277 lines
38 KiB
XML
277 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="27FA4F4D82038E8F8A29167B4D43A987" ID-CLB-Dataset="31426" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4085.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a555801-dc77-4cd8-a613-4f51e74e9c13" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1052719" ID-ZooBank="90F3C644-1800-4994-919C-20F06BAFFCB5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510873797169" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larivière, Marie-Claude & Larochelle, André" docDate="2016" docId="3D4B879CE1556B4E6BA1FF18AA66F937" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4085.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4085 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Kiwisaldula Larivière & Larochelle 2016, new genus" docType="treatment" docUuid="1CBD008C-14EB-4F11-978A-1B7C22F70B01" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="C172FFE4E15D6B476B36FF8FAF3BFFAF" masterDocTitle="Aoteasalda and Kiwisaldula, two new genera of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with a key to New Zealand genera and a new synonymy in Zemacrosaldula" masterLastPageNumber="480" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="459" updateTime="1698499670201" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FDE02020D5CF0B4C13FAE46A4044F15D">Aoteasalda and Kiwisaldula, two new genera of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with a key to New Zealand genera and a new synonymy in Zemacrosaldula</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C1852B29F90F785B4C5C93A1CA611994">Larivière, Marie-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="64BD9E594C0F55212D25EF812ADD9897">Larochelle, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="46265C85EC5A6FAD4FDBB3EDAA25CC24">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="595CFEDA0489381E697041B778C2DF2B">
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<mods:date id="14C902FF818372007D991BD418F5F605">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="484227566011AA75C1D06489679751E0">2016-03-04</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D49F200EEA26C46A38A74BEB5B3CAA1E">4085</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="9D526E2C2707340CF04EDD8BAD22EC26" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4085.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3D4B879CE1556B4E6BA1FF18AA66F937" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6084208" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137309145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6084208" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1CBD008C-14EB-4F11-978A-1B7C22F70B01" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D4B879CE1556B4E6BA1FF18AA66F937" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
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<subSubSection id="FDF86501E1556B4F6BA1FF18AE94FF1D" box="[151,431,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B55D368AE1556B4F6BA1FF18AE94FF1D" blockId="8.[151,431,151,178]" box="[151,431,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
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<heading id="EE1581E6E1556B4F6BA1FF18AE94FF1D" bold="true" box="[151,431,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BA1FF18AE94FF1D" bold="true" box="[151,431,151,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6BA1FF18AE1DFF1E" ID-CoL="58FT" authority="Larivière & Larochelle, 2016" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,294,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BA1FF18AE1DFF1E" bold="true" box="[151,294,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="9CA557E3E1556B4F6A1BFF17AE94FF1D" box="[301,431,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDF86501E1556B4F6BA1FF51AC63FF5B" box="[151,856,222,244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B55D368AE1556B4F6BA1FF51AC63FF5B" blockId="8.[151,856,222,244]" box="[151,856,222,244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BA1FF51AE27FF5B" bold="true" box="[151,284,222,244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Type species</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6A1FFF51AD59FF5B" authority="Cobben, 1961" authorityName="R. H. Cobben" authorityYear="1961" box="[297,610,222,244]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6A1FFF51AEF7FF5B" box="[297,460,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Saldula parvula</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D1734B7BE1556B4F6AE4FF51AD59FF5B" author="Cobben" box="[466,610,222,244]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" refString="Cobben, R. H. (1961) A new genus and four new species of Saldidae (Heteroptera). Entomologische Berichten, 21, 96 - 107." type="journal article" year="1961">Cobben, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDF86501E1556B4F6BA1FEAEAD27F8C5" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B55D368AE1556B4F6BA1FEAEAD27F8C5" blockId="8.[151,1437,289,2006]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BA1FEAEAE1AFE95" bold="true" box="[151,289,289,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Description</emphasis>
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. Body length 2.75–4.34 (3.44) mm; short-ovate, short-pyriform or elongate-ovate. Dorsal colour somewhat marbled; largely dark, with broadly pale or, more rarely, narrowly pale lateral margins of pronotum, mostly well-developed coalesced or individual pale markings on hemelytra, including a distinct eyespot subbasally on endocorium next to a large apostrophe-shaped mark on exocorium. Subbrachypterous to macropterous.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6E6AFE02AAA0FE09" bold="true" box="[1372,1435,397,422]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Head</emphasis>
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not closely appressed to thorax (eyes distinctly separated from thorax), with three pairs of long trichobothrium-like setae (two dorsally on mandibular plates, two near preocellar furrows, two near preocellar spots). Frons with barely distinct to moderately developed longitudinal furrow medially. Ocelli slightly elevated from surface of vertex, separated by the diameter of one ocellus or less, closer to each other than to eyes. Preocellar spots distinct, paler than surrounding area, subtriangular to crescent-shaped, narrowly to broadly touching eyes (by one ocellus width or more), slightly extending or not in front of ocelli. Preocellar furrows present, about as deep as or slightly deeper than longitudinal frontal furrow. Preocular spots usually distinct, paler than surrounding area. Transverse swelling (postclypeus of Cobben) variously swollen, slightly to strongly developed; lateral portions contiguous near facial midline or, more rarely, separated by a very narrow gap (narrower than in
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6F11FD5EABE7FD46" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[1063,1244,721,745]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6F11FD5EABE7FD46" box="[1063,1244,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6E3BFD5EAAB0FD46" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[1293,1419,721,745]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Aoteasalda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6E3BFD5EAAB0FD46" box="[1293,1419,721,745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Aoteasalda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Mandibular plates barely to strongly developed. Maxillary plates slightly to strongly developed.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6FE8FD7AAA75FCA2" bold="true" box="[1246,1358,757,781]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Antennae</emphasis>
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nearly bicoloured, with segments I–II largely pale compared to segments III–IV; segment II usually 2.0–2.3x longer than I (1.1–1.3x in
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6A1CFCB1AEA1FCFA" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Drake & Hoberlandt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[298,410,830,853]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoneri">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6A1CFCB1AEA1FCFA" box="[298,410,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">K. stoneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), clothed over entire length with short setae (slightly shorter than or subequal to segment width), with some longer setae in apical half; segments III–IV not wider than apex of segment II, with short setae and a number of longer setae (subequal to or longer than segment width).
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F68D4FC0AAB00FC31" bold="true" box="[994,1083,901,926]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Thorax</emphasis>
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. Pronotum 0.5–0.8x as long as scutellum medially; subtrapezoidal; lateral margins (
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<figureCitation id="2DD92A0FE1556B4F69D7FC26AC69FC6D" box="[737,850,937,962]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12" captionStartId="12.[151,264,1964,1986]" captionTargetBox="[250,1299,211,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[228,1312,195,1934]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. Dorsal view of Kiwisaldula species (males; legs and antennae omitted). Scale bar = 1 mm. (9) K. stoneri, (10) K. porangahau, (11) K. parvula, (12) K. manawatawhi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1052725/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Figs 9–12</figureCitation>
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) subrectilinear to moderately convex, rarely slightly sinuate-concave, usually broadly pale (pale area 1.5–
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<date id="C15C104AE1556B4F69C0FC42AC2AFC49" box="[758,785,973,998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">2x</date>
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as wide as antennal segment II), rarely narrowly pale to almost completely dark (
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6A87FC7DAD1BFBA6" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Drake & Hoberlandt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[433,544,1010,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoneri">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6A87FC7DAD1BFBA6" box="[433,544,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">K. stoneri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), variously explanate, and separated from disc by a longitudinal furrow; collar present, continuous (not interrupted medially), delimited posteriorly by a row of punctures; calli somewhat strongly raised (more so than in
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6AC9FBB6AD46FBFE" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[511,637,1081,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Aoteasalda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6AC9FBB6AD46FBFE" box="[511,637,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Aoteasalda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6994FBB6AC6CFBFE" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[674,855,1081,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6994FBB6AC6CFBFE" box="[674,855,1081,1105]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), well differentiated from disc, contiguous, forming a transverse elevation with a median pit, delimited posteriorly by a row of punctures not reaching lateral margins of pronotum. Thoracic underside: xyphus 2 short (much wider than long), subtriangular.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6FA0FB0DABF7FB36" bold="true" box="[1174,1228,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Legs</emphasis>
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: hind tibiae with subapical comb; hind tarsal segment II 0.7–1.1x as long as segment III.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F68EAFB2AAB6DFB11" bold="true" box="[988,1110,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Hemelytra</emphasis>
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without a line of four spots along R vein; pubescence short to moderately long, reclined (mostly) to semi-erect, mostly golden brown (sometimes silvery in places), usually thicker, longer and more densely distributed on hemelytra (especially clavus and endocorium); clavus and corium moderately pruinose (pruinosity often reduced on exocorium); costal margin slightly convex along entire length; costal fracture straight or slightly curved, very short or nearly reaching apex of R vein, barely extending towards clavus from membrane; embolar modification of female indistinct or barely developed; subapical pale spot of clavus usually present; membrane with four, sometimes three, reduced to wellformed cells, cell 2 about as long as cell 3, cell 4, when present, subequal in length, longer, or shorter than cell 3; hypocostal ridge simple; secondary hypocostal ridge absent.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F685DFA4AACDBFA71" bold="true" box="[875,992,1477,1502]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Abdomen</emphasis>
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. Venter: male, dark, with or without posterior margin of segments narrowly pale; female, dark medially, broadly (mostly) or narrowly pale laterally. Paired eversible glands present; when externally visible, one gland located on each side near posterior margin of segment VII.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6A06F9BEAEDCF9E5" bold="true" box="[304,487,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Male parandria</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="2DD92A0FE1556B4F6AC2F9BEAD4FF9E5" box="[500,628,1585,1610]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 31" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[292,1288,760,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[280,1307,753,1922]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 31. Schematic view of Kiwisaldula species male genitalia. (25 – 28) Parandria, posterior view. (25) K. stoneri, (26) K. porangahau, (27) K. parvula, (28) K. manawatawhi. (29 – 30) K. parvula. (29) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view, (30) sclerites of aedeagus, ventral view. (31) Kiwisaldula species. Filum gonopori, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1052735/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Figs 25–28</figureCitation>
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) elongate, narrowly or broadly subtriangular; tip acutely rounded; inner membrane present along basal half of inner margins.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F69C5F9DAAC9FF9C2" bold="true" box="[755,932,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Male paramere</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="2DD92A0FE1556B4F6882F9DAAB0FF9C1" box="[948,1076,1621,1646]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 24" captionStartId="21.[151,264,1155,1177]" captionTargetBox="[260,1324,194,1127]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[253,1333,193,1133]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 24. Schematic view of Kiwisaldula species male genitalia: paramere, ventral. (21) K. stoneri, (22) K. porangahau, (23) K. parvula, (24) K. manawatawhi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1052733/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Figs 21–24</figureCitation>
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) with or without barely distinct processus sensualis; processus hamatus at an obtuse angle with corpus paramerus (as opposed to a right angle in
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<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6BA1F912AE77F91A" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,332,1693,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BA1F912AE77F91A" box="[151,332,1693,1717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); dorsal margin bearing short to moderately long setae.
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<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F68E2F912ABBEF919" bold="true" box="[980,1157,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Male aedeagus</emphasis>
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containing four pairs of sclerites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DD92A0FE1556B4F6A33F94EAE60F975" box="[261,347,1729,1754]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 31" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[292,1288,760,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[280,1307,753,1922]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 31. Schematic view of Kiwisaldula species male genitalia. (25 – 28) Parandria, posterior view. (25) K. stoneri, (26) K. porangahau, (27) K. parvula, (28) K. manawatawhi. (29 – 30) K. parvula. (29) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view, (30) sclerites of aedeagus, ventral view. (31) Kiwisaldula species. Filum gonopori, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1052735/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6A5CF94DAEDEF976" authorityName="R. H. Cobben" authorityYear="1961" box="[362,485,1729,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6A5CF94DAEDEF976" box="[362,485,1729,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">K. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), two basally joined, larger, branched median sclerites, their outer branch slightly curved but not hooked apically, and six individual, smaller, simple anterolateral sclerites.
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6F90F96AAAA0F951" bold="true" box="[1190,1435,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Male filum gonopori</emphasis>
|
||
coiled 1.5 times (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DD92A0FE1556B4F6A5CF886AEFFF88D" box="[362,452,1801,1826]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 31" captionStartId="22.[151,264,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[292,1288,760,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[280,1307,753,1922]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 31. Schematic view of Kiwisaldula species male genitalia. (25 – 28) Parandria, posterior view. (25) K. stoneri, (26) K. porangahau, (27) K. parvula, (28) K. manawatawhi. (29 – 30) K. parvula. (29) Anterior half of aedeagus, lateral view, (30) sclerites of aedeagus, ventral view. (31) Kiwisaldula species. Filum gonopori, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1052735/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female subgenital plate (segment VII, ventrally) with posterior margin produced caudally, truncate medially. Ovipositor with gonapophyse 1 distinctly serrate. Spermathecal pump flange present. Gynatrial ring gland unsclerotised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDF86501E1556B4E6BF1F8FAAA66F937" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1556B4E6BF1F8FAAD22FDCF" blockId="8.[151,1437,289,2006]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6BF1F8FAAE0FF821" bold="true" box="[199,308,1909,1934]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F692EF8FAADA4F822" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[536,671,1909,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F692EF8FAADA4F822" box="[536,671,1909,1933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6869F8F9ACA6F822" box="[863,925,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Kiwi-</emphasis>
|
||
(vernacular name of flightless bird native to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDF5761AE1556B4F6BA1F815AE16F81D" box="[151,301,1945,1970]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
or nickname of a native or resident of this country) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F6892F816ACC1F81E" authorityName="Van Duzee" authorityYear="1914" box="[932,1018,1945,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F6892F816ACC1F81E" box="[932,1018,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Saldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(name of a similar-looking genus). The main morphological characters unifying the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1556B4F68B7F832AB33F87A" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[897,1032,1981,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1556B4F68B7F832AB33F87A" box="[897,1032,1981,2005]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed here, with generic level apomorphies from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1734B7BE1546B4E6A42FF18AD0CFF1F" author="Polhemus" box="[372,567,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Polhemus, J. T. (1985) Shore Bugs (Heteroptera Hemiptera: Saldidae). A world overview and taxonomy of Middle American forms. The Different Drummer, Englewood, Colorado, 252 pp." type="book" year="1985">Polhemus (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6955FF17AD9CFF1F" box="[611,679,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">italics</emphasis>
|
||
: size
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E69C6FF17AC16FF1F" box="[752,813,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">small</emphasis>
|
||
to moderate (
|
||
<quantity id="721A9B6FE1546B4E68E5FF18ABBBFF1F" box="[979,1152,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.545" metricValueMax="4.34" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" unit="mm" value="3.545" valueMax="4.34" valueMin="2.75">2.75–4.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
); dorsal colour marbled, largely dark, with broadly pale or, more rarely, narrowly pale lateral margins of pronotum and mostly welldeveloped coalesced or individual pale markings on hemelytra, lacking a line of four pale spots along R vein;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BA1FE8BAC77FEB3" box="[151,844,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">hemelytra with a distinct eyespot subbasally on endocorium</emphasis>
|
||
next to an apostrophe-shaped mark on exocorium;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BA1FEA7AE4CFEEF" box="[151,375,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">antennal segment II</emphasis>
|
||
rather short, clothed over entire length with very short setae, with some longer setae in apical half;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BE1FEC3AE34FECB" box="[215,271,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">frons</emphasis>
|
||
with barely distinct to
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6907FEC3AC3CFE27" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">well-developed longitudinal furrow medially; lateral margins of pronotum explanate, separated from disc by longitudinal furrow</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E682FFEFFACDAFE27" box="[793,993,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">calli of pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
forming a transverse elevation
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6E65FEFFAE43FE03" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">with a distinct median pit</emphasis>
|
||
and delimited posteriorly by a row of punctures not reaching lateral margins;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6E65FE1BAD0BFE7F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">mostly subbrachypterous or brachypterous;</emphasis>
|
||
membrane with four, sometimes three, reduced to well-formed cells; embolar modification of female indistinct or barely developed;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6817FE53ABA5FE5B" box="[801,1182,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">hind tibiae with subapical comb</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6F85FE53AEA9FDB7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">male aedeagus with anterolateral sclerites</emphasis>
|
||
; processus sensualis of male paramere indistinct or barely developed (not tumid);
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6E54FD8FAD2FFD93" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">filum gonopori of male coiled 1.5 times</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6912FDABAA24FD93" box="[548,1311,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">female abdominal venter not concolorous with underside of thorax,</emphasis>
|
||
broadly or sometimes narrowly pale laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FDE3AE80FD62" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
The male abdominal grasping plate was not studied in detail; preliminary observations
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6F92FDE3AA00FD2B" box="[1188,1339,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="468" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="parvula">
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6FF4FDE2AA00FD2B" box="[1218,1339,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">K. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicate that it bears around 15 spines, an outer row of five to seven rather short, blunt spines and an inner group of roughly ten longer, sharper spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FD58AEBAFC97" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Limited quality material was available to study the gynatrial ring gland situated near the base of the female ovipositor but an obvious sclerotised ring, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6986FD73AC15FCBB" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[688,814,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Aoteasalda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6986FD73AC15FCBB" box="[688,814,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Aoteasalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6862FD73AB32FCBB" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[852,1033,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6862FD73AB32FCBB" box="[852,1033,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, could not be seen in the half dozen specimens dissected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FCCBADDEFBF8" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6BF1FCCBAE75FCF3" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[199,334,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BF1FCCBAE75FCF3" box="[199,334,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species exhibit a high level of eunomic variability. Divergence from the standard eunomy is common even within populations. Tenerals or recently molted adults with a soft cuticle can be deceptively pale compared to fully mature adults; they may also have distorted male genitalia. Environmental factors also seem to be at play, cooler temperatures and/or higher humidity generally shifting the eunomic series towards the dark side of the sequence while the reverse produces lighter forms. These trends were also noted and briefly discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1734B7BE1546B4E6BA1FC78AEC2FBBF" author="Lariviere" box="[151,505,1015,1040]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" refString="Lariviere, M. - C. & Larochelle, A. (2015) Zemacrosaldula, a new genus of Saldidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from New Zealand: taxonomy, geographic distribution, and biology. Zootaxa, 3955 (2), 245 - 266. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3955.2.4" type="journal article" year="2015">Larivière & Larochelle (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E681AFC77ACDAFBBF" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[812,993,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E681AFC77ACDAFBBF" box="[812,993,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All species and most populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6BA1FB93AE25FB9B" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[151,286,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BA1FB93AE25FB9B" box="[151,286,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will harbour a few very dark individuals with reduced hemelytral markings and very narrowly pale to almost completely dark lateral margins of pronotum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FBEBAEA6FAA2" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">When collecting in the field it is rather difficult to judge whether individuals sampled represent the standard eunomy or are mature enough so that their cuticle is hardened and body parts have taken their final shape and colour. Consequently, it is critical to collect enough individuals from a given population to have ‘good quality’ material to work from. In the authors’ experience at least 25 mature specimens are required and collections of 35– 50 specimens are ideal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FA98ABC6FAD7" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
Nevertheless, there is sufficient overlap between the eunomic series of species treated in this paper to render this character nearly useless for species diagnosis, except in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E68D3FAB2AB63FAFB" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Drake & Hoberlandt" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[997,1112,1341,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E68D3FAB2AB63FAFB" box="[997,1112,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">K. stoneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and to some extent also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6EB4FAB2AFD5FAD7" authorityName="R. H. Cobben" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Saldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6EB4FAB2AFD5FAD7" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">K. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all cases, the ultimate criteria for species recognition are characters of the male genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B55D368AE1546B4E6BF1FA0BAA66F937" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6BF1FA0BAEB6FA33" box="[199,397,1412,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="stoneri">
|
||
While
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6A2EFA0AAEB6FA33" box="[280,397,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">K. stoneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs inland only, other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E69FAFA0BAC68FA33" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[716,851,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E69FAFA0BAC68FA33" box="[716,851,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are common in saline or brackish water environments around the coast of the North Island as well as along the margins of freshwater habitats.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6E22FA27AFD5FA4B" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" baseAuthorityName="Cobben" baseAuthorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6E22FA27AFD5FA4B" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6A15FA42AEF7FA4B" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[291,460,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="porangahau">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6A15FA42AEF7FA4B" box="[291,460,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">K. porangahau</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear especially common in estuarine habitats but large populations can also be found inland.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6BD8FA7FAE4DF9A7" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[238,374,1520,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6BD8FA7FAE4DF9A7" box="[238,374,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are slightly to moderately heliophilous; they are often found in the shade and they remain active under cloudy or rainy conditions. Species of this genus favour sandy, muddy or silty substrates with little or no stone or gravel and at least some vegetation. In inland situations,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6F2DF9B7AB99F9FF" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[1051,1186,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Kiwisaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6F2DF9B7AB99F9FF" box="[1051,1186,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Kiwisaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species will often be found along the banks of sandy, silty or muddy side channels, pools or seepages away from the main water channel of rivers and streams with rather stony or gravelly banks where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6857F90FAB2DF937" authorityName=", Lariviere & Larochelle" authorityYear="2015" box="[865,1046,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Zemacrosaldula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6857F90FAB2DF937" box="[865,1046,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Zemacrosaldula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72E24D09E1546B4E6F0AF90FAB81F937" authorityName="Larivière & Larochelle" authorityYear="2016" box="[1084,1210,1664,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Saldidae" genus="Aoteasalda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="460" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8796EA98E1546B4E6F0AF90FAB81F937" box="[1084,1210,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="460">Aoteasalda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |