289 lines
32 KiB
XML
289 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="A97743B66B1C763F46715DA09DC9B472" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.273913" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f6b846c4-a8ce-4b1e-b682-b56007097672" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="273913" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459899285535" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kirkendall, Lawrence R. & Ødegaard, Frode" docDate="2007" docId="0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01588p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1588" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFAFFFF2D02CFFE5931FFFBDBC3DFFA2" masterDocTitle="Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698228653734" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="10F65EA48CE19E8DCC05B65750C01D14" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="56234BC74CC2C126510C5820A38DD824">
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<mods:title id="CD504D6D988055E4438DB8AB0245F491">Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="730B642EFD7185426242C5D2FE20BC37" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="D2DE3B320F9EA1556CDDC1A7D0DB7810">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B56FC0808E9C4AB26AB86DB3B8D812D1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="FF5F20A101EFA5D5ECED1FC45C8166AE">Kirkendall, Lawrence R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3B85B5241A4037ED960C76FFEAB5195A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="61B2E51098FC8507C51624B01A3666A0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F9221E5D628646FEADA162A0ADE87522">Ødegaard, Frode</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A09EA9D89F107CD14A31AB7B835FC118">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5115CEF9A5594CE294A0CB5C35004E47">
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<mods:title id="20EF45D5A225282E571B4F3B585C5CFF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="72C3F966C33F257FB800159C3A20AC4F">
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<mods:date id="A67A328CC41F1B48B37E554190247C4A">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D2BF5462FE956A6EFCD7085F44A8C69F" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B53BDDDA0E9D5E336C59B63395FD6093">1588</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="1F71F3CE222E12A0A7668C5F1EE8BEF8">53</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="3337E269EDEAACE4603C8432E43B4268">62</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="E23703723BD951BAB723107FF1F6B16C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6D879CACFBEDEB30F04143041427C764" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.273913</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="23D3EEEDC13B83F279879F799C89643F" type="GBIF-Dataset">f6b846c4-a8ce-4b1e-b682-b56007097672</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="95B6E47264D67F31354B33932CF2A709" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="AC65E968410A86330241E61CEE448356" type="Zenodo-Dep">273913</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246936" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119372755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6246936" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0396878AD029FFE39388FA30B93CFB38" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D029FFE09388FA30BD24FA68" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE09388FA30BE13FA05" blockId="5.[151,558,1421,1482]" box="[151,558,1421,1447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0C881F0D029FFE09388FA30BE13FA05" bold="true" box="[151,558,1421,1447]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09388FA30BE13FA05" ID-CoL="3DFBQ" authority="Eichhoff" authorityName="Eichhoff" box="[151,558,1421,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09388FA30BE13FA05" bold="true" box="[151,558,1421,1447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09388FA30BD95FA05" bold="true" box="[151,424,1421,1447]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
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(Eichhoff)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE09388FA0DBD24FA68" blockId="5.[151,558,1421,1482]" box="[151,281,1456,1482]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13042A19D029FFE09380FA0DBCDDFA68" box="[159,224,1456,1482]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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e–h)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D029FFE09388FA48B809F850" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE09388FA48BD01F8F0" blockId="5.[151,1436,1525,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09388FA48BD38F9AD" bold="true" box="[151,261,1525,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Records.</emphasis>
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Recently discovered in North
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE0916EFA48BEEBF9AD" box="[625,726,1525,1551]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">America</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE091F9FA48BFDCF9AD" author="Rabaglia" box="[742,993,1525,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Rabaglia, R. J., Dole, S. A. & Cognato, A. I. (2006) Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) occurring North of Mexico, with an illustrated key. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 1034 - 1056." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Rabaglia
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09047FA48BFA9F9AC" box="[856,916,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD029FFE090F1FA48B8A1F9AD" author="Thomas" box="[1006,1180,1525,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Thomas, M. C. (2005) Two Asian ambrosia beetles recently established in Florida (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Pest Alert. http: // www. doacs. state. fl. us / pi / enpp / ento / twonewxyleborines. html (accessed 6 June 2007)." type="journal article" year="2005">Thomas, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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); one previous record for Neotropics, a single specimen from an unidentified branch in the
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE090DFF9A0B820F995" box="[960,1053,1565,1591]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
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Canal Zone in
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE097CDF9A0B978F995" box="[1234,1349,1565,1591]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1979-07">July 1979</date>
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(Wood 1980).
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE093F2F9FABD98F9C3" bold="true" box="[237,421,1607,1633]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE093F2F9FABD98F9C3" box="[237,421,1607,1633]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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, Heredia, La Selva Biological Station
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD029FFE09065F9F5BFCEF9C0" box="[890,1011,1605,1634]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="925" value="10.433333">10o 26’ N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0B505BD029FFE0971DF9F5B842F9C0" box="[1026,1151,1605,1634]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" precision="925" value="-84.01667">84o 01’ W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE09792F9F5B93BF9C0" box="[1165,1286,1608,1634]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="150.0" valueMin="50.0">50–150 m</quantity>
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elevation,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09692F9F5BD25F928" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1982-04-08">8 April 1982</date>
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(1) &
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09274F9CDBE39F928" box="[363,516,1648,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1983-04-07">7 April 1983</date>
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(1), H. A. Hespenheide; La Selva,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE090B4F9CDB878F928" box="[939,1093,1648,1674]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1996-07-12">12 July 1996</date>
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(1),
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE0979FF9CDB886F928" box="[1152,1211,1648,1674]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
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branch of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09622F9CDBD26F913" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Protium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="panamense">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09622F9CDBD26F913" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Protium panamense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, and
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09240F925BDC1F910" box="[351,508,1688,1714]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1997-07-31">
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31 July
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE092A0F925BDC1F910" box="[447,508,1688,1714]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9972999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="cm" value="1997.3">1997</quantity>
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</date>
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, 3 cm branch of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE091D6F925BFB0F913" box="[713,909,1688,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Cedrela" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odorata">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE091D6F925BFB0F913" box="[713,909,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Cedrela odorata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(1), L. Kirkendall; La Selva, Project
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09650F925B9A6F910" box="[1359,1435,1688,1714]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">ALAS</collectingCountry>
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Malaise traps in old-growth forest emptied on
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE091A9F97DBF6DF978" box="[694,848,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-02-15">15 Feb. 1993</date>
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(1),
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09097F97DB82BF978" box="[904,1046,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-05-01">1 May 1993</date>
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(1),
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09751F97DB8E1F978" box="[1102,1244,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-05-02">2 May 1993</date>
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(1),
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE0960CF97DB9A1F978" box="[1299,1436,1728,1754]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-07-01">1 July 1993</date>
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(1),
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE093D8F955BD5CF8A0" box="[199,353,1768,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1994-02-15">15 Feb. 1994</date>
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(1), one in secondary growth forest,
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09010F955BF99F8A0" box="[783,932,1768,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="1993-04-02">2 April 1993</date>
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(2). The Malaise traps in old-growth forest are within
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE0920CF8ADBD61F888" box="[275,348,1808,1834]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
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of more disturbed habitats with the exception of a trap (M/08) which is ca
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<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE097DDF8ADB924F888" box="[1218,1305,1808,1834]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
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inside oldgrowth forest.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD029FFE093D9F8DDB809F850" blockId="5.[151,1436,1525,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE093D9F8DDBD7BF8D8" bold="true" box="[198,326,1888,1914]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE093D9F8DDBD7BF8D8" box="[198,326,1888,1914]" name="Panama" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">PANAMA</collectingCountry>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
, multiple collections from old-growth forest in Prov. Col\n, San Lorenzo Protected Area:
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE0969AF8DDBD32F800" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2002-02-01">1. Feb. 2002</date>
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||
, beating dead branches of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE0915AF835BEC5F803" box="[581,760,1928,1953]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="utile">
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<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE0915AF835BEC5F803" box="[581,760,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Brosimum utile</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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in the understory, F. Ødegaard (1);
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09787F835B96DF800" box="[1176,1360,1928,1954]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-10-01" valueMax="2003-10-13" valueMin="2003-10-01">1–13 Oct. 2003</date>
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||
, flight intercept trap at
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||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D029FFE09247F80DBDA8F868" box="[344,405,1968,1994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="14.0">14 m</quantity>
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height, R. Didham & L Fagan (1);
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||
<date id="FF81105CD029FFE09025F80DB83CF868" box="[826,1025,1968,1994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2003-10-11" valueMax="2003-10-15" valueMin="2003-10-11">11–15 Oct. 2003</date>
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||
, sticky trap,
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD029FFE09786F80DB893F868" box="[1177,1198,1968,1994]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Y</collectingCountry>
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||
. Basset (1);
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<date id="FF81105CD029FFE0965EF80DBCE8F850" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" value="2004-05-31">31 May 2004</date>
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||
, beating dead branches of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD029FFE09113F865BF57F850" box="[524,874,2008,2034]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Tocoyena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="58" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pittieri">
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||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED029FFE09113F865BEEFF853" box="[524,722,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="58">Tocoyena pittieri</emphasis>
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||
(Rubiaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, F. Ødegaard (1).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3256517D02AFFE393D9FF2AB8C4FDE0" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
|
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<paragraph id="8B80369CD02AFFE393D9FF2AB8C4FDE0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE393D9FF2ABD7BFF13" bold="true" box="[198,326,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species was identified by direct comparison with authenticated specimens in The Natural History Museum (London). This species was sorted for several years as an unidentified species in the endemic genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE393FDFF55BD62FEA3" box="[226,351,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE393FDFF55BD62FEA3" box="[226,351,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the
|
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<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE392AAFF55BE3FFEA0" box="[437,514,232,258]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">ALAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
collections. Though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE391E8FF55BFBFFEA3" box="[759,898,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE391E8FF55BFBFFEA3" box="[759,898,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Euwallacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE390A6FF55B80BFEA3" box="[953,1078,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE390A6FF55B80BFEA3" box="[953,1078,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE39654FF55BCEBFE88" author="Jordal" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" refString="Jordal, B. H. (2002) Elongation Factor 1 alpha resolves the monophyly of the haplodiploid ambrosia beetles Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insect Molecular Biology, 11, 453 - 465." type="journal article" year="2002">Jordal, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), these taxa are quite similar;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE3912CFEADBEF7FE8B" box="[563,714,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE3912CFEADBEF7FE8B" box="[563,714,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most described and undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE3979EFEADB8C3FE8B" box="[1153,1278,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE3979EFEADB8C3FE8B" box="[1153,1278,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE39388FE85BCC1FEF0" box="[151,252,312,338]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
have a carinate posterolateral declivital margin which extends from interstriae 7 or striae 7 on the disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A19D02AFFE393CAFEDDBD25FED8" box="[213,280,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
e, h), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39292FEDDBE18FEDB" box="[397,549,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39292FEDDBE18FEDB" box="[397,549,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39143FEDDBEE4FEDB" box="[604,729,352,377]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39143FEDDBEE4FEDB" box="[604,729,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar body proportions, a suture on the antennal club continued on the posterior face (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13042A19D02AFFE3910BFE35BE65FE00" box="[532,600,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1882,1906]" captionTargetBox="[198,1394,192,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[155,1440,169,1884]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Invasive Asian xyleborine ambrosia beetles in Central American forests. (a – c) Xylosandrus crassiusculus: the shape (a), size (2.2 – 2.5 mm), and dull declivity with dense long setae and dense, scattered granules (c) are characteristic. (d) Xyleborinus exiguus: note the plain, convex declivity with a distinctive border of large teeth at the apex. (e – h) Euwallacea fornicatus: arrow (g) indicates suture on the posterior face of the antennal club (upper antenna in figure shows anterior face)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273914/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02AFFE39153FE35BE65FE00" box="[588,600,392,418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="g" value="1.0">1</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
g, arrow), and a crenulate margin of the pronotum. This species can be identified using the key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE392CFFE0DBE7AFE6B" box="[464,583,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE392CFFE0DBE7AFE6B" box="[464,583,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Xyleborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE39173FE0DBF37FE68" author="Wood" box="[620,778,432,458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359." type="journal article" year="1982">Wood (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, it could easily key to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39795FE0DB93AFE6B" box="[1162,1287,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39795FE0DB93AFE6B" box="[1162,1287,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that work (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE393BEFE65BCC5FE53" box="[161,248,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">op. cit.,</emphasis>
|
||
p. 69), if one does not have great familiarity with antennal club structure in this group, though it does not to key any species in that genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39154FDBDBF69FDBB" box="[587,852,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39154FDBDBF69FDBB" box="[587,852,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE397F9FDBDB95EFDBB" box="[1254,1379,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE397F9FDBDB95EFDBB" box="[1254,1379,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE39256FD95BD93FDE0" box="[329,430,552,578]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
by a combination of size, shape, and details of the elytra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE39748FD95B8D1FDE0" author="Wood" box="[1111,1260,552,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 6, 1 - 1359." type="journal article" year="1982">Wood, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3256517D02AFFE393D9FDF2B93CFB38" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02AFFE393D9FDF2BCDEFC90" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE393D9FDF2BD68FDCB" bold="true" box="[198,341,591,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The single
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE392C1FDEDBE06FDC8" box="[478,571,592,618]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
collection (Wood 1980) remained the only New World record until North American specimens were collected from the ornamental tree
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39073FDC5B8A9FD30" box="[876,1172,632,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Delonix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39073FDC5B831FD33" box="[876,1036,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Delonix regia</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Dade County, Florida in 2002, and in
|
||
<quantity id="4CC79B79D02AFFE3929EFD1DBDE6FD18" box="[385,475,672,698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.087619999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" unit="in" value="2003.0">2003 in</quantity>
|
||
Los Angeles County, California, from four different hosts (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE397BBFD1DBDF7FD43" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE397BBFD1DB9A1FD1B" authority="Alnus" authorityName="Alnus" box="[1188,1436,672,697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="negundo">Acer negundo, Alnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
rubra, Platanus racemosa
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE39114FD75BF2DFD43" box="[523,784,712,737]" class="Trematoda" family="Hemiuridae" genus="Robinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pseudoacacia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE39114FD75BF2DFD43" box="[523,784,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Robinia pseudoacacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); since then, repeated collections in Dade and Broward counties suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE3928CFD4DBE16FCAB" box="[403,555,752,777]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE3928CFD4DBE16FCAB" box="[403,555,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is solidly established in the southern tip of Florida (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE3978FFD4DB917FCA8" author="Haack" box="[1168,1322,752,778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" refString="Haack, R. A. (2006) Exotic bark- and wood-boring Coleoptera in the United States: recent establishments and interceptions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36, 269 - 288." type="journal article" year="2006">Haack, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE39629FD4DBCEAFC90" author="Thomas" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Thomas, M. C. (2005) Two Asian ambrosia beetles recently established in Florida (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Pest Alert. http: // www. doacs. state. fl. us / pi / enpp / ento / twonewxyleborines. html (accessed 6 June 2007)." type="journal article" year="2005">Thomas, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02AFFE393D9FCFDBCE5FBD0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
This Old World species is notorious as a pest of tea (“the shot-hole borer of tea”), in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE397B9FCFDB924FCF8" box="[1190,1305,832,858]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE393D8FCD5BD3BFC20" box="[199,262,872,898]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Borneo, and Java; elsewhere, it is a pest in plantations, recently reforested plots, and nurseries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE39380FC2DBD77FC08" author="Browne" box="[159,330,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" refString="Browne, F. G. (1961) The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Malayan Forest Record, 22, 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="1961">Browne, 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; CAB International, 2005a;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE3918BFC2DBF63FC08" author="Kalshoven" box="[660,862,912,938]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Kalshoven, L. G. E. (1958) Studies on the biology of Indonesian Scolytoidea. I. Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. as a primary and secondary shot-hole borer in Java and Sumatra. Entomologische Berichten, 18, 147 - 160." type="journal article" year="1958">Kalshoven, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most attacks are to twigs and small branches or stems.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE393F3FC05BDC5FC73" box="[236,504,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE393F3FC05BDC5FC73" box="[236,504,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be much less abundant than the previously discussed species, with very few specimens yet known despite the intensive sampling of wood-boring insects at the collection sites.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE39388FBB5BC85FB80" box="[151,184,1032,1058]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D1FD02AFFE3921FFBB5BDFCFB83" box="[256,449,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassiusculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94BEA8ED02AFFE3921FFBB5BDFCFB83" box="[256,449,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">X. crassiusculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we cannot say if the disjunct distribution (northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE39755FBB5B8F0FB80" box="[1098,1229,1032,1058]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
–central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE3962AFBB5B9A9FB80" box="[1333,1428,1032,1058]" name="Panama" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
) reflects lack of sampling in the intervening region or separate populations resulting from multiple introductions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B80369CD02AFFE393D9FB3DB93CFB38" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1178]" box="[198,1281,1152,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B6DD02AFFE393D9FB3DBD5CFB38" author="Wood" box="[198,353,1152,1178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="62" refString="Wood, S. L. (2007) The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of South America (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA, 900 pp + 230 plates pp." type="book" year="2007">Wood (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports a series of specimens from Manaus,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F328760CD02AFFE39073FB3DBF88FB38" box="[876,949,1152,1178]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="59">Brasil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but with no collection data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |