236 lines
26 KiB
XML
236 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sorex monticolus Merriam 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="424" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="424" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869766" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<heading pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<subSubSection box="[157,214,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[154,1168,2179,2301]" box="[157,214,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<figureCitation box="[157,214,2179,2221]" captionStart="Plate 15: Soricidae" captionStartId="2.[139,168,3219,3244]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="0. Radde’s Shrew (Sorex raddei), 1. Alpine Shrew (Sorex alpinus), 2. Ussuri Shrew (Sorex mwrabilis), 3. Chinese Highland Shrew (Sorex excelsus), 4. Greater Striped Shrew (Sorex cylindricauda), 5. Lesser Striped Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae), 7. Flat-skulled Shrew (Sorex roboratus), 8. Eurasian Least Shrew (Sorex munutissimus), 9. Azumi Shrew (Sorex hosonoi), 10. Slender Shrew (Sorex gracillimus), 11. Laxmann’s Shrew (Sorex caecutiens), 12. Shinto Shrew (Sorex shinto), 13. Taiga Shrew (Sorex isodon), 14. Long-clawed Shrew (Sorex unguiculatus), 15. Chinese Shrew (Sorex sinalis), 16. Common Shrew (Sorex araneus), 17. Iberian Shrew (Sorex granarius), 18. Valais Shrew (Sorex antinorn), 19. Crowned Shrew (Sorex coronatus), 20. Caucasian Shrew (Sorex satunin), 21. Siberian Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), 22. Gansu Shrew (Sorex cansulus), 23. Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis), 24. Tian Shan Shrew (Sorex asper), 25. Apennine Shrew (Sorex samniticus), 26. Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus), 27. Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis), 28. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus), 29. Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex volnuchini), 30. Buchara Shrew (Sorex buchariensis), 31. Tibetan Shrew (Sorex thibetanus), 32. Kashmir Shrew (Sorex planiceps), 33. Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgu), 34. Arizona Shrew (Sorex arizonae), 35. Merriam’s Shrew (Sorex merriami), 36. Alto Shrew (Sorex altoensis), 37. Jalisco Shrew (Sorex mediopua), 38. Saussure’s Shrew (Sorex saussurei), 39. San Cristobal Shrew (Sorex cristobalensis), 40. McCarthy's Shrew (Sorex mccarthyi), 41. Salvin’s Shrew (Sorex salvini), 42. Sclater’s Shrew (Sorex sclateri), 43. Pale-toothed Shrew (Sorex stizodon)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870999/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">86.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[231,563,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="31.[154,1168,2179,2301]" box="[231,563,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<vernacularName box="[231,563,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Montane Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[614,924,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[154,1168,2179,2301]" box="[614,924,2179,2221]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[614,924,2179,2221]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">
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<emphasis box="[614,924,2179,2221]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Sorex monticolus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[154,1168,2179,2301]" box="[156,1167,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,232,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[242,441,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Musaraigne sombre</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,552,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[563,821,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Dunkle Rotzahnspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[842,933,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[944,1167,2239,2260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Musarafa de montana</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[154,1168,2179,2301]" box="[156,726,2278,2299]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,402,2278,2299]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[413,545,2278,2299]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Dusky Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[559,726,2278,2299]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Mountain Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[767,1360,2346,2774]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[769,924,2346,2379]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">Sorex monticolus Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
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,
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation country="United States of America" county="Co- conino" elevation="3505" latitude="33.7" location="San Francisco Mountain" longLatPrecision="722" longitude="-108.96" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Arizona">
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“
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A037875BFF10A3C41AD7F3EA:B031AD99A037875BFCE8A21D169BF68A" box="[869,1221,2394,2419]" country="United States of America" county="Co- conino" latitude="33.7" longLatPrecision="722" longitude="-108.96" name="San Francisco Mountain" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" stateProvince="Arizona">San Francisco Mountain</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[1240,1353,2394,2419]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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. Altitude 3,500 meters (
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<quantity box="[1104,1270,2434,2459]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5052" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" unit="ft" value="11500.0">
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<elevation box="[1104,1270,2434,2459]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5052" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" unit="ft" value="11500.0">11,500 feet</elevation>
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</quantity>
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),”
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<collectingCounty pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Coconino</collectingCounty>
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County, Arizona,
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<collectingCountry box="[1133,1198,2473,2498]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">USA</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by L. N. Carraway in 2007 to “latitude
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<geoCoordinate box="[769,883,2547,2576]" degrees="33.70" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" precision="555" value="33.7">33.70°N</geoCoordinate>
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, longitude
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<geoCoordinate box="[1047,1183,2547,2576]" degrees="108.96" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" precision="555" value="-108.96">108.96°W</geoCoordinate>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[767,1360,2346,2774]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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Widely used subspecific name longicaudus has been changed as the original name longicauda is a noun and thus invariable.
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<taxonomicName box="[770,835,2705,2734]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
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monticolusis in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1100,1267,2705,2734]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">S. monticolus</taxonomicName>
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group along with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1913" box="[934,1148,2741,2774]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neomexicanus">S. neomexicanus</taxonomicName>
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and subgenus
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[153,1360,2783,3086]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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Otisorex.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1913" box="[274,524,2783,2812]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neomexicanus">Sorex neomexicanus</taxonomicName>
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might be a synonym or subspecies of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1056,1224,2783,2812]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">S. monticolus</taxonomicName>
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based on genetic data, although morphometric data support its specific status and it is recognized as distinct here until additional research is conducted.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1038,1250,2857,2890]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">Sorex monticolus</taxonomicName>
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itself is largely paraphyletic because populations tend to fall into three major clades: Northern, Southern, and Coastal. Northern and Southern clades often group together with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1913" box="[155,366,2976,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neomexicanus">S. neomexicanus</taxonomicName>
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, and the Coastal clade is closest to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Coues" authorityYear="1877" box="[866,1011,2976,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">S. pacificus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1895" box="[1084,1192,2976,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bairdi">S. bairdi</taxonomicName>
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. Additional research is needed to resolve this paraphyly. Subspecific taxonomyis clearly in need of future research. Fourteen subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871056" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871056" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871056/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" targetBox="[153,744,2353,2766]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1438,1838,298,331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1438,1838,298,331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[1439,1872,347,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="monticolus">S.m.monticolusMerriam,1890—C&EArizonaandWNewMexico(SWUSA)StoDurango(WMexico).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1439,2562,418,451]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1895" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1895" box="[1439,1849,418,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="alascensis">S.m.alascensisMerriam,1895—W&SAlaskaincludingmanyoffshoreIs(USA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1439,2517,461,490]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Cowan, 1941" authorityName="Cowan" authorityYear="1941" box="[1439,1838,461,490]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="calvertensis">S.m.calvertensisCowan,1941—CalvertIoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Osgood, 1901" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[1438,1825,501,530]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="elassodon">S.m.elassodonOsgood,1901—QueenCharlotteIsoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada)andSAlaska(USA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Cowan, 1941" authorityName="Cowan" authorityYear="1941" box="[1438,1807,575,608]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="insularis">S.m.insularisCowan,1941—S.m.IintheBardswellGroupoffWBritishColumbia(WCanada).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1438,2334,654,687]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="H. H. T. Jackson, 1922" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1922" box="[1438,1926,654,687]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="isolatus">S.m.isolatusH.H.T.Jackson,1922—VancouverI(SWCanada).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1895" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1895" box="[1438,1865,698,727]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="longicauda">S.m.longicaudaMerriam,1895—coastalSAlaska(USA)andWCBritishColumbia(WCanada).</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1437,2396,780,805]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
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<taxonomicName authority="H. H. T. Jackson, 1919" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1919" box="[1437,1958,780,805]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="malitiosus">S.m.malitiosusH.H.T.Jackson,1919—WarrenIoffSAlaska(USA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1895" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1891" box="[1437,1836,812,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="obscurus">S.m.obscurusMerriam,1895—NAlaskathroughWCanada(includingNWSaskatchewan)andWUSAfromNWashingtonandMontanaStoNewMexico(includingtheECaliforniaMts).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1437,2317,934,963]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="H. H. T. Jackson, 1921" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1921" box="[1437,1951,934,963]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="parvidens">S.m.parvidensH.H.T.Jackson,1921—SCalifornia(SWUSA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
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<taxonomicName authority="Osgood, 1901" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[1437,1859,969,1002]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="prevostensis">S.m.prevostensisOsgood,1901—Prevost(Kunghit)IintheQueenCharlotteIsoffWBritishColumbia(SWCanada).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Elliot, 1899" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1899" box="[1436,1776,1057,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="setosus">S.m.setosusElliot,1899—NWWashington(NWUSA)andtheSWcoastofBritishColumbia(SWCanada).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" box="[1436,2602,1127,1160]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1900" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1900" box="[1436,1910,1127,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="shumaginensis">S.m.shumaginensisMerriam,1900—PopofIintheShumaginIsoffSAlaska(USA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="R. M. Anderson & Rand, 1945" authorityName="R. M. Anderson & Rand" authorityYear="1945" box="[1436,2034,1166,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="monticolus" subSpecies="soperi">S. m. soperi R. M. Anderson & Rand, 1945</taxonomicName>
|
||
— C Saskatchewan and SW Manitoba (SC Canada).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1434,1683,1245,1278]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 53-76 mm, tail 42-61 mm, hindfoot 11-16 mm; weight 4-10 g. The Montane Shrew is medium-sized and hard to distinguish from the Vagrant Shrew (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[1544,1685,1324,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="424" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vagrans">8. vagrans</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Dorsum is brown to dark brown, occasionally with reddish tinge. Venter is buffy brown to grayish and is paler than dorsum. Tail is long, narrow, tipped with fur at end, and distinctly bicolored, being brown above and lighter below. Upper incisors are well pigmented and have pigmented tines; these teeth also have three denticles and wide interdenticular spaces. Teeth are pigmented dark red. There are five unicuspids, third is smaller than fourth, and fifth is minute.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1433,1544,1560,1593]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mostly alpine and boreal forests and coastal coniferous forests, associated with moist areas such as around streams or near bogs, being largely associated with riparian zones. In Mexico, Montane Shrews are found in montane pine-oak forests and can be found in spruce-fir and fir-larch forests in some regions. They typically are not found in open regions because of competition with Vagrant Shrews, but they are occasionally found in grassy meadows surrounded by forest. They are occasionally found in alpine tundra and sphagnum bogs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1692,1836,1869]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Seventy-seven to 99% of diets of Montane Shrews consist of various small invertebrates and conifer seeds, although fungi, lichens, and other plant material have also been recorded in diets. Soft-bodied invertebrates (earthworms, snails, slugs, etc.) and insect larvae make up significant proportion of diets, and maximum size of prey is ¢.30 mm. Foraging occurs along the ground by rummaging through leaf litter until prey is located.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1566,2072,2105]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Male Montane Shrews start to become reproductively active in mid-winter, and females become reproductively active around March. Although timing of reproduction can vary widely throughout a population, young are generally born in spring and summer. Litters have 2-9 young (average 6-4 young), and gestation lasts c.21 days. Females have postpartum estrus. Young are weaned at c¢.3 weeks old. Females can have 3—4 litters/season but do not generally survive to a second breeding season. Some young born early can breed in the same season they were born. Most individuals do not live past 16 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1429,1667,2387,2420]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Montane Shrews are active throughout the day and year, but they can be more active at night similarly to other northern shrews. Nests are composed of dried grass and are spherical, being about the size of a human's fist. They use tunnels and runways to get around quickly. They might use echolocation to get around similarly to the Vagrant Shrew, although this has yet to be investigated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1430,2147,2585,2618]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Montane Shrews are solitary and highly territorial. Males have significantly larger home ranges during the breeding season (4020 m?in British Columbia) than females (1227 m? in British Columbia) because males drastically expand their home ranges to breed with as many females as possible. Densities and population size vary largely throughout the year, being highest during the breeding season and lowestjust before it because older adults die off in autumn after breeding and younger individuals overwinter to the next breeding season. Densities have been recorded at 12 ind/ha in autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1429,1779,2901,2934]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Shrew is widespread and common, although it might be affected by local deforestation and urban development in some regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="424" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="31.[1428,2642,298,3094]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1429,1582,3027,3052]" pageId="31" pageNumber="424">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alexander (1996), Carraway (2007), Demboski & Cook (2001), Esteva et al. (2010), Hawes (1976, 1977), Ingles (1960), Smith & Belk (1996), Terry (1981), Tobon (2014a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |