319 lines
39 KiB
XML
319 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="15C475BAAAA0A573FB8623A1576507F7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B6BD204FF6FFB81FB57FE3B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pelopidas thrax Hubner 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B54A80D20B95EAF605BAA537E9FC6E53">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30ADFA34BB6D0F31F34D011FD7E58154">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F2A4D9D3AC84B2D1061B4824B947BF4B">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="523BFA1F94DCBF5EC1EBEA4BFBA79604">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8BB4410B14C69EC7D3DE5378703660DE">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="07AD90AB290171998F209D7D8A4C810C">
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<mods:date id="4BE8E483C5B93528F9965A915B9D0502">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="64C7A18012287DA644F11191D3381841" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BC31C20E867CCF91E3BC2498C9249B6D">3438</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B6BD204FF6FFB81FB57FE3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680670" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523690" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680670" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B6BD204FF6FFB81FB57FE3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B6BD204FF6FFB81FB57FE3B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B6BD21AFF6FFB81FC18FBBC" box="[151,977,1041,1068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFB81FC18FBBC" blockId="15.[151,1436,1041,1390]" box="[151,977,1041,1068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B6BD21AFF6FFB81FC18FBBC" bold="true" box="[151,977,1041,1068]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFB81FC18FBBC" bold="true" box="[151,977,1041,1068]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFF6FFB81FDCDFBBC" ID-CoL="76CLD" authority="Hubner, 1821" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1821" box="[151,516,1041,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFB81FE9DFBBB" bold="true" box="[151,340,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pelopidas thrax</emphasis>
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Hübner, 1821
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</taxonomicName>
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(in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFDCDFB82FD2AFBBC" author="Hubner" box="[565,739,1041,1067]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Hubner, J. [1819 - 1826] Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic]: bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropaischer Gattungen. Vol 2. The author, Augsburg, Germany, unpaginated." type="journal volume" year="1819">
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Hübner [
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<date id="FFBCDABE7B6BD21AFD5EFB82FD2AFBBC" box="[678,739,1041,1067]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1819" valueMax="1826">1819</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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–1826]) (
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<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B6BD21AFCB6FB82FC01FBBC" box="[846,968,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1782,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sixth instar caterpillars and pupa of Pelopidas thrax, collected on Saccharum sp. in Hajar Mountains, Oman, 17 Apr 1994 (after Cock 2010 a). 1, dorsal view of caterpillar, 35 mm; 2, detail of caterpillar head, anterolateral view; 3, detail of caterpillar head, anterior view (different individual); 4, pupa, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246343/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figure 12</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B6BD204FF6FFBA6FB57FE3B" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFBA6FAE3FAFA" blockId="15.[151,1436,1041,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFF6FFBA6FE80FBDA" ID-CoL="76CLD" box="[151,329,1077,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFBA6FE80FBDA" box="[151,329,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pelopidas thrax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa,
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFCA4FBA6FC79FBDA" box="[860,944,1077,1101]" name="Cyprus" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFC44FBA5FC36FBD9" box="[956,1023,1078,1102]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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and the Middle East to
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFAF5FBA6FAA5FBDA" box="[1293,1388,1077,1101]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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and North-west
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFEDBFBCBFE94FBE7" box="[291,349,1112,1136]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFE8BFBCBFDC7FBE7" author="Evans" box="[371,526,1112,1136]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFDD8FBCBFD92FBE7" author="Evans" box="[544,603,1112,1136]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFD96FBCAFCCDFBE7" author="Larsen" box="[622,772,1112,1136]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2002) The butterflies of Delhi, India - an annotated check-list. Esperiana, 9, 459 - 479." type="journal article" year="2002">Larsen 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFCEEFBCBFC9AFBE7" author="Larsen" box="[790,851,1112,1136]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Until recently, it was treated as two separate subspecies: the nominate
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFE45FBEEFE31FB02" ID-CoL="76CLD" box="[445,504,1149,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFE45FBEEFE31FB02" box="[445,504,1149,1173]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">thrax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, described from
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFD45FBEEFD32FB02" box="[701,763,1149,1173]" name="Syria" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Syria</collectingCountry>
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, and found in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFC5CFBEEFC3CFB02" box="[932,1013,1149,1173]" name="Cyprus" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
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and from
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFB88FBEDFB7AFB01" box="[1136,1203,1150,1174]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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to North-west
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFA9AFBEEFA55FB02" box="[1378,1436,1149,1173]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFF66FB33FEFBFB2F" author="Evans" box="[158,306,1184,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFEC5FB33FEB1FB2F" author="Evans" box="[317,376,1184,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFE7BFB32FDDBFB2F" author="Larsen" box="[387,530,1184,1208]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2002) The butterflies of Delhi, India - an annotated check-list. Esperiana, 9, 459 - 479." type="journal article" year="2002">Larsen 2002</bibRefCitation>
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); and subspecies
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFD2AFB31FC90FB2E" box="[722,857,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">inconspicua</emphasis>
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(Bertolini), described from
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFB6AFB33FAEFFB2F" box="[1170,1318,1184,1208]" name="Mozambique" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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and found throughout sub-Saharan Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFDF0FB56FD5AFB4A" author="Evans" box="[520,659,1221,1245]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">Evans 1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFD59FB56FC0FFB4A" author="Dickson" box="[673,966,1221,1245]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson and Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFC2CFB55FBAEFB4A" author="Larsen" box="[980,1127,1221,1245]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFB04FB55FA55FB4A" author="Larsen" box="[1276,1436,1221,1245]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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examined adult material from throughout this range and concluded that
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFC2EFB7AFBBDFA97" author="Evans" box="[982,1140,1256,1280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans (1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFB7AFB7BFB72FA97" author="Evans" box="[1154,1211,1256,1280]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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) incorrectly treated
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFF6FFA9EFF1BFAB2" ID-CoL="76CLD" box="[151,210,1293,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFA9EFF1BFAB2" box="[151,210,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">thrax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as an extreme dry season form, exemplified by specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFC4AFA9DFC16FAB2" box="[946,991,1294,1317]" name="Iraq" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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and that
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFBB2FA9DFB57FAB2" box="[1098,1182,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. th r a x</emphasis>
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is a single subspecies throughout its range. Accordingly, he synonymised
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFD04FAA1FC4DFADE" box="[764,900,1330,1353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">inconspicua</emphasis>
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under
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFC21FAA2FBDDFADE" ID-CoL="76CLD" box="[985,1044,1329,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFC21FAA2FBDDFADE" box="[985,1044,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">thrax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. I don't consider this a common species in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFEF4FAC5FE91FAF9" box="[268,344,1366,1390]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, perhaps because it may be associated more with grassy places than savannah or forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFA0EFED7FA22" blockId="15.[151,1437,1437,2000]" box="[151,286,1437,1461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFA0EFED7FA22" box="[151,286,1437,1461]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFA53FA55F927" blockId="15.[151,1437,1437,2000]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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The reported food plants of
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFE29FA51FDECFA4E" box="[465,549,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. t h r a x</emphasis>
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are all grasses, but almost all published records seem to be secondary sources, and I have failed to track down many original food plant records. For example, it has been reported several times as a pest of rice (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFE60F99AFDE1F9B7" author="Larsen" box="[408,552,1544,1568]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFDCFF99BFDBAF9B7" author="Larsen" box="[567,627,1544,1568]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
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), yet
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFD4EF99BFC3EF9B7" author="Heinrichs" box="[694,1015,1544,1568]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Heinrichs, E. A. & Barrion, A. T. (2004) Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: Biology, ecology, identification. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines; and WARDA - The Africa Rice Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 243 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heinrichs & Barrion (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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do not mention this species in their comprehensive review of rice pests in West Africa, although they do include
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFBE8F9BDFB4EF9D2" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[1040,1159,1581,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFBE8F9BDFB4EF9D2" box="[1040,1159,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. mathias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see above).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFAD4F9BEFF1BF9FE" ID-CoL="76CLD" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFAD4F9BEFF1BF9FE" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pelopidas thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been referred to as the lesser millet skipper, but this may simply reflect that it is congeneric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFA7FF9C1FF39F91A" ID-CoL="76CKX" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFA7FF9C1FF39F91A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. mathias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which does feed on millet and has been referred to as the millet skipper. Larsen’s (1984) illustration of a caterpillar on a millet leaf is actually
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFDCCF909FD6EF926" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[564,679,1689,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFDCCF909FD6EF926" box="[564,679,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. mathias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), and I have found no substantive records from this host.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF3FF92DFDCCF8F2" blockId="15.[151,1437,1437,2000]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFF1EF92EFEB2F942" box="[230,379,1725,1749]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFE7FF92DFDE4F942" author="Murray" box="[391,557,1725,1750]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFD93F92EFCD7F942" ID-CoL="38V3B" box="[619,798,1725,1749]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFD93F92EFCD7F942" box="[619,798,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other grasses as the food plants.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFB29F92EFF28F96F" author="Dickson" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record the food plant as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFDEBF971FD3EF96E" ID-CoL="6N862" box="[531,759,1761,1785]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFDEBF971FD3EF96E" box="[531,759,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFCE3F971FC0DF96E" ID-CoL="3PKQZ" box="[795,964,1761,1785]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFCE3F971FC0DF96E" box="[795,964,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">I. arundinacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); noting that it has also been reared on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFF6FF896FE85F88A" ID-CoL="38V3B" box="[151,332,1797,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FF896FE85F88A" box="[151,332,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other suitable grasses, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFD47F896FC60F88A" box="[703,937,1797,1821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFCE2F895FC84F88A" box="[794,845,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeat these grasses.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFB57F895FA55F88A" box="[1199,1436,1797,1821]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives grasses, as does
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFE52F8BBFD44F8D7" author="Sevastopulo" box="[426,653,1832,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1981) A second list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 40, 48 - 55." type="journal article" year="1981">Sevastopulo (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but it is not clear whether this is based on local experience, or generalised from earlier sources.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF3FF8E2FEB1F847" blockId="15.[151,1437,1437,2000]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFF11F8E3FEE4F81F" box="[233,301,1904,1928]" name="Oman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
I have found caterpillars on a large, coarse grass,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFC79F8E2FB49F81E" ID-CoL="4TWPR" box="[897,1152,1905,1929]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kajkaiense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFC79F8E2FB49F81E" box="[897,1152,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saccharum kajkaiense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFB24F8E2FAADF81E" ID-CoL="4TWR8" box="[1244,1380,1905,1929]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ravennae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFB24F8E2FAADF81E" box="[1244,1380,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. ravennae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFF6FF806FE5CF83A" author="Feulner" box="[151,405,1941,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Feulner, G. R. & Karki, N. (2010) Hidden in plain view: First UAE record of the wadi grass Saccharum kajkaiense and notes on its distribution in the UAE and neighbouring Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 50 - 55." type="journal article" year="2010">Feulner & Karki 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) growing in the wadis of the Hajar Mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFC4EF806FB8AF83A" author="Cock" box="[950,1091,1941,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but I have not reared it from sub-Saharan Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFF0BFF13FF38" blockId="16.[151,1188,152,212]" box="[151,218,152,175]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FF6FFF0BFF13FF38" box="[151,218,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFF2FFB6DFF43" blockId="16.[151,1188,152,212]" box="[151,1188,188,212]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Yellow and hemispherical according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FDABFF2FFCA4FF43" author="Dickson" box="[595,877,188,212]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
changing to salmon colour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFE97FEEEFE8B" blockId="16.[151,1436,260,428]" box="[151,295,260,284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FF6FFE97FEEEFE8B" box="[151,295,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFEBBFB15FE3B" blockId="16.[151,1436,260,428]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
A typical grass tube according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FDF6FEB4FCE5FEA8" author="Dickson" box="[526,812,295,319]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B74D205FCA3FEB4FC6BFEA8" box="[859,930,295,319]" name="Oman" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, I noted that small caterpillars make a shelter from a single leaf, by rolling the edges upwards until they meet, and holding the edges together with strands of silk. They then feed from the edge of the leaf lamina distally or basally to the shelter, or both. Larger caterpillars draw together several leaves and hold the edges together with silk strands to form a tube (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FBBBFE07FB19FE3B" author="Cock" box="[1091,1232,404,428]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFE4FFEDCFE63" blockId="16.[151,1437,476,1039]" box="[151,277,476,500]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FF6FFE4FFEDCFE63" box="[151,277,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FFE6CFEB0FD13" blockId="16.[151,1437,476,1039]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FEFDFE6CFDDCFD80" author="Dickson" box="[261,533,511,535]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 32) provides excellent paintings of the life history on “grass”. The final instar caterpillar is pale yellow-brown, with a darker dorsal line and a brown lateral line. The head is pale brown, the posterior margin and lateral areas dark, as are the epicranial and clypeal sutures. The earlier instars are similar, but the head is dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF3FFD1CFD6EFCA0" blockId="16.[151,1437,476,1039]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FF3FFD1CFEA1FD30" author="Makris" box="[199,360,655,679]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Makris, C. (2003) Butterflies of Cyprus. Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus, 329 pp." type="book" year="2003">Makris (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrates a caterpillar of
