treatments-xml/data/0D/24/9D/0D249D6A707AA33B3FF7FCE24DA3CA90.xml

<document id="F659B507FBF43912C08926A70E6E12DE" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3955.3.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="18d501dd-9970-44fd-aa6b-259693baa2b0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="238150" ID-ZooBank="D8BFF6D1-FDF7-44EB-B8E7-DA9261834E7D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461051375267" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pan, Liang-Yu, Chiang, Tung-Chuan, Weng, Yu-Chu, Chen, Wen-Neng, Hsiao, Shu-Chuan, Tokuda, Makoto, Tsai, Cheng-Lung &amp; Yang, Man-Miao" docDate="2015" docId="0D249D6A707AA33B3FF7FCE24DA3CA90" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03955p388.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3955 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Daphnephila urnicola Chiang, Yang &amp; Tokuda, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="382" masterDocId="F11DE512707EA3303F60FFF94C00CD36" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan" masterLastPageNumber="388" masterPageNumber="371" pageNumber="375" updateTime="1698579016326" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="17DBFDA57436DDA7CC0C481FAD727306">Taxonomy and biology of a new ambrosia gall midge Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing urn-shaped leaf galls on two species of Machilus (Lauraceae) in Taiwan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="33E761159C70A3680FC03F8E9DC38C06">Pan, Liang-Yu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52640014C85E80DFE18BCE7FD6860147">Chiang, Tung-Chuan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C6459DF53EB06398D6347D56BD6A4CCD">Weng, Yu-Chu</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B071527AAA0B8874A1D161EE34A82D50">Chen, Wen-Neng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F469722F16C29FE46D14EC1D7A579B8C">Hsiao, Shu-Chuan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6BC756A9436D0A1F67119C96E3F3DD21">Tsai, Cheng-Lung</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="428D57FF707AA3343FF7FCE24ED9CE00" authority="Chiang, Yang &amp; Tokuda" authorityName="Chiang, Yang &amp; Tokuda" box="[151,729,795,822]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="375" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707AA3343FF7FCE24DA2CE03" bold="true" box="[151,418,795,821]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
Chiang, Yang &amp; Tokuda
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<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FF7FC9A482FC919" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
MALE (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F9707AA3343F97FC9B4D3ECE4D" box="[247,318,866,891]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[160,1405,272,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,265,1521]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A. female head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.6 mm. B. male flagellomeres 8 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. C. female flagellomeres 7 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. D. male flagellomere 5, scale bar = 0.05 mm. E. male palpus, scale bar = 0.05 mm. F. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar = 0.04 mm. G. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. H. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar = 0.05 mm. I. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238153/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B, D–G) Eye bridge 3–4 facets long medially. Among the twelve flagellomeres, first flagellomere 175–190 µm long, 3.1–3.5 times as long as wide, 1.1–1.2 times as long as second; fifth flagellomere 160–175 µm long, 3.2–3.5 times as long as wide; twelfth flagellomere 140–145 µm long, 2.8–4.3 times as long as wide. Frontoclypeus with 26–27 setae. Labella hemispherical in lateral view, with 32–37 setae. Palpus three-segmented, first segment globose in ventral view, about 29 µm long; second about 1.5 times as long as first; third about 1.2 times as long as second; distal two palpal segments sometimes more or less fused.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7FBC34E4BC9AC" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Wing length about 3.0 mm long, 2.3–2.4 times as long as wide. Scutum with two rows of dorsocentral setae; anteriorly with 38–39 dorsolateral setae, posteriorly with 44–50 dorsolateral setae. Anepisternum with 15–17 scales, mesepimeron with 44–75 setae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7FB5F4E0BC831" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">First through seventh abdominal tergites rectangular, eighth tergite not sclerotized. Second through seventh abdominal sternites 0.42–0.50 times as long as wide; eighth sternite small, 0.79 times as wide as seventh sternite, about 0.60 times as long as wide.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7FAEB48D5C879" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Terminalia: hypoproct incised by shallow or deep emargination, forming a pair of lobes, each lobe with a few apical setae; mediobasal lobe shorter than cerci; aedeagus nearly parallel sided, truncate apically.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7FAA24F9FC88D" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
FEMALE (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F9707AA3343E26FAA34D89C845" box="[326,393,1370,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[160,1405,272,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,265,1521]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A. female head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.6 mm. B. male flagellomeres 8 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. C. female flagellomeres 7 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. D. male flagellomere 5, scale bar = 0.05 mm. E. male palpus, scale bar = 0.05 mm. F. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar = 0.04 mm. G. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. H. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar = 0.05 mm. I. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238153/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, C). Frontoclypeus with 17–23 setae. First flagellomere 120–200 µm long, 2.4–3.6 times as long as wide, about 1.1–1.2 times as long as second; fifth flagellomere 133–145 µm in length, 2.9–3.2 times as long as wide; distal flagellomeres shortened and terminal one subglobular.
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<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7FA3F48E3CB34" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
Wing length about 
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, 2.3–2.5 times as long as wide. Anterior dorsolaterally with 35–51 setae, posterior dorsolaterally with 48–58 setae. Anepisternum with 17–20 scales, mesepimeron with 43–60 setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7F9F74FAFCB7D" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">First through seventh abdominal tergites and second through sixth sternites as in male. Seventh abdominal sternite setose, 520–560 µm long, about 1.1–1.3 times as long as wide.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7F9AF484BCBA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Ovipositor short, with many long setae ventrally on apical half; cerci-like structure bilobed, situated on anterior of intersegmental membrane between eighth and ninth abdominal segments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3343FA7F9664902CAB8" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
MATURE LARVA (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F9707AA3343ED1F9674DF7CB81" box="[433,503,1694,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[160,1405,272,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,265,1521]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A. female head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.6 mm. B. male flagellomeres 8 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. C. female flagellomeres 7 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. D. male flagellomere 5, scale bar = 0.05 mm. E. male palpus, scale bar = 0.05 mm. F. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar = 0.04 mm. G. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. H. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar = 0.05 mm. I. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238153/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
H). Body light yellow. Second antennal segment short, subglobular; two cervical papillae each with a minute seta. Spiracle present on prothorax and first through seventh abdominal segments, invisible on eighth abdominal segment; four dorsal papillae present on thoracic segments, each with a minute seta; two dorsal papillae present on first through seventh abdominal segments, each with a minute seta; terminal papillae not apparent. Sternal spatula semicircular, anteriorly with two slender, acutely pointed lobes, each lobe 60–70 µm long; two lateral papillae present on thoracic segments, each with minute seta. First through seventh abdominal segments with two posterior ventral papillae, each with a minute seta; terminal papillae not apparent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707AA3353FA7F8624F42CDE3" blockId="4.[151,1437,866,2007]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="376" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
PUPA (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F9707AA3343E7DF8634D64CA85" box="[285,356,1946,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1542,1564]" captionTargetBox="[160,1405,272,1498]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,265,1521]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A. female head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.6 mm. B. male flagellomeres 8 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. C. female flagellomeres 7 – 12, scale bar = 0.25 mm. D. male flagellomere 5, scale bar = 0.05 mm. E. male palpus, scale bar = 0.05 mm. F. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar = 0.04 mm. G. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.1 mm. H. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar = 0.05 mm. I. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar = 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238153/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">
Fig. 
