175 lines
17 KiB
XML
175 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Suncus varilla" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="466" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="465" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>332</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>551</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870018" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<heading pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1392,1474,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1389,2453,2846,2966]" box="[1392,1474,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1392,1474,2846,2888]" captionStart="Plate 19: Soricidae" captionStartId="64.[118,148,3136,3161]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,14,3634]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="182. Palawan Moss Shrew (Palawanosorex muscorum), 183. Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew (Solisorex pearsoni), 184. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew (Feroculus feroculus), 185. Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus), 186. Sri Lankan Shrew (Suncus fellowesgordoni), 187. Malayan Pygmy Shrew (Suncus malayanus), 188. Bornean Pygmy Shrew (Suncus hosei), 189. Jungle Shrew (Suncus zeylanicus), 190. Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus), 191. Sr 1 Lankan Highland Shrew (Suncus montanus), 192. Nilgir 1 Highland Shrew (Suncus niger), 193. Anderson’s Shrew (Suncus stoliczkanus), 194. Day’s Shrew (Suncus dayi), 195. Flores Shrew (Suncus mertensi), 196. Black Shrew (Suncus ater), 197. Taita Shrew (Suncus aequatorius), 198. Greater Dwarf Shrew (Suncus lixa), 199. Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew (Suncus hututsi), 200. Least Dwarf Shrew (Suncus infinitestmus), 201. Remy’s Pygmy Shrew (Suncus remyi), 202. Lesser Dwarf Shrew (Suncus varilla), 203. Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus), 204. Rwenzori Shrew (Ruwenzorisorex suncoides), 205. Johnston's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex johnstoni), 206. Akaibe’s Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex akaiber), 207. Moon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex lunaris), 208. Greater Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex ollula), 209. Lesser Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex oriundus), 210. Bioko Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex isabellae), 211. Corbet’s Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex corbeti), 212. Bamenda Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex silvanorum), 213. Rainforest Shrew (Sylvisorex pluvialis), 214. Cameroonian Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex camerunensis), 215. Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex moro), 216. Kongana Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex konganensis), 217. Volcano Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex vulcanorum), 218. Grant's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex granti), 219. Howell's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex howelli), 220. Armored Hero Shrew (Scutisorex somereni), 221. Thor’s Hero Shrew (Scutisorex thor), 222. Greater Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura maxima), 223. Lesser Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura schoutedeni), 224. Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura graven), 225. Piebald Shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871917/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">202.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1491,1902,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1389,2453,2846,2966]" box="[1491,1902,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1491,1902,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Lesser Dwarf Shrew</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1973,2228,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1389,2453,2846,2966]" box="[1973,2228,2846,2888]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1973,2228,2846,2888]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varilla">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1973,2228,2846,2888]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Suncus varilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1389,2453,2846,2966]" box="[1391,2453,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1391,1467,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1476,1725,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Pachyure des termitiéres</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1745,1836,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1846,2093,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Kleine Wimperspitzmaus</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2114,2205,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2216,2453,2905,2926]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Musarana enana menor</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1389,2453,2846,2966]" box="[1391,1790,2945,2966]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1391,1637,2945,2966]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1643,1790,2945,2966]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Termite Shrew</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[2002,2597,3014,3437]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2002,2158,3014,3043]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1895" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varilla" subGenus="Pachyura">Crocidura (Pachyura) varilla Thomas, 1895</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[2002,2597,3014,3437]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<materialsCitation country="South Africa" location="East London" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape Province">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A06E8703FAFDA05913DEF728:B031AD99A06E8702F742A0AD1BC8F3F2" box="[2255,2454,3050,3083]" country="South Africa" name="East London" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" stateProvince="Eastern Cape Province">East London</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">Eastern Cape Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2225,2402,3097,3122]" name="South Africa" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="70" pageNumber="465" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[2002,2597,3014,3437]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">
|
||
The seven species of endemically African
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[2004,2096,3168,3201]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suncus</taxonomicName>
|
||
seem to be more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2004,2126,3207,3240]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sylvisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sylvisorex</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[2495,2588,3207,3240]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suncus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They might be better placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2475,2597,3246,3279]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sylvisorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sylvisorex</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are retained in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[2293,2385,3286,3319]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suncus</taxonomicName>
|
||
here until additional research is conducted. S.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[2513,2596,3325,3358]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="70" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varilla">varilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
might represent multiple species or subspecies with additional research due to its
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="70.[1392,2039,3447,3476]" box="[1392,2039,3447,3476]" pageId="70" pageNumber="465">largely discontinuous distribution. Monotypic.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871333/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="466" targetBox="[1388,1979,3023,3436]" targetPageId="70">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,350,302,327]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
SE DR Congo and W Tanzania S through E Zambia, W Malawi, W Mozambique, and E Zimbabwe to South Africa and Lesotho, as well as a single isolated record from C Nigeria; most records throughoutits distribution are scattered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,441,420,445]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 44-68 mm, tail 25-45 mm, ear 7-9 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm; weight 6-5 g. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is very small. Dorsum is grayish chestnut (hairs pale slate-gray at bases, with silvery white subterminal bands and buffy brown tips), and venter is whitish gray (hairs pale slate-gray at bases with broad white to fawn tips). Unlike other African
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[975,1073,578,603]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="71" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suncus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dorsum and venter are clearly demarcated. Head is slender; muzzle is long, narrow, and pointed; eyes are small; and ears are conspicuous, rounded, and naked. Feet are white and short, with small claws. Tail is c.60% of head-body length, thin, covered with many long bristle hairs throughout, and bicolored, being brown above and paler below. There are four unicuspids, and fourth is very small; teeth are unpigmented white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,283,845,878]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Various grassland habitats, including suburban gardens, open savanna, and secondary margins of coastal forests. Lesser Dwarf Shrews are often associated with the termite mounds of snouted harvester termites (Trinervitermes trinervoides).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,439,963,996]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is insectivorous. Captive individuals ate grasshoppers, crickets, termites, and ox liver.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,311,1042,1075]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is thought to be monogamous year-round (65% of adults occurring in pairs) but breeds seasonally relative to dry and wet seasons. Breeding generally occurs during late dry season (August-September) and wet season (October-March). Pregnant females are less common as young are born and cared for. Litters have 2-7 young (average 3-3), and females can have 2-3 litters in their lifetimes. Young stay with their mother for about nine months, which is extremely long for a shrew. Young generally leave their mothers in dry season (about May) and pair with a mate before breeding starts again in August. Caravanning has been recorded. Very few females produce a second litter in the same breeding season (c.18%), although there is postpartum estrus. About 42% of a population can consist ofjuveniles and subadults by the beginning of the wet season in October. Unlike many other shrew life cycles, Lesser Dwarf Shrews do experience major die-offs associated with seasonal breeding, and they are estimated to live 24-30 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,422,1594,1627]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Lesser Dwarf Shrews seem to be active day and night. Their spherical nests are built in termite mounds, mostly in the center or oriented toward the north or west side of the mound, which is the warmer side, and usually underground. Termite mounds provide a more constant temperature, thus minimizing their thermoregulatory energy costs. Lesser Dwarf Shrews can enter torpor to reduce energy expenditures when food is scarce or other conditions are not favorable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,952,1870,1903]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Densities of Lesser Dwarf Shrews have been estimated at 0-25-8 ind/ha in central Free State Province, South Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,517,1988,2021]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Dwarf Shrew is common throughout much ofits distribution and does not seem to face any major threats, although it might be affected by local habitat degradation in some regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="466" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="71.[168,1379,299,2259]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[170,323,2155,2180]" pageId="71" pageNumber="466">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ansell (1978), Ansell & Dowsett (1988), Baxter & Dippenaar (2013k), Cassola (2017e), Dubey, Salamin, Ohdachi et al. (2007), Dubey, Salamin, Ruedi et al. (2008), Happold (1987), Lynch (1986, 1990a, 1991, 1994), Taylor (1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |