treatments-xml/data/03/96/6A/03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD.xml
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<mods:title id="0A09E0F292CC490B0EEC0A5C4651FE59">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6558233518C30544247B086BEC65EFF7">Guglielmone, Alberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718319" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7718319" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F04C71BBABF8FB5B649FAFD" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F04C704BABF8FB5B70DFB6D" box="[151,611,1158,1185]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F04C704BABF8FB5B70DFB6D" blockId="111.[151,1437,1158,2013]" box="[151,611,1158,1185]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BABF8FB5B5C2FB6D" bold="true" box="[151,172,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704BA9B8FB4B70EFB6D" ID-CoL="6WTFG" ID-ENA="34611" authority="(Say, 1821)" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[179,608,1158,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BA9B8FB4B4BBFB6D" bold="true" box="[179,469,1158,1185]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F04C704BBCB8FB5B739FB6D" author="Say, T." box="[483,599,1159,1185]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="59 - 82" refId="ref252116" refString="Say, T. (1821) An account of the arachnides of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 59 - 82." type="journal article" year="1821">Say, 1821</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F04C704B8408FB5B65DF971" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F04C704B8408FB5B65DF971" blockId="111.[151,1437,1158,2013]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Afrotropical: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9378FB5B60BFB6D" box="[799,869,1159,1185]" name="Benin" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Benin</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9A58FB5B148FB6D" box="[909,1062,1159,1185]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE678FB5B1A9FB6D" box="[1103,1223,1159,1185]" name="Cameroon" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BEC78FB5B591FB09" name="Central African Republic" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
, 5)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB058F99B406FB09" box="[301,360,1195,1221]" name="Chad" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Chad</collectingCountry>
(south), 6)
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F04C704BBDA8F99B751FB09" box="[498,575,1195,1221]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Congo</collectingRegion>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8468F99B16FFB09" box="[622,1025,1195,1221]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE188F99B111FB09" box="[1072,1151,1195,1221]" name="Eritrea" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE858F99B061FB09" box="[1197,1295,1195,1221]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BF638F99B0F6FB09" box="[1355,1432,1195,1221]" name="Gabon" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BAEC8FFDB47EFB25" box="[196,272,1231,1257]" name="Ghana" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Ghana</collectingCountry>
, 12)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB618FFDB4F3FB25" box="[329,413,1231,1257]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BBFF8FFDB711FB25" box="[471,639,1231,1257]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Guinea-Bissau</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8908FFDB62EFB25" box="[696,832,1231,1257]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9528FFDB6A0FB25" box="[890,974,1231,1257]" name="Liberia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Liberia</collectingCountry>
, 16)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE2F8FFDB152FB25" box="[1031,1084,1231,1257]" name="Serbia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Mali</collectingCountry>
(south), 17)
<collectingRegion id="49FB15A20F04C704BEF88FFDB07EFB25" box="[1232,1296,1231,1257]" country="Nigeria" name="Niger" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Niger</collectingRegion>
(south), 18)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BABF8FC1B580FAC1" box="[151,238,1267,1293]" name="Nigeria" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
, 19)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB0C8FC1B405FAC1" box="[292,363,1267,1293]" name="Oman" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Oman</collectingCountry>
, 20)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB898FC1B75FFAC1" box="[417,561,1267,1293]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(south), 21)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8978FC1B674FAC1" box="[703,794,1267,1293]" name="Senegal" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, 22)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9788FC1B68CFAC1" box="[848,994,1267,1293]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
, 23)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE308FC1B1C6FAC1" box="[1048,1192,1267,1293]" name="South Sudan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 24)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BEF68FC1B049FAC1" box="[1246,1319,1267,1293]" name="Sudan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, 25)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BF748FC1B0F6FAC1" box="[1372,1432,1267,1293]" name="Togo" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Togo</collectingCountry>
, 26)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BAEC8E25B478FAFD" box="[196,278,1303,1329]" name="Yemen" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Yemen</collectingCountry>
; Nearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB9A8E25B766FAFD" box="[434,520,1303,1329]" name="Mexico" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(north), 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8A68E25B7A4FAFD" box="[654,714,1303,1329]" name="United States of America" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">USA</collectingCountry>
; Palearctic: 1)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B95B8E25B691FAFD" box="[883,1023,1303,1329]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
, 2)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE028E25B1E8FAFD" box="[1066,1158,1303,1329]" name="Albania" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Albania</collectingCountry>
, 3)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE998E25B066FAFD" box="[1201,1288,1303,1329]" name="Algeria" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, 4)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BF1B8E25B0F6FAFD" box="[1331,1432,1303,1329]" name="Armenia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, 5) Azerbaijan, 6)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB748E09B71AFA99" box="[348,628,1339,1365]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
, 7)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8B68E09B66FFA99" box="[670,769,1339,1365]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
, 8)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9038E09B6EEFA99" box="[811,896,1339,1365]" name="Croatia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Croatia</collectingCountry>
, 9)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9838E09B691FA99" box="[939,1023,1339,1365]" name="Cyprus" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
, 10)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE1F8E09B113FA99" box="[1079,1149,1339,1365]" name="Egypt" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Egypt</collectingCountry>
, 11)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE9C8E09B06DFA99" box="[1204,1283,1339,1365]" name="France" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">France</collectingCountry>
, 12) Georgia, 13)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BAEB8E6DB47BFAB5" box="[195,277,1375,1401]" name="Greece" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 14)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB648E6DB4C1FAB5" box="[332,431,1375,1401]" name="Hungary" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Hungary</collectingCountry>
, 15)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BBCE8E6DB778FAB5" box="[486,534,1375,1401]" name="Iran" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Iran</collectingCountry>
, 16)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8658E6DB713FAB5" box="[589,637,1375,1401]" name="Iraq" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Iraq</collectingCountry>
, 17)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B89B8E6DB79AFAB5" box="[691,756,1375,1401]" name="Israel" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Israel</collectingCountry>
, 18)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9038E6DB631FAB5" box="[811,863,1375,1401]" name="Italy" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Italy</collectingCountry>
, 19)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9BE8E6DB68AFAB5" box="[918,996,1375,1401]" name="Jordan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Jordan</collectingCountry>
, 20)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE338E6DB1CFFAB5" box="[1051,1185,1375,1401]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
, 21)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BEFF8E6DB05FFAB5" box="[1239,1329,1375,1401]" name="Kosovo" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
, 22)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BF408E6DB581FA51" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
, 23)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB038EB1B4FEFA51" box="[299,400,1411,1437]" name="Lebanon" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 24)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BBE38EB1B761FA51" box="[459,527,1411,1437]" name="Libya" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Libya</collectingCountry>
, 25)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8628EB1B7B8FA51" box="[586,726,1411,1437]" name="Serbia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
, 26)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9398EB1B617FA51" box="[785,889,1411,1437]" name="Morocco" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, 27) North Macedonia, 28)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE918EB1B076FA51" box="[1209,1304,1411,1437]" name="Pakistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(west), 29)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BABF8E95B591FA0D" box="[151,255,1447,1473]" name="Palestine" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Palestine</collectingCountry>
, 30)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB108E95B4F4FA0D" box="[312,410,1447,1473]" name="Portugal" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Portugal</collectingCountry>
, 31)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BBFA8E95B754FA0D" box="[466,570,1447,1473]" name="Romania" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Romania</collectingCountry>
, 32)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B85A8E95B7AEFA0D" box="[626,704,1447,1473]" name="Russia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Russia</collectingCountry>
, 33)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8D08E95B62CFA0D" box="[760,834,1447,1473]" name="Serbia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Serbia</collectingCountry>
, 34)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9538E95B6D0FA0D" box="[891,958,1447,1473]" name="Spain" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Spain</collectingCountry>
, 35)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B9DF8E95B15BFA0D" box="[1015,1077,1447,1473]" name="Syria" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Syria</collectingCountry>
, 36)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BE448E95B1B3FA0D" box="[1132,1245,1447,1473]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
, 37)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BF3D8E95B005FA0D" box="[1301,1387,1447,1473]" name="Tunisia" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
, 38)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BABF8EF9B586FA29" box="[151,232,1483,1509]" name="Turkey" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, 39)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BB088EF9B4D0FA29" box="[288,446,1483,1509]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, 40)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BBDE8EF9B73DFA29" box="[502,595,1483,1509]" name="Ukraine" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 41)
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704B8A38EF9B667FA29" box="[651,777,1483,1509]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
(
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Okely
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BBEE8D91B490F971" box="[454,510,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F04C704B8638D91B649F971" author="Perveen, N. &amp; Muzaffar, S. B. &amp; Al-Deeb, M. A." box="[587,807,1699,1725]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref242571" refString="Perveen, N., Muzaffar, S. B. &amp; Al-Deeb, M. A. (2021) Ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock in the Middle East and North Africa: A review. Insects, 12 (article 83), 1 - 35. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 12010083" type="journal article" year="2021">
Perveen
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704B8848D91B78AF971" box="[684,740,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
2021
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F04C71BBAEF8DF5B649FAFD" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F04C704BAEF8DF5B749F8C9" blockId="111.[151,1437,1158,2013]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
Many records of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704BBA28DF5B7CEF92D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[394,672,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BBA28DF5B7CEF92D" box="[394,672,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been published under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704BE648DF5B05DF92D" box="[1100,1331,1735,1761]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BE648DF5B05DF92D" box="[1100,1331,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Boophilus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, to a lesser extent,
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BB188DD9B749F8C9" box="[304,551,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704BB188DD9B74DF8C9" authorityName="Lahille" authorityYear="1905" box="[304,547,1771,1797]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calcaratus">Boophilus calcaratus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F04C71BBAEF8C3DB71FFF19" blockId="111.[151,1437,1158,2013]" lastBlockId="112.[151,1437,151,1329]" lastPageId="112" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F04C704BAEF8C3DB4AFF8E5" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." box="[199,449,1807,1833]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BB1A8C3DB403F8E5" box="[306,365,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
treated
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704B8098C3DB657F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[545,825,1807,1833]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704B8098C3DB657F8E5" box="[545,825,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a species that also occurs in the Australasian and Neotropical Zoogeographic Regions, while
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F04C704B8B88C01B62FF881" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[656,833,1843,1869]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin (2009)</bibRefCitation>
recognized this species presence in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F04C704BEDB8C01B043F881" box="[1267,1325,1843,1869]" name="India" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">India</collectingCountry>
(Oriental Region), but here these regions are not thought to lie within the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704B9E28C65B186F8BD" box="[970,1256,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704B9E28C65B18AF8BD" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[970,1252,1879,1905]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">Rhipicephalus annulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BFA08C65B5DAF859" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
(2014) were unable to find Australasian localities for
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704B93E8C49B142F859" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[790,1068,1915,1941]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704B93E8C49B142F859" box="[790,1068,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this remains the case in the current analysis. Alleged Neotropical records of this tick are discussed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F04C704B9EE8CADB186F875" author="Guglielmone, A. A. &amp; Nava, S. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[966,1256,1951,1977]" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="ref199969" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Nava, S. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2021) Neotropical hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). A critical analysis of their taxonomy, distribution, and host relationships. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 486 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 72353 - 8" type="book" year="2021">
Guglielmone
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704BE768CADB1FBF875" box="[1118,1173,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
, who concluded that several records represent misidentified
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F04C704B8AA8CF1B6F6F811" baseAuthorityName="Canestrini" baseAuthorityYear="1888" box="[642,920,1987,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F04C704B8AA8CF1B6F6F811" box="[642,920,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="111" pageNumber="112">Rhipicephalus microplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, others were from cattle imported to the Neotropics, and some records are uncertain but do not imply that endemic populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBE648BA5B00FFF7D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1100,1377,151,177]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBE648BA5B00FFF7D" box="[1100,1377,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exist in the Neotropical Zoogeographic Region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F1BC71BBAEF8BEDB4DBFDD5" blockId="112.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
The presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBBAE8BEDB7F3FF35" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[390,669,223,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBAE8BEDB7F3FF35" box="[390,669,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB8EC8BEDB648FF35" box="[708,806,223,249]" name="Hungary" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Hungary</collectingCountry>
is based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB99F8BEDB103FF35" author="Minning, W." box="[951,1133,223,249]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref230754" refString="Minning, W. (1934) Beitrage zur Systematik und Morphologie der Zeckengattung Boophilus Curtice. Zeitschrift f ¸ r Parasitenkunde, 7, 1 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02125654" type="journal article" year="1934">Minning (1934)</bibRefCitation>
, who identified specimens there as
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBADA8A31B730FED1" authorityName="Minning" authorityYear="1934" box="[242,606,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="calcaratus" subSpecies="balcanicus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBADA8A31B730FED1" box="[242,606,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus calcaratus balcanicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB92E8A31B174FED1" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[774,1050,259,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB92E8A31B174FED1" box="[774,1050,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBE138A31B044FED1" author="Camicas, J. L. &amp; Hervy, J. P. &amp; Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C." box="[1083,1322,259,285]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. &amp; Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
Camicas
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBE898A31B1B6FED1" box="[1185,1240,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
, under the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBAC88A15B43CFE8D" authorityName="Curtice" authorityYear="1891" box="[224,338,295,321]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBAC88A15B43CFE8D" box="[224,338,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while records from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB8158A15B7F8FE8D" box="[573,662,295,321]" name="Senegal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Senegal</collectingCountry>
are from
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB92C8A15B6F0FE8D" author="Morel, P. C." box="[772,926,294,321]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="153 - 189" refId="ref231512" refString="Morel, P. C. (1958) Les tiques des animaux domestiques de l'Afrique Occidentale Francaise. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 11, 153 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 7033" type="journal article" year="1958">Morel (1958)</bibRefCitation>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBE348A15B07EFE8D" author="Hornok, S. &amp; Kovats, D. &amp; Horvath, G. &amp; Kontschan, J. &amp; Farkas, R." box="[1052,1296,295,321]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="311 - 328" refId="ref209952" refString="Hornok, S., Kovats, D., Horvath, G., Kontschan, J. &amp; Farkas, R. (2020 a) Checklist of the hard tick (Acari: ixodidae) fauna of Hungary with emphasis on host-associations and the emergence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 80, 311 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 019 - 00461 - 6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Hornok
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBE518A15B1DCFE8D" box="[1145,1202,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2020a)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBF6F8A15B46BFEA9" author="Sylla, M. &amp; Souris, M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. P." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="61 - 69" refId="ref256380" refString="Sylla, M., Souris, M. &amp; Gonzalez, J. P. (2021) Ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 in Senegal: review host associations, chorology, and associated human and animal pathogens. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 74, 61 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.19182 / remvt. 36318" type="journal article" year="2021">
Sylla
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBFA08A15B5DAFEA9" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
failed to record the presence of this tick in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB8C98A79B62DFEA9" box="[737,835,331,357]" name="Hungary" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Hungary</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB9508A79B6BDFEA9" box="[888,979,331,357]" name="Senegal" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, respectively, and this tick may no longer occur in those countries, which are here provisionally included within the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBE6A8A5DB00EFE45" box="[1090,1376,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBE6A8A5DB032FE45" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1090,1372,367,393]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">Rhipicephalus annulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Kata (2022) maintained that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBBB48AA1B7DFFE61" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[412,689,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBB48AA1B7DFFE61" box="[412,689,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not present in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB9588AA1B6BCFE61" box="[880,978,403,429]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, but this country was included within the range of this tick based on
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBBE28A85B7D8FE1D" author="Pegram, R. G. &amp; Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Wassef, H. Y." box="[458,694,439,465]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="339 - 359" refId="ref241741" refString="Pegram, R. G., Hoogstraal, H. &amp; Wassef, H. Y. (1981) Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71, 339 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300008373" type="journal article" year="1981">
Pegram
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB8008A85B70FFE1D" box="[552,609,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(1981)
</bibRefCitation>
, although these authors emphasized that
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBEAE8A85B0F2FE1D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1158,1436,439,465]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBEAE8A85B0F2FE1D" box="[1158,1436,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was only found at one locality near
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB8118AE9B7EDFE39" box="[569,643,475,501]" name="Sudan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sudan</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB8B88AE9B781FE39" box="[656,751,475,501]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
is therefore also provisionally included within the range of
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBABF8ACDB4DBFDD5" box="[151,437,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBABF8ACDB4DEFDD5" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[151,432,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">Rhipicephalus annulatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F1BC71BBAEF8911B649FAFD" blockId="112.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBAEF8911B4F2FDF1" author="Mutai, B. &amp; Njaanake, K. &amp; Gathii, K. &amp; Estambale, B. B. &amp; Waitumbi, J. N." box="[199,412,547,573]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="67 - 82" refId="ref233378" refString="Mutai, B., Njaanake, K., Gathii, K., Estambale, B. B. &amp; Waitumbi, J. N. (2022) Bacteriome in ticks collected from domestic livestock in Kenya. Advances in Microbiology, 12, 67 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / aim. 2022.122006" type="journal article" year="2022">
Mutai
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBB398911B424FDF1" box="[273,330,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2022)
</bibRefCitation>
recorded the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB8978911B6BAFDF1" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[703,980,547,573]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB8978911B6BAFDF1" box="[703,980,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB9D18911B12CFDF1" box="[1017,1090,547,573]" name="Kenya" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Kenya</collectingCountry>
based on a study that does not provide information for its identification; consequently,
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB9218975B63CFDAD" box="[777,850,583,609]" name="Kenya" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Kenya</collectingCountry>
is not included within this ticks range. Several publications cite the presence of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBBCD8959B792FD49" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[485,764,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBCD8959B792FD49" box="[485,764,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Oriental Region, including records from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBF378959B010FD49" box="[1311,1406,619,645]" name="Vietnam" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBABF89BDB403FD65" author="Chien, N. T. H. &amp; Linh, B. K. &amp; Tho, N. V. &amp; Hieu, D. D. &amp; Lan, N. T." box="[151,365,655,681]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="115 - 119" refId="ref182025" refString="Chien, N. T. H., Linh, B. K., Tho, N. V., Hieu, D. D. &amp; Lan, N. T. (2016) Status of cattle ticks infection in yellow and dairy cows in Ba Vi District. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture Development in the Context of International Integration: Opportunities and Challenges, Hanoi, December 2016, pp. 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="2016">
Chien
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBACA89BDB475FD65" box="[226,283,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
and from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBBCB89BDB72CFD65" box="[483,578,655,681]" name="Pakistan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(east) in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB88489BDB61DFD65" author="Adil, M. M. &amp; Parveen, A. &amp; Asif, M. &amp; Farooq, M. &amp; Iqbal, F." box="[684,883,655,681]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="633 - 637" refId="ref167117" refString="Adil, M. M., Parveen, A., Asif, M., Farooq, M. &amp; Iqbal, F. (2021) Prevalence and identification of tick species on large ruminants from district Rajanpur in Punjab Pakistan, International Journal of Acarology, 47, 633 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647954.2021.1976832" type="journal article" year="2021">
Adil
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB8CE89BDB671FD65" box="[742,799,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
, all of which require confirmation.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBF2D89BDB0F2FD65" author="Sharif, M." box="[1285,1436,655,681]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="217 - 344" refId="ref253869" refString="Sharif, M. (1928) A revision of the Indian Ixodidae with special reference to the collection in the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 30, 217 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 30 / i 3 / 1928 / 162556" type="journal article" year="1928">Sharif (1928)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned this tick as recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB81B8981B701FD01" box="[563,623,691,717]" name="India" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">India</collectingCountry>
, under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB9018981B1E5FD01" box="[809,1163,691,717]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="annulatus" subSpecies="calcaratus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB9018981B1E5FD01" box="[809,1163,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus annulatus calcaratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBEEE8981B0F2FD01" author="Ghosh, S. &amp; Bansal, G. C. &amp; Gupta, S. C. &amp; Ray, D. &amp; Khan, M. Q. &amp; Irshad, H. &amp; Shahiduzzaman, M. D. &amp; Seitzer, U. &amp; Ahmed, J. S." box="[1222,1436,691,717]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="207 - 216" refId="ref197504" refString="Ghosh, S., Bansal, G. C., Gupta, S. C., Ray, D., Khan, M. Q., Irshad, H., Shahiduzzaman, M. D., Seitzer, U. &amp; Ahmed, J. S. (2007) Status of tick distribution in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Parasitology Research, 101 (Supplement 2) 207 - 216. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 007 - 0684 - 7" type="journal article" year="2007">
Ghosh
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBF3D8981B022FD01" box="[1301,1356,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
listed
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBAF289E5B483FD3D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[218,493,727,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBAF289E5B483FD3D" box="[218,493,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB81989E5B717FD3D" box="[561,633,727,753]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="112" pageNumber="267" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
tick, but these authors also stated that such records require confirmation. Surprisingly, authors such as
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBBC989C9B789FCD9" author="Ravindran, R. &amp; Juliet, S. &amp; Sunil, A. R. &amp; Kumar, K. G. A. &amp; Nair, S. N. &amp; Amithamol, K. K. &amp; Shynu, M. &amp; Rawat, A. K. S. &amp; Ghosh, S." box="[481,743,763,789]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref245742" refString="Ravindran, R., Juliet, S., Sunil, A. R., Kumar, K. G. A., Nair, S. N., Amithamol, K. K., Shynu, M., Rawat, A. K. S. &amp; Ghosh, S. (2011) Eclosion blocking effect of ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae) on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Veterinary Parasitology, 179, 287 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. vetpar. 2011.02.021" type="journal article" year="2011">
Ravindran
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB87689C9B7F8FCD9" box="[606,662,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2011)
</bibRefCitation>
considered this species the commonest cattle tick in southern
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBABF882DB5BDFCF5" box="[151,211,799,825]" name="India" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">India</collectingCountry>
, but there are no convincing morphological descriptions of alleged
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB990882DB1A5FCF5" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[952,1227,799,825]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB990882DB1A5FCF5" box="[952,1227,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBF25882DB024FCF5" box="[1293,1354,799,825]" name="India" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">India</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBF7B882DB44FFC91" author="Ghosh, P. &amp; Tikar, S. N. &amp; Gupta, M. K. &amp; Sukumaran, D." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" refId="ref197436" refString="Ghosh, P., Tikar, S. N., Gupta, M. K. &amp; Sukumaran, D. (2020) Molecular characterization using 16 S rRNA and COI gene sequence in hard ticks of Gwalior, India. Defence Life Science Journal, 5, 173 - - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.14429 / dlsj. 5.15390" type="book" year="2020">
Ghosh
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBABF8871B5BEFC91" box="[151,208,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
added to the confusion by presenting a 16S sequence (Gen Bank KY945491) allegedly obtained from an
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBA938855B46DFC4D" box="[187,259,871,897]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="112" pageNumber="267" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBBB78855B7D8FC4D" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[415,694,871,897]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBB78855B7D8FC4D" box="[415,694,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but, in fact, it represents an Egyptian specimen.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBEC38855B0F2FC4D" author="Robbins, R. G." box="[1259,1436,870,897]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="245 - 253" refId="ref246477" refString="Robbins, R. G. (2005) The ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae, Ixodidae) of Taiwan: a synonymic checklist. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 107, 245 - 253." type="journal article" year="2005">Robbins (2005)</bibRefCitation>
noted that this tick has been mentioned as occurring in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB92588B9B60CFC69" box="[781,866,907,933]" name="Taiwan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, but he emphasizes that it is not established there. On the other hand,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBB47889DB723FC05" author="Ghafar, A. &amp; Gasser, R. B. &amp; Rashid, I. &amp; Ghafoor, A. &amp; Jabbar, A." box="[367,589,943,969]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref197167" refString="Ghafar, A., Gasser, R. B., Rashid, I., Ghafoor, A. &amp; Jabbar, A. (2020) Exploring the prevalence and diversity of bovine ticks in five agro-ecological zones of Pakistan using phenetic and genetic tools. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 11 (article 101472), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2020.101472" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ghafar
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBEB889DB492FC05" box="[451,508,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
found
<specimenCount id="9D3910C90F1BC71BB8B4889DB66CFC05" box="[668,770,943,969]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB900889DB153FC05" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[808,1085,943,969]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB900889DB153FC05" box="[808,1085,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the area of
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBEF6889DB053FC05" box="[1246,1341,943,969]" name="Pakistan" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
that lies within the Oriental Zoogeographic Region and obtained a sequence of the 16S gene that closely matches (less than 1% divergence) 16S sequences in
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB83188C5B65FFBDD" author="Black, W. C. &amp; Piesman, J." box="[537,817,1015,1041]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="10034 - 10038" refId="ref177905" refString="Black, W. C. &amp; Piesman, J. (1994) Phylogeny of hard- and soft-tick taxa (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16 S rDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 10034 - 10038. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 91.21.10034" type="journal article" year="1994">Black &amp; Piesman (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB94188C5B10EFBDD" author="Mangold, A. J. &amp; Bargues, M. D. &amp; Mas-Coma, S." box="[873,1120,1015,1041]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="478 - 484" refId="ref227885" refString="Mangold, A. J., Bargues, M. D., Mas-Coma, S. (1998) Mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships of Rhipicephalus and other tick genera among Metastriata (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitology Research, 84, 478 - 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004360050433" type="journal article" year="1998">
Mangold
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB9FD88C5B160FBDD" box="[981,1038,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
for the same species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBF7388C5B4EBFBF9" author="Diyes, G. C. P. &amp; Rajakaruna, R. S." pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="225 - 234" refId="ref188352" refString="Diyes, G. C. P. &amp; Rajakaruna, R. S. (2015) Diversity and distribution of tick species infesting goats with two new host records from Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 43, 225 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.4038 / jnsfsr. v 43 i 3.7951" type="journal article" year="2015">Diyes &amp; Rajakaruna (2015)</bibRefCitation>
found
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBBFB8F29B786FBF9" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[467,744,1051,1077]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBBFB8F29B786FBF9" box="[467,744,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BB9248F29B612FBF9" box="[780,892,1051,1077]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, but after analyzing more than 30,000 ticks from the same country, Liyanaarachchi
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB83A8F0DB727FB95" box="[530,585,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2015) did not. Perhaps the best summation of this problem was provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BBABF8F51B40BFBB1" author="Seneviratna, P." box="[151,357,1122,1149]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="28 - 54" refId="ref253380" refString="Seneviratna, P. (1965) The Ixodoidea (ticks) of Ceylon. Parts II and III. Ceylon Veterinary Journal, 13, 28 - 54." type="journal article" year="1965">Seneviratna (1965</bibRefCitation>
, under the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB8018F51B7F5FBB1" authorityName="Curtice" authorityYear="1891" box="[553,667,1123,1149]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB8018F51B7F5FBB1" box="[553,667,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), who, after evaluating the situation in
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBE798F51B1ACFBB1" box="[1105,1218,1123,1149]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
, decided to classify the
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBAE98FB5B45DFB6D" authorityName="Curtice" authorityYear="1891" box="[193,307,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBAE98FB5B45DFB6D" box="[193,307,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ticks from that country as
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BB8498FB5B792FB6D" box="[609,764,1159,1185]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB8498FB5B7BDFB6D" box="[609,723,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Boophilus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, stressing the need for critical biological studies and formal morphological descriptions that would define the species found there. We support this approach for
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F1BC71BBED68F99B002FB09" box="[1278,1388,1195,1221]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
and the entire Oriental Zoogeographic Region, which we have provisionally excluded from the range of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBED48FFDB46BFAC1" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBED48FFDB46BFAC1" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pending morphological and molecular studies.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F1BC71BB90B8FC1B16FFAC1" author="Petney, T. N. &amp; Saijuntha, W. &amp; Boulanger, N. &amp; Chitimia-Dobler, L. &amp; Pfeffer, M. &amp; Eamudomkarn, C. &amp; Andrews, R. H. &amp; Ahamad, M. &amp; Putthasorn, N. &amp; Muders, S. V. &amp; Petney, D. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G." box="[803,1025,1267,1293]" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 89" refId="ref243024" refString="Petney, T. N., Saijuntha, W., Boulanger, N., Chitimia-Dobler, L., Pfeffer, M., Eamudomkarn, C., Andrews, R. H., Ahamad, M., Putthasorn, N., Muders, S. V., Petney, D. A. &amp; Robbins, R. G. (2019) Ticks (Argasidae, Ixodidae) and tick-borne diseases of continental Southeast Asia. Zootaxa, 4558, 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4558.1.1" type="journal article" year="2019">
Petney
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BB95F8FC1B6DEFAC1" box="[887,944,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
also recommended that the status of
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F1BC71BBABF8E25B4C2FAFD" baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[151,428,1303,1329]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulatus">
<emphasis id="B94B07520F1BC71BBABF8E25B4C2FAFD" box="[151,428,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="113">Rhipicephalus annulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Southeast Asia be reevaluated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>