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<mods:title id="FE348130880FBA98E72CD517805FDAA5">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2AC72ABABF8A31B7F3FED1" blockId="65.[151,1437,258,861]" box="[151,669,258,285]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABABF8A31B5A7FED1" bold="true" box="[151,201,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">131.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABAF88A30B7F7FED1" ID-CoL="CMK5" ID-ENA="1274518" authority="(Supino, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[208,665,258,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABAF88A30B48CFED1" bold="true" box="[208,482,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72ABBDB8A31B7FEFED1" author="Supino, F." box="[499,656,259,285]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="230 - 238" refId="ref256095" refString="Supino, F. (1897) Nuovi Ixodes della Birmania (nota preventiva). Atti della Societa Veneto-Trentina di Scienze Naturali Residente in Padova, Serie 2, 3, 230 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 83719" type="journal article" year="1897">Supino, 1897</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F2AC72AB88D8A31B6E5FE1D" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="distribution">
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Australasian: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB94A8A31B6A1FED1" box="[866,975,259,285]" name="Indonesia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(east of Wallaces Line), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABF328A31B585FE8D" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
; Oriental: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABBAC8A15B764FE8D" box="[388,522,295,321]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB81E8A15B7C2FE8D" box="[566,684,295,321]" name="Cambodia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB8F08A15B675FE8D" box="[728,795,295,321]" name="China" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">China</collectingCountry>
(south), 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB98A8A15B6B0FE8D" box="[930,990,295,321]" name="India" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">India</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABE228A15B119FE8D" box="[1034,1143,295,321]" name="Indonesia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(west of Wallaces Line), 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABA9D8A79B580FEA9" box="[181,238,331,357]" name="Laos" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Laos</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABB308A79B4EFFEA9" box="[280,385,331,357]" name="Malaysia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABB838A79B774FEA9" box="[427,538,331,357]" name="Myanmar" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB86B8A79B7E8FEA9" box="[579,646,331,357]" name="Nepal" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Nepal</collectingCountry>
(south and central), 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB9B08A79B177FEA9" box="[920,1049,331,357]" name="Philippines" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Philippines</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABE788A79B1AAFEA9" box="[1104,1220,331,357]" name="Singapore" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, 12)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABED38A79B002FEA9" box="[1275,1388,331,357]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABABF8A5DB582FE45" box="[151,236,367,393]" name="Taiwan" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABB0D8A5DB4E5FE45" box="[293,395,367,393]" name="Thailand" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72ABBEC8A5DB74DFE45" box="[452,547,367,393]" name="Vietnam" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB81C8A5DB7B1FE45" author="Kaufman, T. S." box="[564,735,367,393]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref214242" refString="Kaufman, T. S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 390 pp." type="book" year="1972">Kaufman 1972</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB8C28A5DB6A8FE45" author="Tanskul, P. &amp; Stark, H. E. &amp; Inlao, I." box="[746,966,367,393]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="330 - 341" refId="ref257052" refString="Tanskul, P., Stark, H. E. &amp; Inlao, I. (1983) A checklist of ticks of Thailand (Acari: Metastigmata: Ixodoidea). Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, 330 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 20.3.330" type="journal article" year="1983">
Tanskul
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72AB9638A5DB6EAFE45" box="[843,900,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB9FA8A5DB114FE45" author="Keirans, J. E." box="[978,1146,366,393]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 1785" refId="ref214582" refString="Keirans, J. E. (1985 b) George Henry Falkiner Nuttall and the Nuttall tick catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Miscellaneous Publication, (1438), 1 - 1785. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 65326" type="journal article" year="1985">Keirans 1985b</bibRefCitation>
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,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72ABF178A5DB5BCFE61" author="Robbins, R. G." pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="245 - 253" refId="ref246477" refString="Robbins, R. G. (2005) The ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Taiwan: a synonymic checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 245 - 253." type="journal article" year="2005">Robbins 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F2AC72ABAEF8AE9B7DAFC91" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2AC72ABAEF8AE9B729FDF1" blockId="65.[151,1437,258,861]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72ABAEF8AE9B4D6FE39" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." box="[199,440,475,501]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB068AE9B409FE39" box="[302,359,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
regarded this tick as an
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F2AC72AB8EF8AE9B64DFE39" box="[711,803,475,501]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Oriental</collectingRegion>
species, but
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72AB99A8AE9B1D6FE38" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[946,1208,475,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72AB99A8AE9B1D6FE38" box="[946,1208,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been found in the Australasian
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F2AC72ABB5E8ACDB4A4FDD5" box="[374,458,511,537]" country="Iraq" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Region</collectingRegion>
, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB8378ACDB667FDD5" author="Santos Dias, J. A. T." box="[543,777,511,537]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 204" refId="ref251458" refString="Santos Dias, J. A. T. (1993 b) Contribuic &quot; o para o estudo da sistematica e taxonomia das especies do genero Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina-Ixodoidea). Estudos, Ensaios e Documentos, (157), 1 - 204." type="journal article" year="1993">Santos Dias (1993b)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB96C8ACDB69AFDD5" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[836,1012,511,537]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
did not treat
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABEBC8ACDB0F2FDD4" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1172,1436,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABEBC8ACDB0F2FDD4" box="[1172,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB718911B4B7FDF1" box="[345,473,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB718911B4B7FDF1" box="[345,473,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as valid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2AC72ABAEF8975B603FD65" blockId="65.[151,1437,258,861]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
Most records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB548975B7EFFDAC" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[380,641,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB548975B7EFFDAC" box="[380,641,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published under the names
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABE028975B046FDAC" authorityName="Santos Dias" authorityYear="1958" box="[1066,1320,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanensis">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABE028975B046FDAC" box="[1066,1320,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma varanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABF1E8975B46AFD49" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1933" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucasi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABF1E8975B46AFD49" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma lucasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB028959B720FD49" box="[298,590,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gervais" subSpecies="lucasi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB028959B720FD49" box="[298,590,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma gervais lucasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72AB93F8959B173FD48" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[791,1053,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72AB93F8959B173FD48" box="[791,1053,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and three of the seven synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABA9E89BDB4D5FD64" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[182,443,655,681]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABA9E89BDB4D5FD64" box="[182,443,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB80B89BDB607FD65" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S." box="[547,873,655,681]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref198957" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. (2014) Names for Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): valid, synonyms, incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, lapsus, incorrect and suppressed names - with notes on confusions and misidentifications. Zootaxa, 3767, 1 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3767.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Guglielmone &amp; Nava (2014)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F2AC72ABAEF8981B7DAFC91" blockId="65.[151,1437,258,861]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72ABAEF8981B4EDFD01" author="Kaufman, T. S." box="[199,387,691,717]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="ref214242" refString="Kaufman, T. S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Maryland, 390 pp." type="book" year="1972">Kaufman (1972)</bibRefCitation>
cautioned that many specimens of this tick have been confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABE8E8981B0FBFD00" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[1190,1429,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gervaisi">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABE8E8981B0FBFD00" box="[1190,1429,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma gervaisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That author treated
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB5D89E5B719FD3D" authorityName="Cooper &amp; Robinson" authorityYear="1908" box="[373,631,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadratum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB5D89E5B719FD3D" box="[373,631,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma quadratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB89389E5B64CFD3D" box="[699,802,727,753]" name="Australia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Australia</collectingCountry>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72AB9C289E5B19FFD3C" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[1002,1265,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72AB9C289E5B19FFD3C" box="[1002,1265,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(under the former genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB3C89C9B4FAFCD9" box="[276,404,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB3C89C9B4FAFCD9" box="[276,404,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both cases), but
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F2AC72AB85A89C9B6D6FCD9" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S." box="[626,952,763,789]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref198957" refString="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. (2014) Names for Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): valid, synonyms, incertae sedis, nomina dubia, nomina nuda, lapsus, incorrect and suppressed names - with notes on confusions and misidentifications. Zootaxa, 3767, 1 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3767.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Guglielmone &amp; Nava (2014)</bibRefCitation>
considered
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABE6989C9B02DFCD9" authorityName="Cooper &amp; Robinson" authorityYear="1908" box="[1089,1347,763,789]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadratum">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABE6989C9B02DFCD9" box="[1089,1347,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Aponomma quadratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a name
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABABF882DB45FFCF5" box="[151,305,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">incertae sedis</emphasis>
, an opinion maintained here. Consequently,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F2AC72AB908882DB6E9FCF5" box="[800,903,799,825]" name="Australia" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Australia</collectingCountry>
is not included within the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABF38882DB464FC90" baseAuthorityName="Supino" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varanense">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABF38882DB464FC90" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Amblyomma varanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See also
<emphasis id="B94B07520F2AC72ABB548871B7DAFC91" box="[380,692,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F2AC72ABB548871B7DEFC91" authorityName=", Burridge" authorityYear="2011" box="[380,688,835,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscolineatum">Amblyomma fuscolineatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>