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<document id="0CA62DE6AFC0241EBC602AF58462A6F1" ID-DOI="10.1371/journal.pone.0282247" ID-ISSN="1932-6203" ID-PMC="PMC10246822" ID-PubMed="37285340" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13151874" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="karina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1719975523565" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Peng, Jungang, Slater, Sam M., McLoughlin, Stephen &amp; Vajda, Vivi" docDate="2023" docId="03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C" docLanguage="en" docName="PLoSONE.18.6.e0282247.pdf" docOrigin="PLoS ONE (e 0282247) 18 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE.2:PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="55318D21378FF0528C342C9740A1E1BE" docStyleName="PLoSONE.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Kuqaia Li 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="FF90776EFFBDFFB0056EFF8EDA10FFE4" masterDocTitle="New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1733178197148" updateUser="karina">
<mods:mods id="54664DDE2DCA5AA828B055D18BA50D46" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B5658875B07FA4C870C903832C296B20">
<mods:title id="94807BE7C7AC97559D18C37346229351">New species of Kuqaia from the Lower Jurassic of Sweden indicates a possible water flea (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) affinity</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0840B3FD055858FA837AE00444E1C49D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="199ADB2D7081E67076D422984798C204">Peng, Jungang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9877A0B23ED8BA65D84F4C08DF141D83" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2ED6D86553702CEBB7BAEC71B121ED01">Slater, Sam M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4859724D4DA712324A856E5494A451E7">Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CD8430A72F4C62D7ED5994A805E945CB">McLoughlin, Stephen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8C4D80413CC9513303096C64FC2C94D9">Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="BE409E6D39EC9C46180810D6A8963DCC" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1C8A8F455EFD7B649F6D26C83A386A6C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0744445BE64692A829EA9C9FE61D7049">Vajda, Vivi</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BF5F12F157624D59F6965536229EB775">Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="87617770F55E8F2B3FB095BC75055494">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="34332E8EC5A0D52CFE458CCF126864CD">PLoS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C0A0EC0D10F1C823B33886AB763EEE76">
<mods:date id="2933C6E6AD70028207E65A4DF66F51F7">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="1D8038A9B5C3584C4FAAB2D5C23B65E3">e 0282247</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="6560A7C98D7206ED3A1C1BB6CBD1598B">2023-06-07</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="7086587088985FAD15110A1E16C636BA" type="volume">
<mods:number id="CE34E29A44784326BFCFA1F8A949BEDC">18</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B5FFC6E70741BA9F5E8978C42E691BA1" type="DOI">10.1371/journal.pone.0282247</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2FAAF58CB5B262A711D128F7E3DBA1B5" type="ISSN">1932-6203</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3BD7A29BFA424C609CA9F541B3EE4530" type="PMC">PMC10246822</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EDE26523364E258DD8ACEE6E9AE0CB5B" type="PubMed">37285340</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D71978FCE6763700B2912FB2BF214C51" type="Zenodo-Dep">13151874</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A90F16FFBEFFB3075BFDFED89AF88C" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C31AED8BFFBEFFB3075BFDFED986FD6C" box="[565,918,624,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFDFED986FD6C" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" box="[565,918,624,648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB307EEFDFED937FD6C" authority="Li, 1993" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[640,807,624,648]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB307EEFDFED8DDFD63" box="[640,717,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
Li, 1993
</taxonomicName>
emended.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31AED8BFFBEFFB3075BFD1CD95FFD4E" box="[565,847,658,682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFD1CD95FFD4E" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" box="[565,847,658,682]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
1993
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30700FD1DD8C9FD4E" authority="Li" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[622,729,658,682]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30700FD1DD8ABFD4E" box="[622,699,659,682]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
Li
</taxonomicName>
, pp. 72, 74.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31AED8BFFBEFFB3075BFD38D9C4FD29" box="[565,980,693,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFD38D9C4FD29" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" box="[565,980,693,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3075BFD38D8A3FD29" box="[565,691,694,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="54BB00A2FFBEFFB3075BFD38D878FD29" box="[565,616,694,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB307D1FD38D9C1FD29" authority="Li, 1993" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[703,977,693,717]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB307D1FD38D963FD29" box="[703,883,693,717]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia quadrata</emphasis>
Li, 1993
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31AED8BFFBEFFB3075BFD59D8DDFCBC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFD59D8DDFCBC" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3075BFD59D8EDFD0B" box="[565,765,727,751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
. Shell single-layered, bilaterally symmetrical, splitting along venter. Shell surface ornamented with a series of concentric and/or radial ridges. Concentric and radial ridges initiate on the ventral side. Caudal end tapered, acute. Peduncles variably present on the postventral sides.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31AED8BFFBEFFB3075BFCECD89AF88C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFCECDFA5FC79" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3075BFCECD880FC9E" box="[565,656,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks</emphasis>
. The diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3063FFCEDD98EFC9E" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[849,926,867,890]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3063FFCEDD98EFC9E" box="[849,926,867,890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here emended to encompass characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30015FCEDD85BFC78" authorityName="Peng &amp; Slater &amp; McLoughlin &amp; Vajda" authorityYear="2023" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scanicus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30015FCEDD85BFC78" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia scanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247DF69FFBEFFB3073CFC0BD8B5FC79" box="[594,677,901,925]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, i.e., the presence of two lateral peduncles at the caudal end (
<figureCitation id="133BA285FFBEFFB3004AFC0BDF75FC79" box="[1316,1381,901,925]" captionStart="Fig 2" captionStartId="4.[533,561,1588,1607]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-50@4.[533,1493,208,1566]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig 2. Kuqaia scanicus sp.nov. Holotype, NRM X12700; Kävlinge BH-928 core depth 40.40–39.60 m. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of whole specimen at low magnification. (b) Enlargement (SEM image), showing surface ornamentation in central part. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282247.g002" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151878" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151878/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="133BA285FFBEFFB300F6FC0BDFB5FC79" box="[1432,1445,901,925]" captionStart="Fig 3" captionStartId="5.[533,561,1588,1607]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,208,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-41@5.[533,1493,208,1566]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig 3. Enlargement of the holotype (NRM X12700) of Kuqaia scanicus sp. nov. Kävlinge BH-928 core depth 40.40– 39.60 m. Scale bars = 100 μm, unless otherwise stated.(a) Well-developed radial ridges at the anterior (SEM image). (b) Weakly defined ridges at the posterior (SEM image). (c) Weak, parallel and transverse ridges on peduncles (SEM image). (d) Complex surface ornament revealed in UV-fluorescence microscopy. (e) Weakly defined ridges on peduncles evident in fluorescence microscopy. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282247.g003" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151880" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151880/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFC26D974FB31" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3078BFC26D922FC5B" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[741,818,936,959]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3078BFC26D922FC5B" box="[741,818,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were originally defined from the Mesozoic of
<collectingCountry id="F317FE90FFBEFFB30074FC26DF4BFC24" box="[1306,1371,936,960]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">China</collectingCountry>
based on surface ornamentation:
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3079FFC45D9B5FC06" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[753,933,970,994]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3079FFC45D9B5FC06" box="[753,933,970,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia quadrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, characterized by “checked ornamentation”,
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB300ECFC45D855FBE0" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concentrica">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB300ECFC45DF83FC06" box="[1410,1427,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">K</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB300F1FC45D855FBE0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">concentrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having “concentrical ridges thicker than radial ones”, and
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB301D6FC63DF32FBE1" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[1208,1314,1005,1029]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="radiata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB301D6FC63DED9FBE0" box="[1208,1225,1005,1028]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">K</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB301BBFC63DF32FBE1" box="[1237,1314,1005,1029]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">radiata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with “well-developed radial ridges” ([
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB30643FB9ED956FBCC" author="Li WB" box="[813,838,1040,1064]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="71 - 76" refId="ref7407" refString="18. Li WB. (1993) Kuqaia - a new palynomorph taxon. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 10: 71 - 76." type="journal article" year="1993">18</bibRefCitation>
], pp. 74–75). Two additional species were subsequently established:
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3070EFBBDD8ADFBAE" box="[608,701,1074,1098]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yangii">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3070EFBBDD861FBAE" box="[608,625,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">K</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30713FBBDD8ADFBAE" box="[637,701,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">yangii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, characterized by “concentric ridges on dorsum and venter and radial ridges on lateral sides”, and
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30799FBDBD918FB88" box="[759,776,1109,1132]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">K</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3067AFBDBD990FB88" box="[788,896,1109,1132]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">yanqiensis</emphasis>
, having a “weakly ornamented or smooth shell surface” ([
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB30749FBF6D850FB74" author="Cui WX &amp; Zeng GY &amp; Zhu HW &amp; Li WB" box="[551,576,1144,1168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="292 - 308" refId="ref7673" refString="25. Cui WX, Zeng GY, Zhu HW, Li WB. (2004) Early Jurassic megaspores and palynomorphs from the Bohu Depression, Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang NW China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 21: 292 - 308." type="journal article" year="2004">25</bibRefCitation>
], p. 303).
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB307C4FBF9D945FB6B" box="[682,853,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Aneules cucuma</emphasis>
was also transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30120FBF6DE8BFB6B" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[1102,1179,1144,1167]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30120FBF6DE8BFB6B" box="[1102,1179,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB301C4FBF6DED3FB74" author="Cui WX &amp; Zeng GY &amp; Zhu HW &amp; Li WB" box="[1194,1219,1144,1168]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="292 - 308" refId="ref7673" refString="25. Cui WX, Zeng GY, Zhu HW, Li WB. (2004) Early Jurassic megaspores and palynomorphs from the Bohu Depression, Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang NW China. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 21: 292 - 308." type="journal article" year="2004">25</bibRefCitation>
]; however, identification of this species is problematic owing to the discrepancy between the illustration of the
<typeStatus id="54BB00A2FFBEFFB300EEFB14DFCDFB56" box="[1408,1501,1178,1202]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and its description ([
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB3079CFB33D91BFB31" author="Yang JD &amp; Sun SY" box="[754,779,1213,1237]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="310 - 315" refId="ref7431" refString="19. Yang JD, Sun SY. (1987) Fossil megaspores. In: Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Geology, editor. Biostratigraphy of the Yangtze Gorge Area (4) Triassic and Jurassic. Geology Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 310 - 315." type="book chapter" year="1987">19</bibRefCitation>
];
<figureCitation id="133BA285FFBEFFB3064FFB33D945FB31" box="[801,853,1213,1237]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1537,1556]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,209,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[533,1493,208,1515]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 4. Line drawings showing the morphological characteristics of Kuqaia species. Note that transitional types were indicated for Kuqaia concentrica and K. radiata. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282247.g004" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151882/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFB6EDE26FA2C" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Although several species have been described (
<figureCitation id="133BA285FFBEFFB3014DFB6EDE47FB1C" box="[1059,1111,1248,1272]" captionStart="Fig 4" captionStartId="6.[533,561,1537,1556]" captionTargetBox="[533,1493,209,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[533,1493,208,1515]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig 4. Line drawings showing the morphological characteristics of Kuqaia species. Note that transitional types were indicated for Kuqaia concentrica and K. radiata. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282247.g004" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13151882" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13151882/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 4</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30102FB6EDF30FB13" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[1132,1312,1247,1271]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30102FB6EDF30FB13" box="[1132,1312,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia quadrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been applied in a broad sense to all
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3078DFA8DD920FAFE" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[739,816,1283,1306]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3078DFA8DD920FAFE" box="[739,816,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens recorded from the Norwegian offshore Jurassic strata based on the ornamentation in that population varying according to the contrasting degree and angle of compaction, and the quality of preservation [
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB30114FAC6DE83FA84" author="Morris PH &amp; Cullum A &amp; Pearce MA &amp; Batten DJ" box="[1146,1171,1352,1376]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="161 - 181" refId="ref7814" refString="28. Morris PH, Cullum A, Pearce MA, Batten DJ. (2009) Megaspore assemblages from the Are Formation (Rhaetian - Pliensbachian) offshore mid-Norway, and their value as field and regional stratigraphic markers. Journal of Micropalaeontology 28: 161 - 181." type="journal article" year="2009">28</bibRefCitation>
]. Although some intraspecific variation is expected in the ornamentation of ephippia, we assign
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB301A5FAE5DF08FA66" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[1227,1304,1387,1410]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB301A5FAE5DF08FA66" box="[1227,1304,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens to several discrete species, since there are clear visible differences among specimens regarding the pattern and robustness of shell surface ornamentation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBFBE00FFBEFFB3075BFA5CD89AF88C" blockId="3.[533,1535,208,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Among other acid-resistant mesofossil groups, the putative seed membrane
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30034FA5CD917F9E9" authority="Miner, 1935" authorityName="Miner" authorityYear="1935" class="Chrysophyceae" family="Dinobryaceae" genus="Chrysotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chromulinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="diskoensis">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30034FA5CD86DF9E9" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chrysotheca diskoensis</emphasis>
Miner, 1935
</taxonomicName>
, with “oblong-ovate” body shape, bearing “3–6 plicate [sic] to the base, sessile or apparently short stalked” ornamentation on the body ([
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB301ABF996DECEF9D4" author="Miner EL" box="[1221,1246,1560,1584]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="585 - 625" refId="ref8093" refString="35. Miner EL. (1935) Paleobotanical examinations of Cretaceous and Tertiary Coals. I. Cretaceous coals from Greenland. The American Midland Naturalist 16: 585 - 625." type="journal article" year="1935">35</bibRefCitation>
], p. 590), has superficial morphological similarities to
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30623F9B5DE07F9B6" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[845,1047,1595,1618]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concentrica">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30623F9B5DE07F9B6" box="[845,1047,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia concentrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in bearing a predominance of concentric ridges. A later record of
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30678F9D3DE14F991" authorityName="Miner" authorityYear="1935" box="[790,1028,1629,1653]" class="Chrysophyceae" family="Dinobryaceae" genus="Chrysotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Chromulinales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="diskoensis">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30678F9D3DE14F991" box="[790,1028,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chrysotheca diskoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses transverse, although very thin and indistinct, ridge-like structures ([
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB3061BF90ED99EF97C" author="Hall JW" box="[885,910,1664,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="425 - 443" refId="ref8126" refString="36. Hall JW. (1963) Megaspores and other fossils in the Dakota Formation (Cenomanian) of Iowa, (U. S. A). Pollen et Spores 5: 425 - 443." type="journal article" year="1963">36</bibRefCitation>
], fig 36), which are somewhat similar to the ornament of
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3077BF92DD8DAF95E" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[533,714,1698,1722]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3077BF92DD8DAF95E" box="[533,714,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia quadrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but they encompass much larger lumina. Specimens of the dispersed seed membrane
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB307E1F94BDE4DF939" authority="Kutluk &amp; Hills, 2017" authorityName="Kutluk &amp; Hills" authorityYear="2017" box="[655,1117,1733,1757]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Spermatites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulatus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB307E1F94BD96DF939" box="[655,893,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spermatites reticulatus</emphasis>
Kutluk &amp; Hills, 2017
</taxonomicName>
are also similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB3004DF948DFC7F939" authorityName="Li" authorityYear="1993" box="[1315,1495,1733,1757]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Kuqaia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrata">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB3004DF948DFC7F939" box="[1315,1495,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kuqaia quadrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their possession of a raised reticulum/chequered ridges forming square and rectangular lumina, and some have a short stalk at the base of the main body [
<bibRefCitation id="EF91C3F1FFBEFFB301A3F884DEF6F8C6" author="Kutluk H &amp; Hills LV" box="[1229,1254,1802,1826]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="31 - 71" refId="ref8165" refString="37. Kutluk H, Hills LV. (2017) Megaspores from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation of south-central Alberta, Canada, with a review of the genera Costatheca and Spermatites. Palynology 41: 31 - 71." type="journal article" year="2017">37</bibRefCitation>
]. However,
<taxonomicName id="4C00C583FFBEFFB30006F884DFF2F8C5" authorityName="E.L.Miner" authorityYear="1935" box="[1384,1506,1802,1825]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Spermatites" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9746212FFBEFFB30006F884DFF2F8C5" box="[1384,1506,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spermatites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has radial symmetry and likely represents the megaspore membrane or inner testa coat of a seed-plant.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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