<date id="F1330ABC707AA3343E34F8624D64CA85" box="[340,356,1947,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="375">4</date>
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I). Body length 
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. Length from the base of antennal sheath to the tip of apical horn 295–320 µm long; prothoracic spiracle 145–230 µm long; abdominal spiracles on second to seventh segments about 22–35 µm long; second through eighth abdominal segments with 5–7 transverse rows of rather long spines on anterior half of dorsal surface, each spine 16–38 µm long.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85322C7C707BA3353FF7F9FF4CF2CBA1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1542,1687]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353FF7F9FF4D12CB2D" bold="true" box="[151,274,1542,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF707BA3353E79F9FF4DF8CB2A" box="[281,504,1542,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353E79F9FF4DF8CB2A" box="[281,504,1542,1564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACCA4D15707BA3353E9FF9FE4E50CB2A" box="[511,592,1543,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A
</emphasis>
. female head, frontal view, scale bar= 0.6mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353B25F9FE4856CB2A" bold="true" box="[1093,1110,1543,1564]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">B</emphasis>
. male flagellomeres 8–12, scale bar= 0.25mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353E4DF9DC4D3FCB0D" bold="true" box="[301,319,1573,1595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">C</emphasis>
. female flagellomeres 7–12, scale bar= 0.25mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353C57F9DC4F49CB0C" bold="true" box="[823,841,1573,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">D</emphasis>
. male flagellomere 5, scale bar= 0.05mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353B9EF9DC490FCB0C" bold="true" box="[1278,1295,1573,1594]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">E</emphasis>
. male palpus, scale bar= 0.05mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353E09F9BD4D76CB6F" bold="true" box="[361,374,1604,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">F</emphasis>
. male hind tarsal claw and empodium, scale bar= 0.04mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353C83F9BA4FF4CB6F" bold="true" box="[995,1012,1603,1625]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">G</emphasis>
. male terminalia, dorsal view, scale bar= 0.1mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353F8BF99B4CFFCB41" bold="true" box="[235,255,1634,1655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">H</emphasis>
. larva, sternal spatula and adjacent papillae, ventral view, scale bar= 0.05mm. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353B7DF99B4827CB41" bold="true" box="[1053,1063,1634,1655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">I</emphasis>
. pupa, head, frontal view, scale bar= 0.25mm.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353FA7F93A4DB1CBEA" bold="true" box="[199,433,1731,1756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Material examined.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353ED9F93D4E20CBEA" box="[441,544,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE707BA3353ED9F93D4E20CBEA" box="[441,544,1732,1756]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: ♂ (on slide, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353DDEF93D4F10CBEA" box="[702,784,1732,1756]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-001, deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353B22F93D4893CBEA" box="[1090,1171,1732,1756]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
) emerged on 
<date id="F1330ABC707BA3353A4FF93D4CCFCA36" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" value="2008-03-18">18 March 2008</date>
from a gall on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF707BA3353EE0F9114E30CBC9" box="[384,560,1767,1791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353EE0F9114E30CBC9" box="[384,560,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC707BA3353CE8F9114835CA36" box="[904,1077,1767,1792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" value="2008-03-17">17 March 2008</date>
from Lung-Ding Ancient Road (
<quantity id="42758199707BA3353FFFF8F54CE0CA12" box="[159,224,1804,1828]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2299999999999995" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" unit="m" value="323.0">323m</quantity>
asl.), Changhua, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC707BA3353EC4F8F24DFACA12" box="[420,506,1803,1828]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C707BA3363FA7F8C94E6ACE6B" blockId="5.[151,1437,1731,2008]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="377" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE707BA3353FA7F8C94D39CA71" box="[199,313,1840,1863]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E707BA3353FA7F8C94D39CA71" box="[199,313,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
: 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F5707BA3353E2DF8C94D7DCA71" box="[333,381,1840,1864]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="generic">8 ♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 1 ♀ (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353D11F8C94EC2CA7E" box="[625,706,1840,1864]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-002 to 010; 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353CA5F8C94816CA7E" box="[965,1046,1840,1864]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-002 (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F5707BA3353BA2F8C948E4CA7E" box="[1218,1252,1840,1864]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
) and 0 10 (1♀) deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353E45F8AD4D76CA5A" box="[293,374,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2nry-s1yg" name="National Museum of Natural Science" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NMNS</collectionCode>
and others deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353DE7F8AD4EDBCA5A" box="[647,731,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
), same data as 
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE707BA3353CE1F8AA4FE7CA5A" box="[897,999,1875,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 4 ♀ (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353BFCF8AD48EDCA5A" box="[1180,1261,1876,1900]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-011 to 0 14, deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353E08F8814DBCCAA6" box="[360,444,1912,1936]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
), Lung-Ding Ancient Road (
<quantity id="42758199707BA3353C69F8814F4ACAA6" box="[777,842,1912,1936]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7399999999999998" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" unit="m" value="374.0">374m</quantity>
asl.), Changhua, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC707BA3353B78F88E486DCAA6" box="[1048,1133,1911,1936]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE707BA3353A7AF88E497FCAA6" box="[1306,1407,1911,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 2 mature larvae (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353ED4F8624E05CA82" box="[436,517,1947,1972]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-015 to 0 16, deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353CE7F8654FDBCA82" box="[903,987,1948,1972]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
), Lung-Ding Ancient Road (
<quantity id="42758199707BA3353A7DF865495ECA82" box="[1309,1374,1948,1972]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2299999999999995" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" unit="m" value="323.0">323m</quantity>
asl.), Changhua, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC707BA3353E7AF8464D6FCAEE" box="[282,367,1983,2008]" name="Taiwan" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, same data as 
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE707BA3353D7DF8464E82CAEE" box="[541,642,1983,2008]" pageId="5" pageNumber="376" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 2 mature larvae (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B9707BA3353CB3F8394824CAEE" box="[979,1060,1984,2008]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="5" pageNumber="376">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-017 to 18, deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363FF7FF614CEBCD86" box="[151,235,152,176]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
), collected by 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363EFAFF614DAFCD99" box="[410,431,152,175]" name="Italy" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Y</collectingCountry>
.T. Hong on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363D24FF6E4F06CD86" box="[580,774,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-01-15">15 January 2008</date>
from same locality as 
<typeStatus id="5A3692DE7078A3363B7AFF6E4880CD86" box="[1050,1152,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363BF0FF6148BECD99" box="[1168,1214,152,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">2 ♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 2 ♀ (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363FF7FF454CE8CDE2" box="[151,232,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-019 to 0 22, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363E8CFF454E3DCDE2" box="[492,573,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-019 (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363D88FF454F0BCDE2" box="[744,779,188,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
) deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363CDFFF44480ACDE2" box="[959,1034,189,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">ELKU</collectionCode>
and others deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363A5CFF454990CDE2" box="[1340,1424,188,212]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
), collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363E82FF264E8ECDCE" box="[482,654,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-03-16">16 March 2008</date>
from Chushui Lane (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363CE0FF194FC1CDCE" box="[896,961,224,248]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4899999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="349.0">349m</quantity>
asl.), Changhua, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363BE6FF2648DCCDCE" box="[1158,1244,223,248]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363B88FF194910CDCE" box="[1256,1296,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">3 ♂</specimenCount>
(wet in 70% Ethanol, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363F9DFEFD4D4ECC2A" box="[253,334,260,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-023 to 025; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363DB0FEFD4F24CC2A" box="[720,804,260,284]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
), 2 ♀ (wet in 70% Ethanol, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363B01FEFD48B2CC2B" box="[1121,1202,260,285]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-026 to 027; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363E5BFED14D8FCC76" box="[315,399,296,320]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
), 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363ECCFED14DE0CC09" box="[428,480,296,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
(on a slide, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363DF3FED14EE5CC76" box="[659,741,296,320]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-028; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363B55FED14886CC76" box="[1077,1158,296,320]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) &amp; 1 ♀ (on a slide, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363FF7FEB54CE9CC52" box="[151,233,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-029; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363D7FFEB54E70CC52" box="[543,624,332,356]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363C41FEB44FD4CC52" box="[801,980,332,356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363C41FEB44FD4CC52" box="[801,980,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363A4EFEB54CCFCCBE" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-03-16">16 March 2008</date>
from Sihu (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363E38FE964D9ACCBE" box="[344,410,367,392]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="395.0">395m</quantity>
asl.), Miaoli, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363D5AFE964E90CCBE" box="[570,656,367,392]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 2 ♀ (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363C2BFE894F9CCCBE" box="[843,924,368,392]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-030 to 031; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363A41FE89496CCCB1" box="[1313,1388,368,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">ELKU</collectionCode>
and 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363FF7FE6D4CEBCC9A" box="[151,235,404,428]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
), from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363EFDFE6C4E50CC9A" box="[413,592,404,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363EFDFE6C4E50CC9A" box="[413,592,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang &amp; W. N. Chen on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363B30FE6D48FDCC9A" box="[1104,1277,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2009-03-26">26 March 2009</date>
from Da-Han woodland path (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363E2FFE4E4D91CCE6" box="[335,401,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="640.0">640m</quantity>
asl.), Pingtung, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363D2EFE4E4EA4CCE6" box="[590,676,439,464]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 1 mature larva &amp; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363C1EFE414FD7CCF9" box="[894,983,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="pupa">2 pupae</specimenCount>
(on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363B3EFE4148AFCCE6" box="[1118,1199,440,464]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-032 to 034; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363E4AFE254D7BCCC2" box="[298,379,476,500]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363D4EFE244EE0CCC2" box="[558,736,476,500]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D4EFE244EE0CCC2" box="[558,736,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang &amp; W. N. Chen on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363B8DFE25499CCCC2" box="[1261,1436,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2009-03-26">26 March 2009</date>
from Lilishan (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363E23FDF94D84CF2E" box="[323,388,512,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.82" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="882.0">882m</quantity>
asl.), Pingtung, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363D21FE064E97CF2E" box="[577,663,511,536]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 1 ♀ &amp; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363D97FDF94F44CF21" box="[759,836,512,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
(on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363CABFE06481CCF2E" box="[971,1052,511,536]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-035 to 036; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363FF7FDDD4CE8CF0A" box="[151,232,548,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363EC0FDDC4E54CF0A" box="[416,596,548,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363EC0FDDC4E54CF0A" box="[416,596,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363CDDFDDD4860CF0A" box="[957,1120,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-04-20">20 April 2008</date>
from Lilishan (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363A7AFDDD495BCF0A" box="[1306,1371,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.73" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="873.0">873m</quantity>
asl.), Pingtung, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363E70FDBE4D66CF56" box="[272,358,583,608]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 1 mature larva (on a slide, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363DA5FDB14F17CF56" box="[709,791,584,608]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-037; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363B39FDB148AACF56" box="[1113,1194,584,608]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from a gall on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363A1AFDB04D1DCFB2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363A1AFDB04D1DCFB2" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363D0EFD954F36CFB2" box="[622,822,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2010-02-16">16 February 2010</date>
from 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363C1BFD954FBBCFB3" box="[891,955,620,645]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Pi-Lu</collectingCountry>
Zen Temple (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363B38FD954899CFB3" box="[1112,1177,620,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="295.0">295m</quantity>
asl.), Houli, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363A4DFD954983CFB3" box="[1325,1411,620,645]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363AEEFD954CACCF91" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 1 mature larva (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363D67FD694E58CF9E" box="[519,600,656,680]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-038 to 039; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363C85FD694836CF9E" box="[997,1078,656,680]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363B8CFD68499CCF9E" box="[1260,1436,656,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363B8CFD68499CCF9E" box="[1260,1436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363E88FD4D4E96CFFA" box="[488,662,692,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-03-19">19 March 2008</date>
from Dasyueshan (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363C15FD4D4FC4CFFA" box="[885,964,692,716]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.393" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="1393.0">1393m</quantity>
asl.), Taichung, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363BE3FD4D48D9CFFB" box="[1155,1241,692,717]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363B85FD4D4911CFFA" box="[1253,1297,692,716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="generic">1 ♂</specimenCount>
&amp; 1 mature larva (on slides, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363E31FD214DA2CFC6" box="[337,418,728,752]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004-040 to 041; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363C44FD214F75CFC6" box="[804,885,728,752]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363B41FD2048CDCFC6" box="[1057,1229,728,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363B41FD2048CDCFC6" box="[1057,1229,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363E73FD054DBFCE22" box="[275,447,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2008-03-19">19 March 2008</date>
from Dasyueshan (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363DFCFD054EEBCE22" box="[668,747,764,788]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.418" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="1418.0">1418m</quantity>
asl.), Taichung, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363CC8FD054FFECE23" box="[936,1022,764,789]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
; 
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57078A3363B69FD054855CE22" box="[1033,1109,764,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="pupa">1 pupa</specimenCount>
(on a slide, 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363B82FD054932CE22" box="[1250,1330,764,788]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
2013004- 042; deposited in 
<collectionCode id="E39CB4B97078A3363E02FCD94DB3CE0E" box="[354,435,800,824]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e7yf-mhkb" name="National Chung Hsing University" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">NCHU</collectionCode>
) from a gall on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363D0CFCD84F19CE0E" box="[620,793,800,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D0CFCD84F19CE0E" box="[620,793,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected by T. C. Chiang on 0 
<date id="F1330ABC7078A3363B1EFCD9491DCE0E" box="[1150,1309,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" value="2010-03-02">2 March 2010</date>
from Gao- Feng Lane (
<quantity id="427581997078A3363E7DFCBD4D6CCE6A" box="[285,364,836,860]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.234" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" unit="m" value="1234.0">1234m</quantity>
asl.), Nantou, 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363D71FCBD4E67CE6B" box="[529,615,836,861]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD977FF77078A3363FA7FC9E4E90CEDB" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FA7FC9E4820CEB6" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" box="[199,1056,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FA7FC9E4D60CEB6" bold="true" box="[199,352,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Distribution.</emphasis>
[
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363E0DFC9E4DC5CEB6" box="[365,453,871,896]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
] 300–1300 asl. primary and secondary forest (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97078A3363CADFC9E4813CEB6" box="[973,1043,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1281,1303]" captionTargetBox="[493,1095,196,1256]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[491,1096,193,1260]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map of Taiwan showing collecting sites of urn-shaped galls induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. on M. zuihoensis and on M. mushaensis. D site with only M. zuihoensis population, ● site with both M. zuihoensis and M. mushaensis populations, Δ site with only M. mushaensis population." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238152/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FA7FC75483CCE92" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" box="[199,1084,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FA7FC754D56CE93" bold="true" box="[199,342,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Host plants.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363E3DFC754EA5CE93" authority="Hayata" authorityName="Hayata" box="[349,677,908,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363E3DFC754E4FCE92" box="[349,591,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Machilus zuihonensis</emphasis>
Hayata
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363DBCFC744838CE92" authority="Lu" authorityName="Lu" box="[732,1080,908,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363DBCFC744F82CE92" box="[732,898,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
Lu (Lauraceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FA7FC564E90CEDB" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FA7FC564D0CCEFE" bold="true" box="[199,268,943,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Galls.</emphasis>
Urn-shaped, with 3–7 vertical ridges along the outer surface, hypophyllous (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97078A3363B10FC5648B2CEFE" box="[1136,1202,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,760,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[188,1398,760,1198]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Similar urn-shaped galls (mature phase) induced by D. urnicola sp. nov. on the leaves of two different species of Machilus (Lauraceae). A. M. zuihoensis. B. M. mushaensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238151/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), remain green from young to dehiscent stages, single chambered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD977FF77078A3363FA7FC0E4D4EC903" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FA7FC0E4D4EC903" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FA7FC0E4D4EC926" bold="true" box="[199,334,1015,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name, 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D5FFC014EA4C926" box="[575,676,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363D5FFC014EA0C926" box="[575,672,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">urnicola</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
refers to the urn-shaped (
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CB8FC00480DC926" box="[984,1037,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">urna</emphasis>
) gall that the species induces and dwells (
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363F90FBE54D20C902" box="[240,288,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">cola</emphasis>
) in.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD977FF77078A3373FA7FBC64E98CCB1" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="378" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FA7FBC64F83C8D3" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FA7FBC64D3BC96E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Remarks.</emphasis>
In terms of morphology, the new species can be distinguished from the other 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363B86FBB94978C96E" box="[1254,1400,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363B86FBB94978C96E" box="[1254,1400,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Daphnephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as follows. The Indian 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363EE0FB9C4E3DC94B" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[384,573,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haasi">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363EE0FB9C4D94C94A" box="[384,404,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363EC5FB9D4DE2C94A" box="[421,482,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">haasi</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363D2AFB9C4F30C94B" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[586,816,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glandifex">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D2AFB9C4E5EC94A" box="[586,606,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D0EFB9D4ED6C94A" box="[622,726,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">glandifex</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363C0BFB9C4846C94B" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[875,1094,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linderae">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363C0BFB9C4F7FC94A" box="[875,895,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CF0FB9D4FEDC94A" box="[912,1005,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">linderae</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
were described as having the posterior margin of the hypoproct entire (
<bibRefCitation id="E11C518D7078A3363D1FFB7E4F22C996" author="Yukawa" box="[639,802,1159,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" refString="Yukawa, J. (1974) Descriptions of new Japanese gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliidi) causing leaf galls on Lauraceae. Kontyu, 42, 293 - 304." type="journal article" year="1974">Yukawa 1974</bibRefCitation>
), whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363CA2FB704847C996" box="[962,1095,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CA2FB704847C996" box="[962,1095,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the hypoproct has a shallow incision. The new species is distinguishable from five Taiwanese 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363C0EFB554800C9F2" box="[878,1024,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363C0EFB554800C9F2" box="[878,1024,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Daphnephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
associated with 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363BD9FB544951C9F2" box="[1209,1361,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thunbergii">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363BD9FB544951C9F2" box="[1209,1361,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">M. thunbergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following characters: from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363EB2FB284FCFC9DE" authority="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" authorityName="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" box="[466,975,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornithocephala">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363EB2FB284DE6C9DE" box="[466,486,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363E97FB294EA2C9DE" box="[503,674,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">ornithocephala</emphasis>
Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa
</taxonomicName>
by the four-segmented palpus; from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363AE1FB284E2AC83B" authority="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" authorityName="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenocalia">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363AE1FB284995C9DE" box="[1409,1429,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FF7FB0D4D0AC83A" box="[151,266,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">stenocalia</emphasis>
Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa
</taxonomicName>
by the acute pupal antennal horns; from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363C93FB0C4999C83B" authority="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" authorityName="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" box="[1011,1433,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sueyenae">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363C93FB0C4807C83A" box="[1011,1031,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363B75FB0C487CC83A" box="[1045,1148,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">sueyenae</emphasis>
Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa
</taxonomicName>
by the longer mediobasal lobe; from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363D2AFAE04822C806" authority="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" authorityName="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" box="[586,1058,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D2AFAE04E5EC806" box="[586,606,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363D10FAE14EF4C819" box="[624,756,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">taiwanensis</emphasis>
Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of setose pupal apical papillae and longer female seventh abdominal sternite; from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363CF3FAC4494EC863" authority="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" authorityName="Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa" box="[915,1358,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CF3FAC44FA7C862" box="[915,935,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CD6FAC54829C862" box="[950,1065,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">truncicola</emphasis>
Tokuda, Yang &amp; Yukawa
</taxonomicName>
by the shape of the larval sternal spatula, setose pupal apical papillae, and wider aedeagus. 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363B22FA99495FC84E" box="[1090,1375,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machilicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363B22FA99495FC84E" box="[1090,1375,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Daphnephila machilicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7078A3363FF7FA7C4CD7C8AA" box="[151,215,1413,1436]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Japan</collectingCountry>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363E0AFA7C4DEBC8AA" box="[362,491,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363E0AFA7C4DEBC8AA" box="[362,491,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having pupal lower facial papillae (
<bibRefCitation id="E11C518D7078A3363CFAFA7D4839C8AA" author="Yukawa" box="[922,1081,1412,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" refString="Yukawa, J. (1974) Descriptions of new Japanese gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Asphondyliidi) causing leaf galls on Lauraceae. Kontyu, 42, 293 - 304." type="journal article" year="1974">Yukawa 1974</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, it should be noted that unlike other species, spiracles of the larval eighth abdominal segment are not apparent in 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363BB6FA50495AC8F6" box="[1238,1370,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363BB6FA50495AC8F6" box="[1238,1370,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This character may be useful for future taxonomic studies of this genus.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D1F27CF47078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D" ID-Table-UUID="D1F27CF47078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1F27CF47078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" targetBox="[159,1201,1638,1950]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1555,1611]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FF7F9ED4D0ECB1D" bold="true" box="[151,270,1556,1579]" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
The minimum and maximum pairwise distances within 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363CEAF9ED480ACB1D" box="[906,1034,1555,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363CEAF9ED480ACB1D" box="[906,1034,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and between 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363BC9F9ED4928CB1D" box="[1193,1320,1555,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363BC9F9ED4928CB1D" box="[1193,1320,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FF7F9CA4D22CB7D" box="[151,290,1587,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FF7F9CA4D22CB7D" box="[151,290,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">Daphnephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7078A3363FFFF99F4897CAA8" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<table id="F78DDEDC70785CCF3FFFF99F48B1CAA8" box="[159,1201,1638,1950]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF99F48B1CB4A" box="[159,1201,1638,1660]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF99F4D59CB4A" box="[159,345,1638,1660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">pairwise distances</th>
<th id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF99F4F63CB4A" box="[763,867,1638,1660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">minimum</th>
<th id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF99F48B1CB4A" box="[1099,1201,1638,1660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">maximum</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF96948B1CB90" box="[159,1201,1680,1702]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF9694D59CB90" box="[159,345,1680,1702]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF9684D14CB90" box="[159,276,1680,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF9684D14CB90" box="[159,276,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF9694F63CB90" box="[763,867,1680,1702]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">0.00%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF96948B1CB90" box="[1099,1201,1680,1702]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">0.47%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF94048B1CBF9" box="[159,1201,1721,1743]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF9404D59CBF9" box="[159,345,1721,1743]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF9434D26CBF9" box="[159,294,1721,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenocalia">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF9434CB1CBF9" box="[159,177,1722,1743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF9404D26CBF9" box="[190,294,1721,1743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">stenocalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF9404F63CBF9" box="[763,867,1721,1743]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">0.70%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF94048B1CBF9" box="[1099,1201,1721,1743]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">1.24%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF91B48B1CBCE" box="[159,1201,1762,1784]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF91B4D59CBCE" box="[159,345,1762,1784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF91A4D36CBCE" box="[159,310,1762,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="machilicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF91A4CB1CBCE" box="[159,177,1763,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF91B4D36CBCE" box="[190,310,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">machilicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF91B4F63CBCE" box="[763,867,1762,1784]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">1.64%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF91B48B1CBCE" box="[1099,1201,1762,1784]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">2.50%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF8F548B1CA14" box="[159,1201,1804,1826]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF8F54D59CA14" box="[159,345,1804,1826]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF8F44D59CA14" box="[159,345,1804,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornithocephala">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF8F44CB1CA14" box="[159,177,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF8F54D59CA14" box="[190,345,1804,1826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">ornithocephala</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF8F54F63CA14" box="[763,867,1804,1826]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">2.61%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF8F548B1CA14" box="[1099,1201,1804,1826]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">3.02%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF8CC48B1CA7D" box="[159,1201,1845,1867]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF8CC4D59CA7D" box="[159,345,1845,1867]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF8CF4D1BCA7D" box="[159,283,1846,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sueyenae">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF8CF4CB1CA7D" box="[159,177,1846,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF8CF4D1BCA7D" box="[190,283,1846,1867]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">sueyenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF8CC4F63CA7D" box="[763,867,1845,1867]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">2.83%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF8CC48B1CA7D" box="[1099,1201,1845,1867]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">3.51%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF8A748B1CA43" box="[159,1201,1886,1909]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF8A74D59CA43" box="[159,345,1886,1909]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF8994D36CA43" box="[159,310,1887,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF8994CB1CA43" box="[159,177,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF8994D36CA43" box="[190,310,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">taiwanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF8A74F63CA43" box="[763,867,1886,1909]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">6.03%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF8A748B1CA43" box="[1099,1201,1886,1909]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">6.65%</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3BBD2E3E70785CCF3FFFF87148B1CAA8" box="[159,1201,1928,1950]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<th id="786C474270785CCF3FFFF8714D59CAA8" box="[159,345,1928,1950]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7078A3363FFFF8704D26CAA8" box="[159,294,1928,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="377" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FFFF8704CB1CAA8" box="[159,177,1929,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7078A3363FDEF8714D26CAA8" box="[190,294,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">truncicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3D9BF8714F63CAA8" box="[763,867,1928,1950]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">11.21%</td>
<td id="786C474270785CCF3B2BF87148B1CAA8" box="[1099,1201,1928,1950]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="377">11.90%</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7079A3373FA7FF6E4E98CCB1" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">
Both the NJ and the MP trees showed a similar topology with higher resolution in the NJ tree. Here we present the most parsimonious inference, the consensus from 3 trees of length of 223, with the bootstrapping values of both NJ and MP clustering method (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97079A3373E9FFF264E45CDCE" box="[511,581,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1691,1713]" captionTargetBox="[201,1378,439,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,425,1670]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of Daphnephila species relationships based on COI gene data. Three equally parsimonious trees were acquired (length: 223). Bootstrap values greater than 50 % for the MP inference, and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, are shown above and below the branch, respectively. Individual specimens of D. urnicola collected from Machilus mushaensis and M. zuihoensis are labeled with M and Z in parentheses, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238154/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The taxa of the 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373C74FF184FBECDCE" box="[788,958,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373C74FF184FBECDCE" box="[788,958,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373C98FF1848A1CDCE" box="[1016,1185,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373C98FF1848A1CDCE" box="[1016,1185,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations formed a monophyletic group and were supported by relatively high bootstrap values (83%, 
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97079A3373B04FEFD48ACCC2B" box="[1124,1196,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1691,1713]" captionTargetBox="[201,1378,439,1653]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1398,425,1670]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of Daphnephila species relationships based on COI gene data. Three equally parsimonious trees were acquired (length: 223). Bootstrap values greater than 50 % for the MP inference, and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, are shown above and below the branch, respectively. Individual specimens of D. urnicola collected from Machilus mushaensis and M. zuihoensis are labeled with M and Z in parentheses, respectively." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238154/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The minimum and maximum pairwise distances were 0 and 0.47%, respectively inside the 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373CB9FED0485DCC76" box="[985,1117,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373CB9FED0485DCC76" box="[985,1117,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (
<tableCitation id="C80F19C77079A3373BDAFEDE4910CC76" box="[1210,1296,295,320]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,1556,1579]" captionTargetBox="[159,1201,1638,1950]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="TABLE 1. The minimum and maximum pairwise distances within D. urnicola and between D. urnicola and other Daphnephila species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1F27CF47078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" tableUuid="D1F27CF47078A3363FF7F9ED4D7DCB7D">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The sister taxon of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373F9AFEB44D7BCC52" box="[250,379,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373F9AFEB44D7BCC52" box="[250,379,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373D28FEB44EE1CC52" box="[584,737,332,356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373D28FEB44EE1CC52" box="[584,737,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373C78FEB44FBECC52" box="[792,958,332,356]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373C78FEB44FBECC52" box="[792,958,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373CBEFEB44873CC52" box="[990,1139,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stenocalia">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373CBEFEB44FF2CC52" box="[990,1010,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373B60FEB54873CC52" box="[1024,1139,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">stenocalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which forms longitudinal club-shaped galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373EE4FE884E1DCCBE" box="[388,541,368,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thunbergii">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373EE4FE884E1DCCBE" box="[388,541,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. thunbergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in NJ tree.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D1F27CF47079A3373FF7F9624819CA3B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238154/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" targetBox="[201,1378,439,1653]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7079A3373FF7F9624819CA3B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1691,1805]" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373FF7F9624D14CB87" bold="true" box="[151,276,1691,1713]" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Strict consensus tree of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373D73F9624E97CB87" box="[531,663,1691,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373D73F9624E97CB87" box="[531,663,1691,1713]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Daphnephila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species relationships based on COI gene data. Three equally parsimonious trees were acquired (length: 223). Bootstrap values greater than 50% for the MP inference, and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method, are shown above and below the branch, respectively. Individual specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373B40F9234897CBD8" box="[1056,1175,1752,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373B40F9234897CBD8" box="[1056,1175,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373A5EF9214D0CCA3B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373A5EF9214D0CCA3B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Machilus mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373E5DF9014DD7CA3B" box="[317,471,1783,1805]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373E5DF9014DD7CA3B" box="[317,471,1783,1805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are labeled with M and Z in parentheses, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CD977FF77079A3383FA7F8C34E88CAC6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="379" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7079A3373FA7F8C34F74CAD5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1850,2019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373FA7F8C34D20CA65" bold="true" box="[199,288,1850,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Biology</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373E4DF8C34F00CA64" box="[301,768,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Life cycle and development of gall tissues</emphasis>
. Both 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373C2CF8C24FF5CA64" box="[844,1013,1850,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373C2CF8C24FF5CA64" box="[844,1013,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373B4BF8C248D1CA64" box="[1067,1233,1850,1874]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373B4BF8C248D1CA64" box="[1067,1233,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
populations of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373AE1F8C24CF6CA40" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373AE1F8C24CF6CA40" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were univoltine, inducing single-chambered galls along the abaxial surfaces of the lamina, and completing their annual life cycle on either 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373E9DF87A4EAECAAC" box="[509,686,1922,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373E9DF87A4EAECAAC" box="[509,686,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373DBCF87A4F83CAAC" box="[732,899,1922,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373DBCF87A4F83CAAC" box="[732,899,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These urn-shaped galls have never been found on other 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373E69F85F4D72CA88" box="[265,370,1958,1982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373E69F85F4D72CA88" box="[265,370,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Machilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. in 
<collectingCountry id="FD9A6CEC7079A3373EBFF85F4E34CA89" box="[479,564,1958,1983]" name="Taiwan" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, such as 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373DCDF85E4F4ECA88" box="[685,846,1958,1982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thunbergii">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373DCDF85E4EC4CA88" box="[685,708,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373DBAF85F4F4ECA88" box="[730,846,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">thunbergii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373CF2F85E4819CA88" box="[914,1049,1958,1982]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kusanoi">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373CF2F85E4FA9CA88" box="[914,937,1959,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373CDFF85F4819CA88" box="[959,1049,1958,1982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">kusanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which usually coexist with 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373A1AF85E4D1DCAD4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373A1AF85E4D1DCAD4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7079A3373E29F8324DF0CAD4" box="[329,496,1994,2018]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="7" pageNumber="378" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7079A3373E29F8324DF0CAD4" box="[329,496,1994,2018]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="378">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in broad-leaved evergreen forests.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FA7FF61480ECC53" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
In field situations, mating usually occurred in the morning, and oviposition occurred between 
<date id="F1330ABC7076A3383BBCFF6E4981CD86" box="[1244,1409,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" value="1500" valueMax="1700">1500 and 1700</date>
h. Females walked along primary veins of freshly expanding leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383CEEFF444828CDE2" box="[910,1064,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383CEEFF444FA5CDE2" box="[910,933,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383CD3FF454828CDE2" box="[947,1064,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383B3DFF444903CDE2" box="[1117,1283,188,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B3DFF444874CDE2" box="[1117,1140,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383BE2FF454903CDE2" box="[1154,1283,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and laid eggs in inter-vein locations between primary and secondary veins on the under surface. Occasionally oviposition occurred along the under surface of the tip of newly opened leaf buds. In 4–7 days, the neonate first-instar larvae penetrated into the leaf tissue, where they entered summer diapause (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383CFCFEDE4FE0CC76" box="[924,992,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,949,971]" captionTargetBox="[171,1420,399,922]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[171,1421,399,923]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Diapausing first instar larva of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. in the leaf tissue of undeveloped galls on Machilus zuihoensis. A. the appearance of the adaxial surface of the leaf with first instar larva inside. B. cross section of leaf tissues showing initial gall with larval chamber and fungi. L = Larva, LC = larval chamber, and arrow = hyphae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238155/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). There was no active proliferation of cells, but hyphae could be found inside the gall chamber at this stage (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383CC9FEB54FECCC53" box="[937,1004,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,949,971]" captionTargetBox="[171,1420,399,922]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[171,1421,399,923]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Diapausing first instar larva of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. in the leaf tissue of undeveloped galls on Machilus zuihoensis. A. the appearance of the adaxial surface of the leaf with first instar larva inside. B. cross section of leaf tissues showing initial gall with larval chamber and fungi. L = Larva, LC = larval chamber, and arrow = hyphae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238155/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<caption id="D1F27CF47076A3383FF7FC4C48ADC93E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238155/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" targetBox="[171,1420,399,922]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FF7FC4C48ADC93E" blockId="8.[151,1436,948,1032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383FF7FC4C4D13CEFC" bold="true" box="[151,275,949,971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Diapausing first instar larva of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383D3AFC4D4F3BCEFC" box="[602,827,948,970]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383D3AFC4D4F3BCEFC" box="[602,827,948,970]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383C22FC4C4F8DCEFC" bold="true" box="[834,909,949,970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACCA4D157076A3383C22FC4C4F8DCEFC" box="[834,909,949,970]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
in the leaf tissue of undeveloped galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383A5EFC4D4D0FCEDF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383A5EFC4D4D0FCEDF" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383E7EFC2A4D30CEDE" bold="true" box="[286,304,979,1000]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">A</emphasis>
. the appearance of the adaxial surface of the leaf with first instar larva inside. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B03FC2D4874CEDF" bold="true" box="[1123,1140,980,1001]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">B</emphasis>
. cross section of leaf tissues showing initial gall with larval chamber and fungi. L= Larva, LC= larval chamber, and arrow= hyphae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FA7FBD64EBBC872" blockId="8.[151,1437,1071,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
The developmental processes of galls induced by 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383C79FBC94F9FC971" box="[793,927,1071,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383C79FBC94F9FC971" box="[793,927,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383CB4FBC94881C971" box="[980,1153,1071,1095]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383CB4FBC94881C971" box="[980,1153,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383BA2FBC9496DC971" box="[1218,1389,1071,1095]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383BA2FBC9496DC971" box="[1218,1389,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar. Galls started to develop and protruded from the abaxial side of leaves in autumn. They developed rapidly and broke through leaf tissue when the larvae molted into the second instars (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383B63FB8E4845C9A6" box="[1027,1093,1143,1168]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[192,1394,157,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[189,1398,153,1465]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Development of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis and M. mushaensis at various stages of growth and differentiation phase. A. early stage, on Machilus zuihoensis. B. early stage, on M. mushaensis. C. middle stage, on M. zuihoensis. D. middle stage, on M. mushaensis. E. later stage, on M. zuihoensis. F. later stage, on M. mushaensis. Arrows = suberized host tissue." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
A &amp; B). Gall tissue was about 15 cell-layers in width and could be differentiated into (1) epidermis, (2) cortex, (3) vascular traces, and (4) nutritive tissue including the parenchyma layer and fungus layer within (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383CDEFB464802C9EE" box="[958,1026,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,250,974,996]" captionTargetBox="[189,1397,206,943]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[189,1398,193,953]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Tissue of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. at the middle stage of growth and differentiation phase (longitudinal section). Bar = 500 Μm. L = Larva, LC = larval chamber, PT = plant tissue suberized, V = vascular tissue, arrow = secretory cells." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The parenchyma cells in the cortex were filled with tannin and some secretory cells existed among them. The galls grew along the vertical axis, transforming the spherical projection beyond the leaf surface to grow like a column (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383B0CFAFE48B0C816" box="[1132,1200,1287,1312]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[192,1394,157,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[189,1398,153,1465]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Development of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis and M. mushaensis at various stages of growth and differentiation phase. A. early stage, on Machilus zuihoensis. B. early stage, on M. mushaensis. C. middle stage, on M. zuihoensis. D. middle stage, on M. mushaensis. E. later stage, on M. zuihoensis. F. later stage, on M. mushaensis. Arrows = suberized host tissue." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
C &amp; D). The second instar larva remained at the basal part of the gall.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FA7FAA948F0CB52" blockId="8.[151,1437,1071,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
Most 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383E67FAA94D87C851" box="[263,391,1359,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383E67FAA94D87C851" box="[263,391,1359,1383]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reached third instars in the galls during winter (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383CFDFAB64FDEC851" box="[925,990,1359,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[192,1394,157,1460]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[189,1398,153,1465]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. Development of urn-shaped galls on Machilus zuihoensis and M. mushaensis at various stages of growth and differentiation phase. A. early stage, on Machilus zuihoensis. B. early stage, on M. mushaensis. C. middle stage, on M. zuihoensis. D. middle stage, on M. mushaensis. E. later stage, on M. zuihoensis. F. later stage, on M. mushaensis. Arrows = suberized host tissue." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238156/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
E &amp; F). Exceptionally a few individuals from the southern populations remained as second instar larvae and a few from the northern populations reached the pupal stage. Galls were 40–50 cell-layers in width, with an organization similar to that during the occupation of the second instar larva, except for the differentiation of sclerenchyma between vascular bundles and the nutritive tissue (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383F87FA264D2DC8CE" box="[231,301,1503,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 9. A" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1806,1828]" captionTargetBox="[199,1398,1107,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[188,1398,1107,1784]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. A. Dashed line showing plane of transverse section in B. B. Basal part of urn-shaped gall tissues on Machilus zuihoensis induced by Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. at the later stage of the growth and differentiation phase (cross section). Bar = 50 Μm. LC = larval chamber, SC = sclerenchyma cells, P = parenchyma layer, V = vascular bundles, arrow = hyphae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238158/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). At the end of the growth and differentiation phase, around January, cells at the base of galls grew along the vertical axis of the gall, and those at the top of galls grew along the lateral axis. The differentiated gall tissues were heterogeneous at the basal part of the gall, sclerenchyma occurred between vascular bundles and the nutritive tissue, whereas at the terminals, only parenchyma cells and a few secretory cells occurred.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FA7F9894EC2CA0A" blockId="8.[151,1437,1071,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
In late winter (January) and early spring (February), as the third instars pupated within galls (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383A22F996498BCBBE" box="[1346,1419,1647,1672]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,760,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[188,1398,760,1198]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Similar urn-shaped galls (mature phase) induced by D. urnicola sp. nov. on the leaves of two different species of Machilus (Lauraceae). A. M. zuihoensis. B. M. mushaensis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238151/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), sclerenchyma cells filled nearly half of the basal part of galls and the parenchyma layer inside the sclerenchyma layer was undetectable. Meanwhile, the shape of the operculum (the apical part of the gall), which opens at the time of emergence, was acute in angle on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383D5EF9254EE6CBC2" box="[574,742,1756,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383D5EF9254EE6CBC2" box="[574,742,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383D97F9224F49CBC2" box="[759,841,1755,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[168,1437,193,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A – B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80 Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180 Μm), LC = larval chamber, NC = nutritive cell, S = secretory cell .. C – D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E – F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
D) compared to those on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383B0CF9254916CBC2" box="[1132,1302,1756,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B0CF9254916CBC2" box="[1132,1302,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383A47F922497BCBC2" box="[1319,1403,1755,1780]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[168,1437,193,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A – B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80 Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180 Μm), LC = larval chamber, NC = nutritive cell, S = secretory cell .. C – D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E – F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C). The number of parenchyma cell layers in this part of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383C65F8F94F89CA21" box="[773,905,1791,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383C65F8F94F89CA21" box="[773,905,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls was 7–12 on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383B0EF8F9491ACA21" box="[1134,1306,1791,1815]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B0EF8F9491ACA21" box="[1134,1306,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383A4BF906497ECA2E" box="[1323,1406,1791,1816]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[168,1437,193,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A – B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80 Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180 Μm), LC = larval chamber, NC = nutritive cell, S = secretory cell .. C – D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E – F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A) compared to 16–18 on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383EF9F8DD4E3FCA0A" box="[409,575,1828,1852]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383EF9F8DD4E3FCA0A" box="[409,575,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383D2FF8DA4EA1CA0A" box="[591,673,1827,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[168,1437,193,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A – B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80 Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180 Μm), LC = larval chamber, NC = nutritive cell, S = secretory cell .. C – D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E – F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7076A3383FA7F8BE4E88CAC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,1071,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">
Adults emerged in March—April (spring) leaving the pupal exuviae at the opercular points of the gall (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97076A3383A0FF8BE4CB2CAB2" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[168,1437,193,1580]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. A – B. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on Machilus zuihoensis (A, Bar = 80 Μm) and on M. mushaensis (B, Bar = 180 Μm), LC = larval chamber, NC = nutritive cell, S = secretory cell .. C – D. Longitudinal section of entire gall on Machilus zuihoensis (C) and on M. mushaensis (D); E – F. emergence hole and pupa skin on M. zuihoensis gall (E) and on M. mushaensis gall (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
E &amp; F). The gall tissue gradually dried and detached from the leaf. The life span of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383B00F89548E1CAB2" box="[1120,1249,1900,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B00F89548E1CAB2" box="[1120,1249,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults emerging in the laboratory and kept in vials was 4.13±1.66 (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57076A3383DA6F8764F43CA9E" box="[710,835,1935,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" type="female">63 females</specimenCount>
) and 2.14±0.86 days (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57076A3383B5AF87648A1CA9E" box="[1082,1185,1935,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" type="male">50 males</specimenCount>
) from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383B8CF8694994CA91" box="[1260,1428,1935,1959]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383B8CF8694994CA91" box="[1260,1428,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and 3.40±1.76 (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57076A3383E2BF84A4DCACAFA" box="[331,458,1971,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" type="female">53 females</specimenCount>
) and 2.49±0.73 days (
<specimenCount id="938BE7F57076A3383DABF84D4F35CAFA" box="[715,821,1971,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" type="male">72 males</specimenCount>
) from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7076A3383CE5F84D482DCAFA" box="[901,1069,1972,1996]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="379" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7076A3383CE5F84D482DCAFA" box="[901,1069,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="379">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The longest life span observed was seven days for females from both hosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D1F27CF47077A3393FF7FA254D70CB78" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238156/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" targetBox="[192,1394,157,1460]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7077A3393FF7FA254D70CB78" blockId="9.[151,1437,1500,1614]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393FF7FA254D15C8C7" bold="true" box="[151,277,1500,1522]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Development of urn-shaped galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393DFFFA254F7EC8C4" box="[671,894,1500,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393DFFFA254F7EC8C4" box="[671,894,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393CD4FA24484DC8C4" box="[948,1101,1500,1522]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393CD4FA24484DC8C4" box="[948,1101,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at various stages of growth and differentiation phase. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E1BFA034D8DCB39" bold="true" box="[379,397,1530,1551]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">A</emphasis>
. early stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393D23FA034F24CB26" box="[579,804,1530,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393D23FA034F24CB26" box="[579,804,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C55FA024F46CB26" bold="true" box="[821,838,1531,1552]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">B</emphasis>
. early stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393C9BFA024895CB26" box="[1019,1173,1530,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C9BFA024895CB26" box="[1019,1173,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393BC5FA0348B7CB26" bold="true" box="[1189,1207,1530,1552]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">C</emphasis>
. middle stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393AE0FA024D0FCB19" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393AE0FA024D0FCB19" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E7DF9E04D2FCB18" bold="true" box="[285,303,1561,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">D</emphasis>
. middle stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393E8CF9E34E83CB19" box="[492,643,1561,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E8CF9E34E83CB19" box="[492,643,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393DF0F9E04EA1CB18" bold="true" box="[656,673,1561,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">E</emphasis>
. later stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393C24F9E34FDFCB19" box="[836,991,1561,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C24F9E34FDFCB19" box="[836,991,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C8DF9E04FFACB18" bold="true" box="[1005,1018,1561,1582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">F</emphasis>
. later stage, on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393BFDF9E34934CB19" box="[1181,1332,1561,1583]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393BFDF9E34934CB19" box="[1181,1332,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Arrows= suberized host tissue.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CD977FF77077A33B3FA7F98F4DA3CA90" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="382" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" type="description">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7077A3393FA7F98F4E06CA28" blockId="9.[151,1436,1653,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393FA7F98F4DC9CBBB" box="[199,457,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Measurements of galls</emphasis>
. The 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393D70F98F4E94CBBB" box="[528,660,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393D70F98F4E94CBBB" box="[528,660,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393C63F98F4FADCBBB" box="[771,941,1653,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C63F98F4FADCBBB" box="[771,941,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were significantly larger than those on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393A1DF98F4D1ACB87" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393A1DF98F4D1ACB87" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ANOVA; F=14.57, 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393D6BF9634E19CB87" box="[523,537,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001 for gall length and F=4.54, 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393CD0F9634FBECB87" box="[944,958,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 for gall width). The average length of galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393E7EF9474DC9CBE3" box="[286,457,1725,1749]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E7EF9474DC9CBE3" box="[286,457,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 12.35 ± 
<quantity id="427581997077A3393D0CF9444ED5CBE3" box="[620,725,1725,1750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.76" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" unit="mm" value="2.76">2.76 mm</quantity>
, average width 6.61 ± 
<quantity id="427581997077A3393C85F947484ECBE3" box="[997,1102,1726,1750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" unit="mm" value="1.72">1.72 mm</quantity>
, and length–width ratio 1.87 (n=318). The average length of galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393D3CF91B4F03CBCF" box="[604,771,1761,1785]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393D3CF91B4F03CBCF" box="[604,771,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was 14.13 ± 
<quantity id="427581997077A3393CFBF91B4801CBCF" box="[923,1025,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.90 mm</quantity>
, average width 7.23 ± 
<quantity id="427581997077A3393A61F91B4968CBCF" box="[1281,1384,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" unit="mm" value="1.19">1.19 mm</quantity>
, and length–width ratio 1.95 (n=183).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7077A3393FA7F8D04DDFCAC0" blockId="9.[151,1436,1653,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">
Associated fungi. 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393EF9F8D04EB4CA77" box="[409,692,1833,1857]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Botryosphaeriaceae" genus="Botryosphaeria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Botryosphaeriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dothidea">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393EF9F8D04EB4CA77" box="[409,692,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Botryosphaeria dothidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was isolated from almost all chambers of the 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393BB8F8D3495CCA77" box="[1240,1372,1833,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393BB8F8D3495CCA77" box="[1240,1372,1833,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">D. urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls induced on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393E7BF8B74DC3CA53" box="[283,451,1869,1893]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E7BF8B74DC3CA53" box="[283,451,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(98.68%) and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393D0CF8B74F12CA53" box="[620,786,1869,1893]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393D0CF8B74F12CA53" box="[620,786,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(97.37%). 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393CF2F8B4480DCA53" box="[914,1037,1869,1893]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Diaporthaceae" genus="Phomopsis" kingdom="Fungi" order="Diaporthales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393CF2F8B4480DCA53" box="[914,1037,1869,1893]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Phomopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (1.33%) was also isolated from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393F96F88B4D9FCABF" box="[246,415,1905,1929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393F96F88B4D9FCABF" box="[246,415,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393EBCF88B4E5CCABF" box="[476,604,1906,1929]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Apiosporaceae" genus="Nigrospora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Trichosphaeriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393EBCF88B4E5CCABF" box="[476,604,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Nigrospora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (1.32%) and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393C7CF8884F8DCABF" box="[796,909,1905,1929]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Amphisphaeriaceae" genus="Pestalotia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Xylariales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393C7CF8884F8DCABF" box="[796,909,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Pestalotia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (1.32%) from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393BDCF88B4962CABF" box="[1212,1378,1905,1929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393BDCF88B4962CABF" box="[1212,1378,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The pouch on the females of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7077A3393EDCF86F4E40CA9B" box="[444,576,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="380" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393EDCF86F4DD0CA9B" box="[444,464,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7077A3393E81F86C4E40CA9B" box="[481,576,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is covered by an enlarged sheath on the 7th abdominal sternite (
<figureCitation id="1DB630F97077A3393A59F86C498ECA98" box="[1337,1422,1941,1966]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="12.[151,250,667,689]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,193,645]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[188,1398,193,645]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 11. Female terminalia showing the pouch structure, a mycangium-like fungal spore-carrying organ, of Daphnephila urnicola sp. nov. The structure is covered by an enlarged sheath on the 7 th abdominal sternite. A. Lateral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. B. Ventral-lateral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. P = pouch and SS = seventh sternite." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238160/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="380">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). However, under microscopic examination neither spores nor hyphae were found in the mycangia (pouch) of females just after emergence.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D1F27CF47074A33A3FF7FC374EB4C917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238157/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" targetBox="[189,1397,206,943]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7074A33A3FF7FC374EB4C917" blockId="10.[151,1436,974,1057]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3FF7FC374D15CED5" bold="true" box="[151,277,974,996]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Tissue of urn-shaped galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7074A33A3D3BFC374F3ACED2" box="[603,826,974,996]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3D3BFC374F3ACED2" box="[603,826,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
induced by 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7074A33A3CB3FC3748B6CED2" box="[979,1206,974,996]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3CB3FC3748B6CED2" box="[979,1206,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3BDFFC36490ACED2" bold="true" box="[1215,1290,975,996]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACCA4D157074A33A3BDFFC36490ACED2" box="[1215,1290,975,996]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
at the middle stage of growth and differentiation phase (longitudinal section). Bar = 500 Μm. L= Larva, LC= larval chamber, PT= plant tissue suberized, V= vascular tissue, arrow= secretory cells.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D1F27CF47074A33A3FF7F8F74CE7CAB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238158/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" targetBox="[199,1398,1107,1784]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7074A33A3FF7F8F74CE7CAB6" blockId="10.[151,1436,1806,1920]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3FF7F8F74D2FCA15" bold="true" box="[151,303,1806,1828]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">FIGURE 9. A</emphasis>
. Dashed line showing plane of transverse section in B. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3C19F8F74F8ACA15" bold="true" box="[889,906,1806,1827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">B</emphasis>
. Basal part of urn-shaped gall tissues on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7074A33A3A5EF8F74D0FCA74" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3A5EF8F74D0FCA74" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
induced by 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7074A33A3ECBF8D54E90CA74" box="[427,656,1836,1858]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3ECBF8D54E90CA74" box="[427,656,1836,1858]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7074A33A3DFCF8D44EE6CA74" bold="true" box="[668,742,1837,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACCA4D157074A33A3DFCF8D44EE6CA74" box="[668,742,1837,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="381" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
at the later stage of the growth and differentiation phase (cross section). Bar = 50 Μm. LC= larval chamber, SC= sclerenchyma cells, P= parenchyma layer, V= vascular bundles, arrow= hyphae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D1F27CF47075A33B3FF7F9B8480DCB84" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/238159/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" targetBox="[172,1434,196,1580]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="85322C7C7075A33B3FF7F9B8480DCB84" blockId="11.[151,1436,1601,1715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3FF7F9B84D20CB60" bold="true" box="[151,288,1601,1623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Pictures showing opening area of mature galls of 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C7EF9B84FFFCB61" box="[798,1023,1601,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3C7EF9B84FFFCB61" box="[798,1023,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Daphnephila urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3B65F9B84886CB60" bold="true" box="[1029,1158,1601,1623]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ACCA4D157075A33B3B65F9B84850CB60" box="[1029,1104,1601,1622]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–B
</emphasis>
. Apex of gall (longitudinal section) on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E6CF9A64DDACB43" box="[268,474,1631,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3E6CF9A64DDACB43" box="[268,474,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A, Bar = 80Μm) and on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3DBAF9984F71CB43" box="[730,881,1631,1654]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3DBAF9984F71CB43" box="[730,881,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B, Bar = 180Μm), LC= larval chamber, NC= nutritive cell, S= secretory cell.. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3EEAF9874DBBCBA5" bold="true" box="[394,443,1662,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">C–D</emphasis>
. Longitudinal section of entire gall on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C2EF987481ECBA2" box="[846,1054,1662,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3C2EF987481ECBA2" box="[846,1054,1662,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Machilus zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C) and on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3BFAF9864932CBA2" box="[1178,1330,1662,1684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3BFAF9864932CBA2" box="[1178,1330,1662,1684]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D); 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3A0BF987499ACBA5" bold="true" box="[1387,1434,1662,1684]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">E–F.</emphasis>
emergence hole and pupa skin on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E8FF9674E79CB84" box="[495,633,1692,1715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihoensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3E8FF9674E04CB85" box="[495,516,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3D70F9654E79CB84" box="[528,633,1692,1714]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">zuihoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gall (E) and on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C7EF9674FB4CB84" box="[798,948,1692,1715]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3C7EF9674FB4CB84" box="[798,948,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
gall (F).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="85322C7C7075A33B3FA7F9234DA3CA90" blockId="11.[151,1436,1754,1959]" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3FA7F9234D48CBC4" box="[199,328,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Parasitoids</emphasis>
. Three endoparasitoids, 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3D0CF9224ECBCBC4" box="[620,715,1755,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" genus="Leptacis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3D0CF9224ECBCBC4" box="[620,715,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Leptacis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C6BF9234F8CCBC4" box="[779,908,1754,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platygaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3C6BF9234F8CCBC4" box="[779,908,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Platygaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (both 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B6CF92248A9CBC5" box="[1036,1193,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3BD8F923495BCBC5" box="[1208,1371,1754,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Platygastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Platygastridae</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3FF7F9064D3DCA20" box="[151,317,1791,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Gastrancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3FF7F9064D3DCA20" box="[151,317,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Gastrancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E19F9064E17CA21" box="[377,535,1791,1815]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3D44F9074EBDCA21" box="[548,701,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
), and six species of ectoparasitoids, 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B04F90648B6CA20" box="[1124,1206,1791,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Bracon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3B04F90648B6CA20" box="[1124,1206,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Bracon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B91F9074D15CA0C" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Simplicibracon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curticaudis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3B91F9074D15CA0C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Simplicibracon curticaudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E16F8DA4E13CA0D" box="[374,531,1827,1851]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3D49F8DB4EADCA0D" box="[553,685,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3DACF8DB4F55CA0C" box="[716,853,1826,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Sigmophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3DACF8DB4F55CA0C" box="[716,853,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Sigmophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3CC2F8DB4841CA0C" box="[930,1089,1826,1850]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B38F8DB48DCCA0D" box="[1112,1244,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B9BF8DB4969CA0C" box="[1275,1385,1826,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3B9BF8DB4969CA0C" box="[1275,1385,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3FFEF8BE4D3DCA69" box="[158,317,1863,1887]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E2BF8BF4DD5CA69" box="[331,469,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3E8CF8BE4E50CA68" box="[492,592,1863,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Ormyridae" genus="Ormyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3E8CF8BE4E50CA68" box="[492,592,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Ormyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3DEDF8BE4F2CCA69" box="[653,812,1863,1887]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C5AF8BF4FB8CA69" box="[826,952,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Ormyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ormyridae</taxonomicName>
), and a pteromalid species were obtained from 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3FB4F8924D55CAB4" box="[212,341,1898,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Daphnephila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urnicola">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3FB4F8924CE8CAB4" box="[212,232,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">D</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3F96F8934D55CAB4" box="[246,341,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">urnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3EDAF8924E62CAB4" box="[442,610,1898,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zuihonensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3EDAF8924E62CAB4" box="[442,610,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M. zuihonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In contrast, only 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3C27F8934FC8CAB4" box="[839,968,1898,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platygaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3C27F8934FC8CAB4" box="[839,968,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Platygaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3B45F8934893CAB4" box="[1061,1171,1898,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" genus="Eupelmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3B45F8934893CAB4" box="[1061,1171,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">Eupelmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. were obtained from galls on 
<taxonomicName id="428D57FF7075A33B3F96F8764D9CCA90" box="[246,412,1934,1958]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Machilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="11" pageNumber="382" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mushaensis">
<emphasis id="B7F9F06E7075A33B3F96F8764D9CCA90" box="[246,412,1934,1958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="382">M. mushaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>