA3FE7FD7B" author="Poppe, G" box="[588,761,631,653]" page="722" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC64FDDA3FE7FD7B" author="Poppe, G" box="[588,761,631,653]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="722 - 723" refId="ref117001" refString="Poppe, G. T. 2008. Janthinidae. In Philippine Marine Mollusks. Volume I (Gastropoda - Part I), ed. G. T. Poppe, pp. 722 - 723. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book chapter" year="2008">Poppe, 2008: 722</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 306, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CEEDFD003C85FD2B" blockId="76.[197,765,151,733]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB561193FFB4FF85CEEDFD003C85FD2B" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEEDFD003CD6FD35" authority="Lamarck." authorityName="Lamarck, GNS RM" authorityYear="1816" box="[197,456,685,707]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="exigua">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEEDFD003C7AFD34" box="[197,356,685,706]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina exigua</emphasis>
Lamarck.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFEFFD033CC8FD35" box="[455,470,686,707]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AE710ACFFB4FF85CFFFFD003F8AFD34" author="Severns, M" box="[471,660,685,706]" page="198" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CFFFFD003F8AFD34" author="Severns, M" box="[471,660,685,706]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref119722" refString="Severns, M. 2011. Shells of the Hawaiian Islands. The Sea Shells. Hachenheim, Germany: ConchBooks." type="book" year="2011">Severns 2011: 198</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, lower fig (misidentification).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB4FF85CE8EFD5E3CD0F9BC" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CE8EFD5E3FA9FAA3" blockId="76.[165,796,755,1366]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EFD5E3C4CFCFD" bold="true" box="[166,338,755,779]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Type material</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CF4DFD5E3F3BFCFD" box="[357,549,755,779]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF4DFD5E3F3BFCFD" box="[357,549,755,779]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no type material in
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CE8EFCBC3C10FCDE" box="[166,270,785,808]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
, location of any type material not known; from Milton Malbay, County
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CF80FC833CFAFCB0" box="[424,484,814,838]" country="Ireland" name="Clare" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Clare</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CFD8FC833F21FCB0" box="[496,575,814,838]" name="Ireland" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Ireland</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC60FC833E04FCB0" author="Thorpe, C" box="[584,794,814,838]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
also stated the locality as “
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CFEBFCE63F1DFC95" box="[451,515,843,867]" country="Ireland" name="Clare" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Clare</collectingRegion>
”.
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CC30FCE63FC8FC95" box="[536,726,843,867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC30FCE63FC8FC95" box="[536,726,843,867]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, three
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CE8FFCC43C1AFC77" box="[167,260,873,897]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CF21FCC53C6EFC76" box="[265,368,872,896]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1951.3.14.4–6, from “Pacific Ocean”,
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD2AFCC43E04FC76" box="[770,794,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">ex</emphasis>
Cuming collection. It would be preferable to use a specimen that has been included in a molecular study as the
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CCEDFC093E07FC4A" box="[709,793,932,956]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CEE6FC6C3C2BFC2E" box="[206,309,960,984]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEE6FC6C3C2BFC2E" box="[206,309,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as for all other species, but this species has not been studied by this means. A. Adams &amp; Reeve’s (1850: 54, pl. 11, fig. 9) and
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CF8CFC563F56FBE5" author="Reeve, L" box="[420,584,1019,1043]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 5" refId="ref118162" refString="Reeve, L. A. 1858. Monograph of the genus Ianthina. Conchologia Iconica; or, Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Volume 11, plates 1 - 5 + unpaginated captions. London: Reeve [Dec 1858; Petit (2007)]." type="journal article" year="1858">Reeve’s (1858</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 4, figs 20a–b) illustrated
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CF31FBB43C72FBC7" box="[281,364,1049,1073]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CFBCFBB43F10FBC6" authority=", NHMUK" authorityName="NHMUK" box="[404,526,1048,1072]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFBCFBB43F19FBC6" box="[404,519,1048,1072]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. striolata</emphasis>
,
</taxonomicName>
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC3EFBB53F63FBC6" box="[534,637,1048,1072]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">NHMUK</collectionCode>
1951.3.14.4, is here designated the
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CF51FB9B3CD3FBB8" box="[377,461,1078,1102]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CFC4FB9B3DC1FB9D" authority="Thompson, 1840" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFC4FB9B3F85FBB8" box="[492,667,1078,1102]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC88FB9B3DC1FB9D" author="Thompson, W" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson, 1840</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. The three
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CF7EFBF93CADFB9A" box="[342,435,1108,1132]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CFF1FBFE3F86FB9D" box="[473,664,1107,1131]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CFF1FBFE3F86FB9D" box="[473,664,1107,1131]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unusual specimens with weak, irregularly spaced, insignificant spiral threads around the last whorl, but are otherwise typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CD2EFB233DECFB35" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD2EFB233DECFB35" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of the cosmopolitan distribution of this as well as all other
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CF7AFB653CB1FB16" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[338,431,1224,1248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF7AFB653CB1FB16" box="[338,431,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and the very wide locality stated for
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CF26FB4B3C9EFB08" box="[270,384,1254,1278]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF26FB4B3C9EFB08" box="[270,384,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type locality of these names is not considered to be an important consideration for a
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CCECFAA93E06FAEA" box="[708,792,1284,1308]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
designation, and the designation of this
<typeStatus id="54FD881FFFB4FF85CC6CFA8C3F86FACF" box="[580,664,1313,1337]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
is necessary for the stabilization of the name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CC29FA933FAFFAA0" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[513,689,1342,1366]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC29FA933FAFFAA0" box="[513,689,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CE8EFADB3CD0F9BC" blockId="76.[165,795,1398,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EFADB3C92FA7F" bold="true" box="[166,396,1398,1417]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Other material examined</emphasis>
. Present-day samples from
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CC51FADA3FD9FA7C" box="[633,711,1399,1418]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CCD9FADA3DF3FA54" name="New Zealand" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CEDBFA233CE4FA54" bold="true" box="[243,506,1422,1442]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CEDBFA233C55FA57" box="[243,331,1422,1441]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF7AFA233CEDFA54" bold="true" box="[338,499,1422,1442]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CF7AFA233CEDFA54" box="[338,499,1422,1442]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Cape Wessel (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC5AFA223FB5FA54" box="[626,683,1423,1442]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); E side Cape Wessel I., Arnhem Land (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CFA2FA0A3CA7FA4C" box="[394,441,1447,1466]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
C77883); Port Darwin (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CCBAFA0A3FDFFA4C" box="[658,705,1447,1466]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
C13905).
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EFA123C4CFA24" bold="true" box="[166,338,1470,1490]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EFA123C54FA27" bold="true" box="[166,330,1470,1490]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CE8EFA123C54FA27" box="[166,330,1470,1490]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Cable Beach, Broome (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC07FA123F78FA24" box="[559,614,1471,1490]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
); City Beach, Perth (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CE85FA7A3DC1FA1C" box="[173,223,1495,1514]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
); False Bay (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CF7AFA7A3C9AFA1C" box="[338,388,1495,1514]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
); King George Sound (many,
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CCA0FA7A3FD7FA1C" box="[648,713,1495,1514]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
); Cheyne Beach (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CECCFA423C03F9F4" box="[228,285,1519,1538]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); Peaceful Bay,Bow Bridge (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC23FA423F5AF9F4" box="[523,580,1519,1538]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
); Bunbury (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC8BFA423FCBF9F4" box="[675,725,1519,1538]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
);Windy Harbour, Cape D’Entrecasteaux (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CF9FF9AA3CFCF9EC" box="[439,482,1543,1562]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS</collectionCode>
WM15256, 1).
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC4DF9AB3FEDF9EC" bold="true" box="[613,755,1542,1562]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC4DF9AB3FF2F9EF" bold="true" box="[613,748,1542,1561]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CC4DF9AB3FF2F9EF" box="[613,748,1542,1561]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Port Lincoln (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CEDAF9B23C35F9C4" box="[242,299,1567,1586]" country="Australia" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
);
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF14F9B23C97F9C4" bold="true" box="[316,393,1567,1586]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF14F9B23C9CF9C4" bold="true" box="[316,386,1567,1586]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CF14F9B23C9CF9C4" box="[316,386,1567,1586]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Victoria</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Portland (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CFCAF9B23F3DF9C4" box="[482,547,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34982" name="South Australia Museum" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">SAMA</collectionCode>
;
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CC04F9B23F7CF9C4" box="[556,610,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
); Mordialloc (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CCF2F9B23E0EF9C4" box="[730,784,1567,1586]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
).
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EF99B3C09F9BC" bold="true" box="[166,279,1590,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EF99B3C11F9BF" bold="true" box="[166,271,1590,1609]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CE8EF99B3C11F9BF" box="[166,271,1590,1609]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Queensland</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
Torres Strait (
<collectionCode id="ED57AE78FFB4FF85CFB9F99A3CDAF9BC" box="[401,452,1591,1610]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">AMS</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB4FF85CE8EF9CD387FFC99" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CE8EF9CD387FFC99" blockId="76.[165,795,1632,2008]" lastBlockId="76.[837,1469,151,880]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CE8EF9CD3C2FF98E" bold="true" box="[166,305,1632,1656]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Distribution</emphasis>
. The writer is not aware of fossils of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CC94F9CD3DEBF960" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC94F9CD3DEBF960" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CF20F9D33CFBF960" author="Laursen, D" box="[264,485,1662,1686]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen (1953: 33)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CC76F9D33E07F960" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[606,793,1662,1686]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CC76F9D33E07F960" box="[606,793,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from “the three oceans, but north of the equator … where the temperature does not drop below 15°C”. This peculiar distribution, in which inter-ocean connections would not be possible, is proved incorrect by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CC0DF95E3FC8F8FD" author="Benson, W" box="[549,726,1779,1803]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="405 - 414" refId="ref98240" refString="Benson, W. H. 1860. Notes on Ianthina, Bolten, and indication of a new species of the allied oceanic genus Recluzia, Petit. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 6: 405 - 414." type="journal article" year="1860">Benson’s (1860)</bibRefCitation>
much earlier records of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CF74F8BC3CA0F8DE" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[348,446,1808,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CF74F8BC3CA0F8DE" box="[348,446,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from the
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CCAFF8BD3FF8F8DE" box="[647,742,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Malcolm</emphasis>
near
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CE8DF8833C7EF8B0" box="[165,352,1838,1862]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
in the South Atlantic (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CCB0F8833FC8F8B0" box="[664,726,1838,1862]" degrees="18" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-18.0">18°W</geoCoordinate>
–
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CCCEF8833E06F8B0" box="[742,792,1838,1862]" degrees="33" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-33.0">33°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CE8EF8E63DFBF895" box="[166,229,1867,1891]" degrees="10" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-10.0">10°W</geoCoordinate>
) and NE of St Paul and Amsterdam Islands, as well as midway between Natal and
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CC22F8C43FCFF876" box="[522,721,1896,1920]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CE8EF82B3DC5F868" box="[166,219,1926,1950]" degrees="81" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="81.0">81°E</geoCoordinate>
–
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CEC3F82B3C00F868" box="[235,286,1926,1950]" degrees="30" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-30.0">30°S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CF00F82B3C41F868" box="[296,351,1926,1950]" degrees="83" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="83.0">83°E</geoCoordinate>
) in the southern Indian Ocean.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CCEEF82B3C0FF84D" author="Bennett, I" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="40 - 51" refId="ref98207" refString="Bennett, I. 1966. Some pelagic molluscs and associated animals in southeastern Australian waters. Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 1 (9): 40 - 51." type="journal article" year="1966">Bennett (1966: 47</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 10, figs 2–3) illustrated specimens collected alive in the North Pacific (
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CF9FF86D3F0EF82E" box="[439,528,1984,2008]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="925" value="31.1">31°06'N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CC3CF86D3F9FF82E" box="[532,641,1984,2008]" degrees="130" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="925" value="-130.1">130°06'W</geoCoordinate>
; and “in North Pacific waters”) during a cruise c.
<quantity id="4CBE9B58FFB4FF85CA8EFF3A39EAFF59" box="[1190,1268,151,175]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
west of California,
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CD6FFF183E61FF3B" box="[839,895,181,205]" degrees="31" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="31.0">31°N</geoCoordinate>
125–
<geoCoordinate id="EE72507AFFB4FF85CD91FF18391AFF3B" box="[953,1028,181,205]" degrees="140" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" precision="55555" value="-140.0">140°W</geoCoordinate>
.Australian beach records of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CB00FF1B3897FF3B" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1320,1417,181,205]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CB00FF1B3897FF3B" box="[1320,1417,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also disprove Laursen’s statement. Although
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CAC5FF7E384FFF1C" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1261,1361,210,234]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CAC5FF7E384FFF1C" box="[1261,1361,210,234]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been recorded from much of the coastline of
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CB1CFF423888FEF1" box="[1332,1430,239,263]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
by Hedley, Iredale or other major Australian authors, museum collections show that it occurs sporadically around the southern, western and northern coasts (clockwise, from western
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CD8AFEC83EE6FE8B" box="[930,1016,357,381]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Victoria</collectingRegion>
to Torres Strait). It is relatively common in southern
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB4FF85CDE6FE2E398AFE6C" box="[974,1172,386,410]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
, and specimens have been seen from
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CDE9FE323950FE41" box="[961,1102,415,439]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C6C40306FFB4FF85CA48FE3239ABFE4E" box="[1120,1205,415,440]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Table 9. Dimensions of Janthina pallida." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" tableUuid="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA">Table 9</tableCitation>
)—a pattern suggesting transport from the Atlantic via
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CAA4FE10380CFE23" box="[1164,1298,445,469]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Kilburn &amp; Rippey (1982: 79) also recorded specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CA7FFE5A39FFFDF9" box="[1111,1249,503,527]" name="South Africa" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. However, the writer is not aware of records from
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CA44FDB839E5FDDB" box="[1132,1275,533,557]" name="New Zealand" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, eastern
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CB7AFDB838A8FDDB" box="[1362,1462,533,557]" name="Australia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Australia</collectingCountry>
, or
<collectingCountry id="F351762DFFB4FF85CD4EFD9F3915FDBC" box="[870,1035,562,586]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Norfolk Island</collectingCountry>
, Lord Howe Island and the Kermadec Islands. It is one of the more northward-ranging species in the Atlantic, occurring in southern Britain, and seems to have a somewhat sporadic occurrence throughout the world tropical and warm-temperate ocean.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CA5AFD0A3858FD36" author="Savilov, A" box="[1138,1350,679,704]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="264 - 353" refId="ref119311" refString="Savilov, A. L. 1969. Pleuston of the Pacific Ocean. In The Pacific Ocean. Biology of the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 7, Part 2, ed. L. A. Zenkevich, pp. 264 - 353. Moscow: Nauka (original in Russian; seen as translation no. 487 by M. Slessers, US Naval Oceanographic Office, Washington, DC, 1970; cited page numbers refer to the translation)." type="journal article" year="1969">Savilov (1969: 402)</bibRefCitation>
also noted that the
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CDB2FD6B3EC5FD2B" box="[922,987,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Vityaz</emphasis>
observed
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CA6FFD6B39B5FD2B" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1095,1195,709,733]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CA6FFD6B39B5FD2B" box="[1095,1195,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only in the North Pacific. Samples were obtained at only 12 stations in the northern subtropical circulation, mainly in areas contiguous with the Kuroshio Current. However, it is evidently common in the Mediterranean (
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB4FF85CDD8FC973959FCA4" box="[1008,1095,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[121,184,1811,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[167,1467,151,1967]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 (facing page 129). Living animals in aquaria. (A) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus) (centre) and J. pallida Thomson (left, and part of another float at right) together, showing different bubble sizes in floats, and J. janthina feeding on pink eggs of J. pallida beneath float; collected at Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete. (B) Janthina janthina, collected on beach in northern New South Wales, Australia, clearly showing forked cephalic tentacles;(C–E) Janthina janthina, all data as for Fig.4A; C, showing forked cephalic tentacles, lack of eyes, and teeth and odontophore protruding from mouth at end of extended snout; D–E, showing extended head and snout, odontophore visible in mouth, and partially expanded right epipodium lying over shell (A, C–E, reproduced with permission of Dimitris Poursanidis, Heraklion, Crete; B, reproduced with permission of Denis Riek, Brunswick Heads, New South Wales). Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551507/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB4FF85CA79FC97396DFCA4" box="[1105,1139,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">5B</figureCitation>
);
<specimenCount id="9D40FD34FFB4FF85CAAEFC97383DFCA4" box="[1158,1315,826,850]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="generic">280 specimens</specimenCount>
were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CD4FFCFA391CFC86" author="Palazzi, S" box="[871,1026,855,880]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref115624" refString="Palazzi, S. 1979. Janthina (Amethistina) pallida (Harvey) Thompson, 1841 ectobiont on Velella spirana Escholtz (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Velellidae). La Conchiglia 11 (122 - 123): 3 - 4, front cover." type="journal article" year="1979">Palazzi (1979)</bibRefCitation>
cast ashore on beaches in Sicily.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB4FF85CD6FFC2F3944FC6C" box="[839,1114,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CD6FFC2F3944FC6C" blockId="76.[839,1114,898,922]" box="[839,1114,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD6FFC2F3ED5FC6C" bold="true" box="[839,971,898,922]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Dimensions</emphasis>
. See
<tableCitation id="C6C40306FFB4FF85CA2DFC2F3948FC6C" box="[1029,1110,898,922]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="Table 9. Dimensions of Janthina pallida." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" tableUuid="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA">Table 9</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB4FF85CD6FFC0038BDFB1C" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CD6FFC0038BDFB1C" blockId="76.[837,1467,941,1259]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD6FFC003EACFC33" bold="true" box="[839,946,941,965]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Moderate-sized (H to c.
<quantity id="4CBE9B58FFB4FF85CA9BFC0039E1FC33" box="[1203,1279,941,965]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
), spire moderately tall, whorls strongly and evenly convex, suture deeply impressed; surface lightly polished, without obvious sculpture other than fine spiral threads on a few specimens. Sinus occupying entire height of outer lip, most shallowly V-shaped of all living
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CA16FB923985FBA1" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[1086,1179,1087,1111]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CA16FB923985FBA1" box="[1086,1179,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species; apex in centre of lip. Anterior end of aperture evenly semicircular; many specimens with widely flared outer lip; central columella curved forwards (abaperturally). Almost uniform very pale violet, slightly paler dorsally; palest of all
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CB2BFB18387EFB3B" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[1283,1376,1205,1229]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CB2BFB18387EFB3B" box="[1283,1376,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Lays ovate-triangular egg capsules on underside of float.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB4FF84CD6FFB503C19F879" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF84CD6FFB503C8FFD54" blockId="76.[838,1469,1277,1770]" lastBlockId="77.[119,751,151,1935]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD6FFB503EB1FAE3" bold="true" box="[839,943,1277,1301]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CD94FB503980FAE3" author="Thompson, W" box="[956,1182,1277,1301]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2, fig. 2) published the name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CDA4FAB7395CFAC4" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[908,1090,1306,1330]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CDA4FAB7395CFAC4" box="[908,1090,1306,1330]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the synonymy of “
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CB16FAB63882FAC4" box="[1342,1436,1307,1330]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CB16FAB63882FAC4" box="[1342,1436,1307,1330]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. nitens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?”, and stated that the name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CA41FA9539CAFAB9" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1129,1236,1335,1359]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CA41FA9539CAFAB9" box="[1129,1236,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been suggested verbally by his friend Harvey, who collected the specimens.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CD6EFADF3924FA7C" author="Thompson, W" box="[838,1082,1394,1418]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96)</bibRefCitation>
stated that it was most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CD6FFA223952FA51" authority="Menke" authorityName="Menke" box="[839,1100,1423,1447]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Ianthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nitens">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD6FFA223EECFA51" box="[839,1010,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Ianthina nitens</emphasis>
Menke
</taxonomicName>
, as described and illustrated by Philippi in “Enumeration molluscorum Siciliae” (i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CD6FFA673911FA14" authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[839,1039,1482,1506]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD6FFA673911FA14" box="[839,1039,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), but differs in the columella being curved, instead of being straight, so that the anterior end of the aperture is rounded, and “ … the colour … is very different”.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CDEEF98F398AF9CC" author="Thompson, W" box="[966,1172,1570,1594]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson’s (1840</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2, fig. 2) drawing is an excellent one of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CDD1F9ED3940F9A1" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1017,1118,1599,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CDD1F9ED3940F9A1" box="[1017,1118,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of all later authors, emphasising the evenly subcircular aperture. Many authors before 1961, beginning with
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF85CDC6F9D739DFF964" author="Thorpe, C" box="[1006,1217,1658,1682]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
, have treated
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CB7EF9D638A5F964" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1366,1467,1658,1682]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CB7EF9D638A5F964" box="[1366,1467,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the valid name for this species. Therefore, the name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CB82F9353E8DF93B" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CB82F9353E8DF93B" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is conserved under ICZN Article 11.6.1. Following Article 11.6.1 the name should be attributed to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB4FF84CB60F97F3DF9FF59" author="Thompson, W" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840: 96)</bibRefCitation>
, “its first publication as a synonym”. The name has been attributed correctly by many later authors. Many others have attributed it to Harvey, but the name definitely was made available by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CF29FF423CDCFEFE" author="Thompson, W" box="[257,450,239,264]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840)</bibRefCitation>
according to Article 11.6.1. The name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CECAFEA33C5DFED3" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[226,323,269,293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CECAFEA33C5DFED3" box="[226,323,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was attributed to Harvey in 13 references listed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CEF2FE873CC4FEB4" author="Priolo, O" box="[218,474,298,322]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo (1959: 186–187)</bibRefCitation>
; only two of those Priolo cited attributed it to Thompson.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CFE9FEEA3F95FEA9" author="Thorpe, C" box="[449,651,327,352]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" refId="ref121712" refString="Thorpe, C. E. 1844. British Marine Conchology; Being a Descriptive Catalogue, Arranged According to the Lamarckian System, of the Salt Water Shells of Great Britain, by Charles Thorpe, Assisted by Several Distinguished Conchologists, and Illustrated with Numerous Delineations of the Rarer and Unfigured Species by G. B. Sowerby and W. Wood. London: E. Lumley." type="book" year="1844">Thorpe (1844: 152)</bibRefCitation>
provided a slightly muddled attribution of the name to “Thompson’s Annals of Nat. Hist. 5. p. 96. t. 2. f. 2.”, and was followed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CE5FFE323C37FE4E" author="Dall, W" box="[119,297,415,440]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall (1908: 318)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CF1AFE323CB2FE4E" author="Dall, W" box="[306,428,415,440]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="205 - 487" refId="ref102819" refString="Dall, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos … steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, during 1891 … XXXVII. Reports on the scientific results of the eastern tropical Pacific … &quot; Albatross &quot; … October, 1904 to March, 1905 … XIV. The Mollusca and the Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 43: 205 - 487." type="journal article" year="1908">Dall (1908)</bibRefCitation>
provided a publication date of 1817, even though Forbes &amp; Hanley (1853: 553) provided the correct reference, despite attributing the name to Harvey. The name
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CE9FFE5A3C7AFDF9" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[183,356,503,527]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CE9FFE5A3C7AFDF9" box="[183,356,503,527]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not published in 1817 (Sherborn, 1922–1933) and the page and figure numbers cited by both Thorpe and Dall are the same as for
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CC2DFD9F3FD7FDBC" author="Thompson, W" box="[517,713,562,586]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson (1840)</bibRefCitation>
, so their references were in error. Several other authors have published muddled references to this name, not having seen
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CE50FD273C54FD54" author="Thompson, W" box="[120,330,650,674]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="84 - 102" refId="ref121634" refString="Thompson, W. 1840. Contributions towards a knowledge of the Mollusca Nudibranchiata and Mollusca Tunicata of Ireland, with descriptions of some apparently new species of Invertebrata. The Annals of Natural History 5: 84 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222934009496772" type="journal article" year="1840">Thompson’s (1840)</bibRefCitation>
paper.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" ID-Table-UUID="DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" box="[840,1281,1813,1837]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF396635FFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" startId="76.[840,903,1813,1837]" targetBox="[843,1460,1862,1993]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="76">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CD60F8B8381FF8DA" blockId="76.[840,1281,1813,1837]" box="[840,1281,1813,1837]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD60F8B83E84F8DB" bold="true" box="[840,922,1813,1837]" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Table 9</emphasis>
. Dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CA62F8B839E4F8DB" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1098,1274,1813,1837]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CA62F8B839E4F8DB" box="[1098,1274,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB4FF85CD63F8EB38AAF83F" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<table id="F946C41DFFB40036CD63F8EB38AAF83F" box="[843,1460,1862,1993]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<tr id="357634FFFFB40036CD63F8EB38AAF8AF" box="[843,1460,1862,1881]" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CD63F8EB3822F8AF" box="[843,1340,1862,1881]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">locality height</th>
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CB62F8EB3865F8AF" box="[1354,1403,1862,1881]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">diam.</th>
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CBA7F8EB38AAF8AF" box="[1423,1460,1862,1881]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">H/D</th>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB40036CD63F8C338AAF877" box="[843,1460,1902,1921]" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CD63F8C33822F877" box="[843,1340,1902,1921]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CD63F8C33EFDF877" box="[843,995,1902,1921]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD63F8C33EFDF877" box="[843,995,1902,1921]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype, neotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CABDF8C339F8F877" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[1173,1254,1902,1921]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CABDF8C339F8F877" box="[1173,1254,1902,1921]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
22.6
</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CB62F8C33865F877" box="[1354,1403,1902,1921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">21.1</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CBA7F8C338AAF877" box="[1423,1460,1902,1921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.07</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB40036CD63F82B38AAF86F" box="[843,1460,1926,1945]" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CD63F82B3822F86F" box="[843,1340,1926,1945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB4FF85CD63F82B3EFDF86F" box="[843,995,1926,1945]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="76" pageNumber="195" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="striolata">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB4FF85CD63F82B3EFDF86F" box="[843,995,1926,1945]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">Janthina striolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
syntype, NHMUK1951.3.14.5 24.0
</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CB62F82B3865F86F" box="[1354,1403,1926,1945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">22.2</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CBA7F82B38AAF86F" box="[1423,1460,1926,1945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.08</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB40036CD63F83338AAF847" box="[843,1460,1950,1969]" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CD63F8333822F847" box="[843,1340,1950,1969]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS WM15256, Windy Harbour, S Western Australia 16.5</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CB62F8333865F847" box="[1354,1403,1950,1969]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">14.5</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CBA7F83338AAF847" box="[1423,1460,1950,1969]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="357634FFFFB40036CD63F81B38AAF83F" box="[843,1460,1974,1993]" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">
<th id="76A75D83FFB40036CD63F81B3822F83F" box="[843,1340,1974,1993]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">GNS WM19277, Muizenberg, False Bay, South Africa 18.6</th>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CB62F81B3865F83F" box="[1354,1403,1974,1993]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">16.2</td>
<td id="76A75D83FFB40036CBA7F81B38AAF83F" box="[1423,1460,1974,1993]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="76" pageNumber="195">1.15</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB5FF84CEBFFD0A3C19F879" blockId="77.[119,751,151,1935]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CEBFFD0A3C56FD49" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[151,328,679,703]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CEBFFD0A3C56FD49" box="[151,328,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consistently is smaller than the largest specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF3AFD6B3C9CFD2B" authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[274,386,709,733]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF3AFD6B3C9CFD2B" box="[274,386,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but is otherwise very similar in most characters. The illustration by Ardovini &amp; Cossignani (2004: 136) shows an unusually tall, narrow specimen. The obvious difference from
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF55FCB33CF7FCC3" authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[381,489,797,821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF55FCB33CF7FCC3" box="[381,489,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is that it lacks the small, angular, anterior extension of the columellar margin of the aperture of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CED1FCF53C79FC99" authorityName=", Janssen" authorityYear="2012" box="[249,359,855,879]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globosa">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CED1FCF53C79FC99" box="[249,359,855,879]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. globosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and instead the anterior end of the aperture is evenly and regularly curved in
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CC65FCDB3FAAFC7B" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[589,692,885,909]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CC65FCDB3FAAFC7B" box="[589,692,885,909]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The outer lip sinus also is very shallow, considerably shallower than in all other living
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF40FC023CDBFC31" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[360,453,943,967]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF40FC023CDBFC31" box="[360,453,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. A unique character is that the central area of the columella is quite strongly convex, curving towards the anterior (abaperturally). Many specimens also have the outer lip quite broadly flared, or reflexed, a further unique character. Most specimens are also a much paler violet colour than all other
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CCA4FBEF3FF2FBAC" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[652,748,1090,1114]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CCA4FBEF3FF2FBAC" box="[652,748,1090,1114]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, fading almost to white on the sutural ramp of some specimens. Some specimens also have a weak spiral ridge or groove formed as the trace of the apex of the sinus in the outer lip, showing as a low spiral ridge on spire whorls of about 20% of specimens (as in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CFE1FB783F78FB1B" author="Laursen, D" box="[457,614,1237,1261]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 36), but this is an individual character. The radular teeth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CCA6FB5F3DABFAD1" author="Laursen, D" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref110630" refString="Laursen, D. 1953. The genus Ianthina: a monograph. Dana Reports 38: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1953">Laursen, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 39) are much the shortest and most strongly hooked of all
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF3DFA803C6CFAB3" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[277,370,1325,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF3DFA803C6CFAB3" box="[277,370,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CFF1FA803F95FAB3" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[473,651,1325,1349]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CFF1FA803F95FAB3" box="[473,651,1325,1349]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a narrower distribution than most other
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CC1AFAE73F91FA94" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[562,655,1354,1378]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CC1AFAE73F91FA94" box="[562,655,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, and is one of the least common species throughout most of its range, particularly in the Southwest Pacific, although it is common in the Mediterranean and in southern
<collectingRegion id="4982F85FFFB5FF84CCBEFA0E3DFEFA21" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CEC1FA123C9DFA2E" author="Palazzi, S" box="[233,387,1471,1496]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref115624" refString="Palazzi, S. 1979. Janthina (Amethistina) pallida (Harvey) Thompson, 1841 ectobiont on Velella spirana Escholtz (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Velellidae). La Conchiglia 11 (122 - 123): 3 - 4, front cover." type="journal article" year="1979">Palazzi (1979)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<specimenCount id="9D40FD34FFB5FF84CFC4FA6D3F96FA21" box="[492,648,1471,1496]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" type="generic">280 specimens</specimenCount>
collected on the beaches of Terrasini, Sicily.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD74B4CFFB5FF84CFD8FA703FF2FA03" author="Priolo, O" box="[496,748,1501,1525]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" pagination="183 - 223" refId="ref117323" refString="Priolo, O. 1959. Nuova revision delle conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Memoria XI. Atti dell'Academia Gioenia di Scienze Naturale di Catania 6: 183 - 223." type="journal article" year="1959">Priolo (1959: 186–187)</bibRefCitation>
also listed 21 references in the literature on Mediterranean molluscs mentioning
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF7BF9B53CAAF9D9" authorityName="Thompson, GNS WM" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Harvey Mss" box="[339,436,1559,1583]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pallida">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF7BF9B53CAAF9D9" box="[339,436,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">J. pallida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including under other species names. Dimitris Poursanidis sent the writer photographs of living specimens collected at
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CFC9F9FF3DABF97E" authority="Beach, Heraklion, Crete" authorityName="Beach, Heraklion, Crete" class="Insecta" family="Sciomyzidae" genus="Arina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete</taxonomicName>
, revealing that the eggs are bright pink (
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB5FF84CC74F9C23FAAF97E" box="[604,692,1647,1672]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[121,184,1811,1833]" captionTargetId="figure-7@10.[167,1467,151,1967]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4 (facing page 129). Living animals in aquaria. (A) Janthina janthina (Linnaeus) (centre) and J. pallida Thomson (left, and part of another float at right) together, showing different bubble sizes in floats, and J. janthina feeding on pink eggs of J. pallida beneath float; collected at Arina Beach, Heraklion, Crete. (B) Janthina janthina, collected on beach in northern New South Wales, Australia, clearly showing forked cephalic tentacles;(C–E) Janthina janthina, all data as for Fig.4A; C, showing forked cephalic tentacles, lack of eyes, and teeth and odontophore protruding from mouth at end of extended snout; D–E, showing extended head and snout, odontophore visible in mouth, and partially expanded right epipodium lying over shell (A, C–E, reproduced with permission of Dimitris Poursanidis, Heraklion, Crete; B, reproduced with permission of Denis Riek, Brunswick Heads, New South Wales). Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7551507" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7551507/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="137D2A38FFB5FF84CC96F9C23FC0F971" box="[702,734,1647,1671]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[562,625,1979,2001]" captionTargetBox="[121,1421,179,1962]" captionTargetId="figure-9@11.[121,1421,151,1962]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. (See facing page 131 for caption)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4677022" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4677022/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">5B</figureCitation>
), much deeper in colour than the other consistently pale pink
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CE50F9073DCBF934" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[120,213,1706,1730]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CE50F9073DCBF934" box="[120,213,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
eggs observed. These photographs also reveal that this is the one species of
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CF56F96A3CC5F929" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[382,475,1735,1759]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CF56F96A3CC5F929" box="[382,475,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that does not seem to rest its head or snout in the (correspondingly very shallow) sinus in the outer lip. The specimens photographed by Dimitris Poursanidis did not expand out of their shells sufficiently to confirm their external anatomical characters fully, but do not appear to be distinguishable from other
<taxonomicName id="4C464D3EFFB5FF84CC14F8F73F87F884" authorityName="Roding" authorityYear="1798" box="[572,665,1882,1906]" class="Gastropoda" family="Janthinidae" genus="Janthina" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CC14F8F73F87F884" box="[572,665,1882,1906]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Janthina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species anatomically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35C6536FFB5FF84CE51F81F3F23F83C" box="[121,573,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF936BDFFB5FF84CE51F81F3F23F83C" blockId="77.[121,573,1970,1994]" box="[121,573,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="B932EAAFFFB5FF84CE51F81F3DE5F83C" bold="true" box="[121,251,1970,1994]" pageId="77" pageNumber="196">Time range</emphasis>
. No fossil record; living only.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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