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FD74FD02FD17FD3F" box="[652,734,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. t h r a x</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B74D205FCDEFD1CFCB3FD30" box="[806,890,655,679]" name="Cyprus" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which is very similar to that illustrated by Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FF45FD27FE03FD5B" author="Dickson" box="[189,458,692,716]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The head is shown almost in lateral view, but with a slight anterior perspective. It is light brown with a very strong lateral stripe, which extends at least partly to the posterior margin; the epicranial suture and some or all of the adfrontals and clypeus are black, and there is a trace of a black streak extending dorsally on the epicranium from the adfrontals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF3FFCD7FECEFB98" blockId="16.[151,1437,476,1039]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The caterpillars which I found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B74D205FDBAFCD7FD4EFCCB" box="[578,647,836,860]" name="Oman" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FD6DFCD7FCE9FCCB" author="Cock" box="[661,800,836,860]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) had rather different caterpillars, and six instars, the last of which was larger than the South African material, with the head predominantly light brown, with variable darker stripes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B74D205FF17FC1FFEA8FC33" box="[239,353,908,932]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1782,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sixth instar caterpillars and pupa of Pelopidas thrax, collected on Saccharum sp. in Hajar Mountains, Oman, 17 Apr 1994 (after Cock 2010 a). 1, dorsal view of caterpillar, 35 mm; 2, detail of caterpillar head, anterolateral view; 3, detail of caterpillar head, anterior view (different individual); 4, pupa, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figure 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wax glands are formed ventrolaterally on the anterior margin of abdominal segments 7 and 8 when caterpillars are mature. Whereas the head capsules of all the early instars illustrated by Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B74D205FADAFC3CFEE9FC7B" author="Dickson" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are black, those of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B74D205FDC0FC47FDB4FC7B" box="[568,637,980,1004]" name="Oman" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
material are variably pale brown with more or less pronounced black markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B74D205FF6FF965FC48F8DE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246343/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[151,1436,1095,1757]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FF965FC48F8DE" blockId="16.[151,1436,1782,1866]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FF6FF965FED0F89C" bold="true" box="[151,281,1782,1805]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
|
||
. Sixth instar caterpillars and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B74D205FD64F965FCF5F89B" ID-CoL="76CLD" box="[668,828,1782,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FD64F965FCF5F89B" box="[668,828,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pelopidas thrax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B74D205FC33F965FBF5F89B" ID-CoL="8W38L" box="[971,1084,1782,1804]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FC33F965FBF5F89B" box="[971,1084,1782,1804]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Saccharum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in Hajar Mountains, Oman, 17 Apr 1994 (after Cock 2010a).
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FE2AF886FE16F8BD" bold="true" box="[466,479,1813,1834]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view of caterpillar, 35 mm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FCB4F886FC91F8BD" bold="true" box="[844,856,1813,1834]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of caterpillar head, anterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FAD6F886FAF2F8BD" bold="true" box="[1326,1339,1813,1834]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of caterpillar head, anterior view (different individual);
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FD57F8A7FD72F8DE" bold="true" box="[687,699,1844,1865]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D205FF6FF8E4FF1BF819" blockId="16.[151,1436,1911,2007]" box="[151,210,1911,1934]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FF6FF8E4FF1BF819" box="[151,210,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B74D204FF6FF808FDA3FE8B" blockId="16.[151,1436,1911,2007]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,284]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B74D205FF4DF809FF35F825" box="[181,252,1946,1970]" name="Oman" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the pupa on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B74D205FE6AF809FDD9F825" ID-CoL="8W38L" box="[402,528,1946,1970]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B74D205FE6AF809FDD9F825" box="[402,528,1946,1970]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Saccharum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (Figure 12.4) is formed in the shelter of the mature caterpillar, which is lined with silk. The inside of the shelter is covered with a thin deposit of white waxy powder, which is not found on the pupa itself (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FED9FF04FE7BFF38" author="Cock" box="[289,434,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pupa illustrated by Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FCA3FF04FBA6FF38" author="Dickson" box="[859,1135,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Plate 32) is slender, pale yellow-brown, with a slightly downturned, dark, frontal spike, and the proboscis sheath projecting about one segment beyond the wing cases. The pupa from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FD4DFF4CFD30FF60" box="[693,761,223,247]" name="Oman" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
differs from this in that the frontal spike is concolorous with the rest of the pupa and slightly upturned.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FFEDFFE86FEF3" blockId="17.[151,1436,332,428]" box="[151,335,332,356]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B75D204FF6FFEDFFE86FEF3" box="[151,335,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B75D204FF6FFEFCFB57FE3B" blockId="17.[151,1436,332,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
One fifth instar caterpillar collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B75D204FD99FEFCFD6CFE10" box="[609,677,367,391]" name="Oman" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
was parasitised by a gregarious eulophid parasitoid, and another produced a tachinid larva when in the sixth instar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B75D204FD35FE07FC92FE3B" author="Cock" box="[717,859,404,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); neither has been identified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |