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<mods:title id="1260C9B16D052A85347DDF672A232766">A new genus, Protaustrosimulium, for four species of Australian black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB009FCA3111B" ID-CoL="8DHGH" authority="(Davies &amp; Gyorkos 1988)" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[151,810,1123,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB009FE6F1118" bold="true" box="[151,486,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FE3DB00EFCAA111B" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[502,803,1124,1150]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
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. New combination
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB0ECFEA911FA" blockId="3.[151,1043,1123,1183]" box="[151,288,1158,1183]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAFFFD4FF54B0ECFE9E11FA" box="[159,279,1158,1183]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–6" captionStart-1="FIGURES 7, 8" captionStart-2="FIGURES 9–13" captionStart-3="FIGURES 14–19" captionStart-4="FIGURES 20, 21" captionStartId-0="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,264,1250,1273]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionStartId-3="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,264,1313,1336]" captionTargetBox-0="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetBox-1="[273,1371,244,1189]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetBox-3="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetBox-4="[186,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1229]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetId-3="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[151,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="10" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURES 7, 8. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Pupa. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 107). (7) Frontal view of gill. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (8) Dorsal view of cocoon. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-2="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." captionText-3="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." captionText-4="FIGURES 20, 21. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva. (20) Anal sclerite &amp; accessory sclerites (ac sl) (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (21) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (ac sl) &amp; circlet of hooks (Grampians). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2609907/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2609913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Figs. 1–21</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB0A4FDE71181" ID-CoL="8BJHT" authority="Davies &amp; Gyorkos 1988: 107" authorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" authorityPageNumber="107" authorityYear="1988" box="[151,622,1230,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB0A4FEB21181" box="[151,315,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Cnephia pilfreyi</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFAFFFD4FE8AB0A4FDE71181" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[321,622,1230,1252]" page="107" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" year="1988">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FE8AB0A4FDB21181" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[321,571,1230,1252]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 107
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB087FC971066" blockId="3.[151,1108,1230,1375]" box="[151,798,1261,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB087FF561066" box="[151,223,1261,1283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">pilfreyi</emphasis>
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. 
<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFAFFFD4FF20B087FE371066" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[235,446,1261,1283]" page="222" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FF20B087FE021066" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[235,395,1261,1283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="221 - 225" refId="ref13290" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1989) 24. Family SIMULIIDAE. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Bishop Museum Special Publication 86. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu and E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 221 - 225. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / aocat / pdf / 24 sim. pdf (accessed 22 September 2018)" type="book chapter" year="1989">Crosskey, 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 222
</treatmentCitation>
. Unplaced species of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FD51B087FC921066" ID-CoL="9CJBP" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[666,795,1261,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB166FBDD1047" blockId="3.[151,1108,1230,1375]" box="[151,1108,1292,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
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<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB166FEE11047" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[151,360,1292,1314]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB166FEE11047" box="[151,360,1292,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Paracnephia pilfreyi</emphasis>
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. 
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<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FEBEB166FD031047" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[373,650,1292,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refId="ref13380" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies. The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp." type="book" year="1997">Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997</bibRefCitation>
:18
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. New combination. 
<treatmentCitation id="693DBC2DFFAFFFD4FCB9B166FBD91047" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." box="[882,1104,1292,1314]" page="328" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" year="1999">
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: 328
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD4FF5CB140FD631025" blockId="3.[151,1108,1230,1375]" box="[151,746,1322,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
&quot; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF6AB140FF7E1025" box="[161,247,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Cnephia</emphasis>
&quot; 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FECCB140FEC61025" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[263,335,1322,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FECCB140FEC61025" box="[263,335,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FE97B140FE7E1025" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[348,503,1322,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="95 - 113" refId="ref13826" refString="Moulton, J. K. (2000) Molecular sequence data resolves basal divergences within Simuliidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 25, 95 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2000.00097. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Moulton, 2000</bibRefCitation>
: 98. 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FDEDB140FD481025" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[550,705,1322,1344]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" pagination="45 - 57" refId="ref13872" refString="Moulton, J. K. (2003) Can the current molecular arsenal adequately track rapid divergence events within Simuliidae (Diptera)? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 27, 45 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (02) 00397 - 4" type="journal article" year="2003">Moulton, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: 47.
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C88CBD12FFAFFFD4FF5CB123FC10103A" box="[151,921,1353,1375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FF5CB123FEE1103A" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[151,360,1353,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB123FEE1103A" box="[151,360,1353,1375]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Paracnephia pilfreyi</emphasis>
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. 
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<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAFFFD4FEBEB123FDE7103A" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[373,622,1353,1375]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" refId="ref12699" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W. (2008) World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 105 pp." type="book" year="2008">Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 26
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. Transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAFFFD4FCF8B123FC1C103A" box="[819,917,1353,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Simuliini">Simuliini</taxonomicName>
.
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<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF5CB1E6FEB410C0" bold="true" box="[151,317,1420,1445]" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Redescription</emphasis>
(based in part on original description by Davies &amp; Györkös 1 988: 106).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAFFFD3FF0CB1C5FC081795" blockId="3.[151,1436,1420,2029]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="305" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FF0CB1C5FEDF10AD" box="[199,342,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Adult female</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FEAEB1C5FE1610AD" box="[357,415,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Body</emphasis>
: total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FDFEB1C5FD3510A2" box="[565,700,1455,1480]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="2.6" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="2.5">2.5-2.7 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FD0CB1C5FC8D10AD" box="[711,772,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFAFFFD4FCDFB1C5FCDE10AD" box="[788,855,1455,1480]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
): medium orange brown with silvery concolourous adpressed hair; width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FE5FB1BEFE741089" box="[404,509,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.80 mm</quantity>
; depth 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FD99B1BEFD321089" box="[594,699,1492,1516]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
; 0.75× width of thorax; frons sub-parallel, broadening markedly dorsally; frons:head ratio 1.0:6.1, frontal angle 70°. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FCCEB193FCA61375" box="[773,815,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Eye</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FBF8B193FBC41375" box="[1075,1101,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FBA9B192FB46136A" box="[1122,1231,1528,1552]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB14B192FAB5136A" box="[1247,1340,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Antenna</emphasis>
: evenly medium orange brown, tapering distally, total length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FD23B277FC801351" box="[744,777,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">ca.</emphasis>
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FCDBB276FCE01351" box="[784,873,1564,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
; scape, pedicel and basal flagellomere 1.5× longer than broad, apical flagellomere IX, twice as long as others. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC96B255FC69133D" box="[861,992,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: maxillary palpus, pale brown, apical palpomere V elongated; proportional lengths of III–V palpomeres 1.0:1.0:1.5; sensory organ moderately elongated, 0.33× length of palpomere III, opening large, round, 0.6× vesicle width; mandible with 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB4CB2E3FB2013C5" box="[1159,1193,1673,1696]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">ca.</emphasis>
55 poorly developed inner teeth, smaller proximally, 18 outer teeth; lacinia with 16 and 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FCB1B2C7FC1D13A1" box="[890,916,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">ca</emphasis>
. 24 teeth on inner and outer edge respectively; cibarium details not known. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE23B2A5FDB0138D" box="[488,569,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Thorax</emphasis>
: length not known; scutum medium even brown with three darker vittae; scutellum light brown medially, scutellar depression with long brown hairs; postnotum medium brown, bare; anepisternal (plural) membrane without hairs; katepisternum longer than deep, sulcus distinct. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FB16B373FA9F1255" box="[1245,1302,1817,1840]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Wing</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FAB2B37DFF4C1231" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFAFFFD4FED1B356FEFD1231" box="[282,372,1852,1876]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="304" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; a:b ratio 1:3; disposition of apices of R 
<subScript id="74189879FFAFFFD4FCF6B320FCCC123D" attach="left" box="[829,837,1866,1880]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">1</subScript>
and Rs before joining C not recorded; short spinules mixed with setae on distal vein C, but not R, basal section of R haired, R 
<subScript id="74189879FFAFFFD4FC2FB31BFC63121A" attach="left" box="[996,1002,1905,1919]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">s</subScript>
simple, S 
<subScript id="74189879FFAFFFD4FB96B31BFBED121A" attach="left" box="[1117,1124,1905,1919]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">c</subScript>
haired ventrally, vein CuA slightly curved, A 
<subScript id="74189879FFAFFFD4FEA9B3F2FEE312C3" attach="left" box="[354,362,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">1</subScript>
ending near wing margin; basal (bm) cell present. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FC62B3E3FC7412C7" box="[937,1021,1929,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Haltere</emphasis>
: very pale brown, becoming whitish distally in some specimens. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAFFFD4FE2FB3DBFD9012AD" box="[484,537,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="304">Legs</emphasis>
: Fore leg and mid leg: coxa and trochanter medium brown (except anterior trochanter surface); femur and tibia light brown darkened slightly at ends and along anterior tibial margin, tarsus medium brown; fore basitarsus narrow, cylindrical, width:length ratio 1:9. Hind leg (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FB44B4FDFB5315D5" box="[1167,1242,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
): and trochanter medium brown, rest of leg light brown except basal tip and distal end of femur, basal and distal quarter, anterior edge of tibia, basal and distal quarter of basitarsus, distal half of second tarsal segment and rest of tarsus dark brown, with fine adpressed concolourous hair except long medium-brown erect hairs on anterior tibial edge; hind basitarsus wider than fore basitarsus, but sides subparallel, width:length ratio 1.0:5.2; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FB1EB54DFA931425" box="[1237,1306,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
): 1/2 width of basitarsus apex and as wide as long; pedisulcus as wrinkled cuticle; tarsomere 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA8FFD3FBF6B527FBEE1401" box="[1085,1127,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">II 4</date>
× longer than apical width; claw finely tapered with minute basal tooth on inner surface, heel not markedly expressed (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FB38B505FAC914ED" box="[1267,1344,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Small intersegmental sclerites between basitarsus and next two tarsal segments, well expressed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FB6EB5FEFA8614C8" box="[1189,1295,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Abdomen</emphasis>
: basal scale (tergite I) pale brown except medium brown edge, covered with fine concolourous hair but with long posterodorsal erect hairs. Dorsum of segment II with large, medium-brown tergite (0.75× abdominal width), segments III &amp; IV with tergites half abdominal width (tergite III medium brown); segments IV–VIII uniformly pale brown; hairs shorter, lighter and finer on tergites II–IV than for rest of dorsum; ventral surface without sternites. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FB3EB64EFAD61758" box="[1269,1375,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Genitalia</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FAA5B64EFF2C1705" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF6EB622FF27173A" box="[165,174,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">)</emphasis>
: hypogynial valves bluntly triangular with medial edges slightly convergent distally; genital fork anterior arm with anterior third slightly expanded; posterolateral arms plus plate subequal in length to anterior arm. Spermatheca elliptical (length:width ratio 1.4:1.0), darkly pigmented and smooth; presence of internal spines (acanthae) unknown; spermathecal duct with pigment extended for short distance. Cercus (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FB5EB6DEFB5117A8" box="[1173,1240,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,390,1897]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
) as wide as long, smoothly rounded, anal lobe small with minute central depression.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA8FFD3FF0CB696FCA81053" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF0CB696FE881670" box="[199,257,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Male</emphasis>
(based on original description). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FDBEB696FD3E1670" box="[629,695,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Body:</emphasis>
colour not given. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FC47B696FC411670" box="[908,968,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Head</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FBEAB696FB031671" box="[1057,1162,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.85">0.85 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FB5DB697FB421671" box="[1174,1227,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper ommatidia diameter 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FEC9B74AFEF01652" box="[258,377,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.034">0.034 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FE4CB74BFE20165D" box="[391,425,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">ca.</emphasis>
16 across and 20 down. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FD05B775FCA1165D" box="[718,808,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Clypeus</emphasis>
: medium brown; vestiture of long concolourous hairs. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF5CB72EFF7D163E" box="[151,244,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Antenna</emphasis>
: total length not given; pedicel swollen, 1.3× wider than first flagellomere. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FB8CB72EFB431638" box="[1095,1226,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: maxillary palpus, palpomere V 1.4× longer than palpomere IV, sensory vesicle small, spherical, occupying 0.2× length of palpomere III, opening 0.33× vesicle width. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FDDEB7E6FDEF16C0" box="[533,614,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Thorax</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FD74B7E6FC9016C1" box="[703,793,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
, medium brown with three dark brown vittae; scutellum light brown, anepisternal membrane without hairs, katepisternum browner, sulcus distinct. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FB6FB7DBFB5516AD" box="[1188,1244,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Wing</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FAF6B7DAFA1E16A2" box="[1341,1431,944,968]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FF15B7BEFEB11689" box="[222,312,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; short spinules mixed with hairs on vein C, but not R 
<subScript id="74189879FFA8FFD3FC5FB788FC151695" attach="left" box="[916,924,994,1008]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</subScript>
with; basal section of R haired, R 
<subScript id="74189879FFA8FFD3FAD5B788FAAD1695" attach="left" box="[1310,1316,994,1008]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">s</subScript>
simple, S 
<subScript id="74189879FFA8FFD3FA5EB788FA151695" attach="left" box="[1429,1436,994,1008]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">c</subScript>
with ventral hair; CuA and A 
<subScript id="74189879FFA8FFD3FE3EB063FE741172" attach="left" box="[501,509,1033,1047]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">1</subScript>
curved; basal cell absent. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FCF7B790FC191176" box="[828,912,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem mainly translucent to yellowish white opaque, knob yellowish white. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FE39B048FDAE115C" box="[498,551,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Legs</emphasis>
: pale brown except medium brown at both ends of femur and tibia, and at basal end also on anterior margin of hind basitarsus. Fore basitarsus narrow, cylindrical, width:length ratio 1:8; hind basitarsus somewhat flattened, width:length ratio 1:5; calcipala pronounced. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FC3BB003FBD311E7" box="[1008,1114,1129,1154]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Abdomen</emphasis>
: basal scale medium greyish brown with margin and long bordering hairs pale yellowish; distal edges of tergites II–V medium greyish brown, narrowing on posterior segments with tergite VI only half width of tergum; sides of abdomen medium to dark brown becoming paler on sterna. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FDE4B0BFFD10118B" box="[559,665,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Genitalia</emphasis>
: Lost, but observation prior to that indicated the gonocoxa and gonostylus were subequal in length; gonocoxa a truncate cone slightly narrower distally; gonostylus curved medially with 4 or 5 short spines distally on inner margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA8FFD3FF0CB128FE02126F" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF0CB128FE80103C" box="[199,265,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Pupa.</emphasis>
(based on original description) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FDBEB12BFD26103F" box="[629,687,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Body</emphasis>
: length 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FCC6B128FCAE103C" box="[781,807,1346,1369]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">ca</emphasis>
. 4.0 mm. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FC55B12BFC53103F" box="[926,986,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Head</emphasis>
: facial and epicranial setae present, the latter closely applied beside antennal sheath. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FD50B10FFD65101B" box="[667,748,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Thorax</emphasis>
: no details given for cuticle; scutum with three dorsocentral setae. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF17B1E3FE8110C7" box="[220,264,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Gill</emphasis>
: six filaments (original description, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FD57B1E3FD5610C7" box="[668,735,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURES 7, 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1250,1273]" captionTargetBox="[273,1371,244,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1229]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 7, 8. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Pupa. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 107). (7) Frontal view of gill. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (8) Dorsal view of cocoon. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), eight (Grampians, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FC0FB1E3FB9D10C7" box="[964,1044,1417,1442]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
), translucent, thin-walled, inflated; original with three main trunks, anterior one extended horizontally beyond head, with distal upturn, posterior one usually extended horizontally to abdominal segment VII, ventral pair of filaments on short base, two other filaments arising individually near base; Grampians (based on pharate specimen) with short basal trunk, giving rise to single thick filament, three short petioles giving rise each to two filaments, with single filament arising directly from base, no distinct annulations, surface with normal array of trabeculae. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FC27B257FBDF1333" box="[1004,1110,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Abdomen</emphasis>
: armature, tergites I, II, with posterior row of simple hairs, tergite V with one posterior hair, tergites III, IV with posterior row of 4 abruptly tapered hooks, tergites I–IV also with single hair laterally, tergites VI–VIII with fine spine-combs, tergites IX with four grapnel hooks, terminal spines straight, conical, pointing anterodorsally, plus two dorsal hairs; sternites IV–VI with one small medial spine and two lateral finer hairs on sternite V, sternites VI &amp; VII with median membranous area; pleurites absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA8FFD3FF0CB37CFD401237" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF0CB37CFE971248" box="[199,286,1814,1837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Cocoon</emphasis>
(specimens damaged). Apparently shoe-shaped, not completely covering pupa, finely woven without anterior rim, connected ventrally at collar (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FDBCB353FD321237" box="[631,699,1849,1874]" captionStart="FIGURES 7, 8" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1250,1273]" captionTargetBox="[273,1371,244,1189]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1229]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 7, 8. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Pupa. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 107). (7) Frontal view of gill. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (8) Dorsal view of cocoon. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA8FFD2FF0CB335FED816AD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FF0CB335FE831213" box="[199,266,1887,1910]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Larva</emphasis>
(based on original description and new material). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FC84B337FC001213" box="[847,905,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FC51B337FC6B1213" box="[922,994,1885,1910]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
): total length 5.6–7.0 mm, colour pale without segmental markings. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA8FFD3FE22B3EBFDAF12FF" box="[489,550,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA8FFD3FDF3B3EBFD0712FF" box="[568,654,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
): overall colour moderate brown, darker medially, head spot pattern lightly positive; length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FE52B3CFFE7612D8" box="[409,511,1957,1982]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
, maximum width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FD03B3CFFCA712D8" box="[712,814,1957,1982]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.53">0.53 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA8FFD3FB6CB3CCFA8412D8" box="[1191,1293,1958,1982]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
; head widest at stemmata, lateral margins convex, more so posteriorly; cervical sclerites weakly sclerotized, but distinct and not connected to postocciput. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE71B4F2FD9115CA" box="[442,536,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FDEDB4FDFDF115D5" box="[550,632,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
): extended well beyond labral fan stem; total length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FB0AB4FDFAAE15CA" box="[1217,1319,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
, including elongated apical sensillum, basal and medial articles concolourous medium brown; medial article markedly shorter than basal article, distal article markedly elongated, clear, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:0.25:2.5. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FEFBB56EFE241479" box="[304,429,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stem broad, not markedly pigmented, light brown in early last instar larvae, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FA99B56FFAFD1479" box="[1362,1396,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca.</emphasis>
50 (original description) and 70 (Grampians material) fine pale rays, length 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FC36B542FBD2145A" box="[1021,1115,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
, mid-ray width 
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FAD6B542FA11145A" box="[1309,1432,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="0.007">0.007 mm</quantity>
; microtrichial pattern of one longer with five shorter between. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FC91B526FC381400" box="[858,945,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Maxilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FC09B526FB911401" box="[962,1048,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
): not markedly pigmented; palpus elongated and curved, 2.8× as long as basal width; hair tuft at base of palp poorly developed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FB76B505FAA014ED" box="[1213,1321,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FAF2B505FA1E14ED" box="[1337,1431,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–13" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1751,1774]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,189,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,185,1737]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9–13. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians). (9) Habitus. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (10) Dorsal view of head. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (11) Antenna. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (12) Maxilla. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (13) Mandible. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609909/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FF5CB5FEFF3E14C9" box="[151,183,404,428]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">14</figureCitation>
): not markedly pigmented; brushes finely expressed; outer teeth 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FC44B5FFFC2014C9" box="[911,937,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca</emphasis>
. half length of larger apical tooth; subapical teeth poorly expressed; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE6CB5D3FE4014B5" box="[423,457,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca.</emphasis>
10 fine spinous teeth, two sensilla with marked bases, serration barely evident; blade region long and slightly concave. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FDDCB5B6FD491490" box="[535,704,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FD1BB5B6FCAD1490" box="[720,804,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
): essentially absent, minute, slot-shaped; posteroventral muscles spots obvious; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:6.0:3.0. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FB91B66BFB50177D" box="[1114,1241,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FB21B595FAB6177D" box="[1258,1343,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
): domelike; tooth 0 (median) and 4 (lateral), subequal in length, teeth 1–3 small and largely obscured by edge of hypostoma, teeth 5 &amp; 6 small, tooth 7 occasionally present; lateral serrations absent; hypostoma sloped smoothly laterally to edge of genae; 6–8 markedly fine hypostomal setae on each side. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FC35B606FBC617E0" box="[1022,1103,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FB94B606FB3A17E1" box="[1119,1203,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
): pale; the immature pharate pupal gill shows poorly, filaments indistinct. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD3FB6E5FC4217CD" box="[756,971,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Prothoracic proleg</emphasis>
: not markedly developed, lateral sclerite narrowed (
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FEDEB6DEFE2017A9" box="[277,425,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 14–19" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1907,1930]" captionTargetBox="[176,1410,193,1883]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[176,1410,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 14–19. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva (Grampians; except Fig. 18). (14) Mandible apex. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (15) Postgenal cleft. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (16) Hypostoma. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (17) Thorax showing pupal gill histoblast. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (18) Anterior proleg (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (19) Pharate pupal gill. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609911/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figs. 17, 18</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE08B6DEFDA417A8" box="[451,557,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Abdomen</emphasis>
: markedly pale anteriorly, light orange posteriorly, narrow anteriorly with segmental expansions; markedly expanded laterally at segment VI, smoothly tapered posteriorly, amphora-shaped laterally. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF35B696FE321670" box="[254,443,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Ventral tubercles</emphasis>
: well expressed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FDB6B696FCA11670" box="[637,808,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes, well developed. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FB0DB696FADD1670" box="[1222,1364,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FAAFB696FF68165D" captionStart="FIGURES 20, 21" captionStartId="11.[151,264,1313,1336]" captionTargetBox="[186,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,733,1293]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 20, 21. Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi. Last instar larva. (20) Anal sclerite &amp; accessory sclerites (ac sl) (modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 109). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (21) Anal sclerite, accessory sclerites (ac sl) &amp; circlet of hooks (Grampians). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609913/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Figs. 20, 21</figureCitation>
): anterior and posteroventral arms subequal in length, former with basal flange, median region not markedly developed, interarm struts absent; accessory sclerites well developed, extended slightly as semicircular sclerite (Grampians), apparently not so in typical material, clear basal cuticular sclerite underlying circlet of hooks visible, fully sclerotized semicircular sclerite absent. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD58B7E7FCC316C0" box="[659,842,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
: numbers of hooks 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FBE2B7E7FBC216C1" box="[1065,1099,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca.</emphasis>
85 rows of hooks, 14 per row (total 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF12B7DBFF7316AD" box="[217,250,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca.</emphasis>
1,200).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA9FFD2FF0CB7BEFE1311A0" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB7BEFAFD1688" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1396,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB7BEFECF1688" bold="true" box="[199,326,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Etymology</emphasis>
. Named by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FE04B7BEFCA01689" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[463,809,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988: 111)</bibRefCitation>
for Ron Pilfrey, who collected the original material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB79DFE1311A0" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB79DFE851175" bold="true" box="[199,268,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Types</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FED7B79DFE031175" box="[284,394,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA9FFD2FED7B79DFE0F1175" box="[284,390,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FE59B79DFD7D1175" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[402,756,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988: 107)</bibRefCitation>
designated a reared female in ethanol as the 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA9FFD2FB32B79DFAD71175" box="[1273,1374,1015,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, with exuviae and parts mounted on slides. However, as noted previously, this material was never deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC). Of the material recovered by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FBC2B055FB12113D" author="Craig, D. A." box="[1033,1179,1087,1112]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="4 - 7" refId="ref12857" refString="Craig, D. A. (2011) Taxonomist as Sherlock Holmes. Fly Times, 46, 4 - 7." type="journal article" year="2011">Craig (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and now deposited in ANIC, just three legs and the head minus the labellum remain; all now in glycerine in a pinned microvial. Label data: [HOLO/ TYPE] [
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FE56B0EDFDA711C5" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[413,558,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE56B0EDFDA711C5" box="[413,558,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Paracnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FDFEB0EDFD0C11C5" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[565,645,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FDFEB0EDFD0C11C5" box="[565,645,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] [
<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFA9FFD2FD56B0E2FCC811C5" box="[669,833,1160,1184]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">AUSTRALIA</collectingCountry>
, ACT/ Tidbinbilla Rd/ 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FB81B0EDFB3511C5" box="[1098,1212,1159,1184]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-35.42">S35.4200°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FB0EB0E2FACE11C5" box="[1221,1351,1160,1184]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="148.94">E148.9400°</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FA9CB0EDFF4711A0" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1964-09-15">15-ix- 1964</date>
/ Coll. R. Pilfrey].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA9FFD2FF0CB0BBFB97101D" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="description">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB0BBFB97101D" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<materialsCitation id="58F49061FFA9FFD2FF0CB0BBFB90101D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521018" collectionCode="ANIC" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB0BBFEC9118D" box="[199,320,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA9FFD2FF0CB0BBFEB5118D" box="[199,316,1233,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Little was recovered of the 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA9FFD2FD43B0BAFD61118D" box="[648,744,1232,1256]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
adults, pupae and larvae originally designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FAE4B0A5FE001069" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988: 107)</bibRefCitation>
. The following material is stored in glycerine in pinned microvials, as follows: a pupal gill histoblast, a larval mandible plus hypostoma, a single complete immature larva, and a single mature last instar larva. Other material is mounted on slides: two male pupal exuviae, two female pupal exuviae, and a single last instar larval anal sclerite. Label data: as above, but with [
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFA9FFD2FCDEB10AFC09101D" box="[789,896,1376,1400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
]; all in 
<collectionCode id="8E8D02F9FFA9FFD2FC1AB10AFB90101D" box="[977,1049,1376,1400]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ANIC</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA9FFD2FF0CB1EEFC9C1348" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB1EEFAF01081" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB1EEFE3A10F8" bold="true" box="[199,435,1412,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Additional material</emphasis>
. Early last instar larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FD2FB1EFFCFA10F8" baseAuthorityName="Davies &amp; Gyorkos" baseAuthorityYear="1988" box="[740,883,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD2FB1EFFCFA10F8" box="[740,883,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. [
<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFA9FFD2FC4CB1EEFBA010F9" box="[903,1065,1412,1436]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">AUSTRALIA</collectingCountry>
VIC./ Grampians National Park/ Small tributary of Glenelg/ River, ex. Glenelg River. Rd./ 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FCE8B1CDFC7510A5" box="[803,1020,1447,1472]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1996-09-26">26 September 1996</date>
/ Coll. J.K. Moulton], (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FACBB1C3FA9310A5" box="[1280,1306,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca</emphasis>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FAE3B1CDFA1210A5" box="[1320,1435,1447,1472]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-37.25">S37.2500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FF5CB1A6FE941081" box="[151,285,1484,1508]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="142.42">E142.4200°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA9FFD2FEA9B1A6FE271080" box="[354,430,1484,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FEA9B1A6FE231080" box="[354,426,1484,1509]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="m" value="226.0">226m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
). (ETOH: UASM# 370857), (Slide: UASM# 370929) and personal collection of JKM.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB185FC9C1348" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
The whereabouts of immature larvae collected by R. Pilfrey from an intermittent stream draining into Paddys River, ACT (
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FEE2B27EFDF51349" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[297,636,1556,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös, 1988: 107</bibRefCitation>
) is unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFA9FFD0FF0CB25DFC331331" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD2FF0CB25DFB791260" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB25DFED01335" bold="true" box="[199,345,1591,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="70A786B9FFA9FFD2FEA3B25DFE351335" box="[360,444,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 99" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1229,1251]" captionTargetBox="[193,1405,676,1173]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,625,1206]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 99. Distribution of Protaustrosimulium. (99) Map of southern portion of Australia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609961/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE04B25DFC981335" box="[463,785,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Australian Capital Territory.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFA9FFD2FCDCB25DFBF81335" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[791,1137,1591,1616]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988: 107)</bibRefCitation>
listed four localities in the Tidbinbilla Road region, south of Canberra; namely a trickle above Tidbinbilla Road draining into Paddys River (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF6BB2EBFF3213FD" box="[160,187,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca</emphasis>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FF02B215FEB513FD" box="[201,316,1663,1688]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-35.42">S35.4200°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FE8FB2EAFE4313FD" box="[324,458,1664,1688]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="148.94">E148.9400°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA9FFD2FDDBB215FDD313FD" box="[528,602,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FDDBB215FDDF13FD" box="[528,598,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="m" value="670.0">670m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FDADB215FD6F13FD" box="[614,742,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1964-09-15">15-ix-1964</date>
); 
<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFA9FFD2FD30B215FCE913FD" box="[763,864,1663,1688]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
Creek (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FC72B215FBA613FD" box="[953,1071,1663,1688]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-35.45">S35.4500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FBFDB215FB3513FD" box="[1078,1212,1663,1688]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="148.9785">E148.9785°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA9FFD2FAC9B215FAC513FD" box="[1282,1356,1663,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FAC9B215FAC113FD" box="[1282,1352,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.67" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="m" value="667.0">667m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FA93B215FF5A13D8" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1964-09-10">10-ix- 1964</date>
); Oakey Creek (
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FE40B2CEFD8913D8" box="[395,512,1700,1725]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-35.4145">S35.4145°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FDCCB2CEFD0413D8" box="[519,653,1700,1725]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="148.9456">E148.9456°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA9FFD2FD1FB2CEFC9713D8" box="[724,798,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FD1FB2CEFC9313D8" box="[724,794,1700,1725]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="m" value="650.0">650m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FCE1B2CEFC1813D8" box="[810,913,1700,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1966-10-01">1-x-1966</date>
) and a temporary stream draining into Paddys River (
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FF28B2ADFEE51385" box="[227,364,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1964-07-28">28-vii-1964</date>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FEBDB2ADFE7C1385" box="[374,501,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1966-09-21">21-ix-1966</date>
, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FDCBB2ADFDE21385" box="[512,619,1735,1760]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1966-10-05">5-x-1966</date>
). 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FDB6B2A3FD551385" box="[637,732,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Victoria.</emphasis>
Grampians National Park, Glenelg River Road, small tributary of Glenelg River, 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FEABB286FDB41260" box="[352,573,1772,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1996-09-26">26 September 1996</date>
. Coll. J.K. Moulton (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FCE0B287FCCF1261" box="[811,838,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ca</emphasis>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FC98B286FC4F1260" box="[851,966,1772,1797]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="-37.25">S37.2500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFA9FFD2FC06B286FBDA1261" box="[973,1107,1772,1796]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" precision="5" value="142.42">E142.4200°</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<specimenCount id="FE9A51B5FFA9FFD2FB52B286FB6C1260" box="[1177,1253,1772,1797]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" type="generic">
<quantity id="2F6437D9FFA9FFD2FB52B286FB681260" box="[1177,1249,1772,1797]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" unit="m" value="226.0">226m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFA9FFD1FF0CB365FBF81425" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF0CB365FECA124D" bold="true" box="[199,323,1807,1832]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Bionomics</emphasis>
. Little is known about the biology of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FD22B365FB97124D" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[745,1054,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD22B365FB97124D" box="[745,1054,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Attempts were made in 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FAFDB37AFF461229" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="2011" valueMax="2014">2011 and 2014</date>
to recollect material from 
<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFA9FFD2FDC7B35EFDF81228" box="[524,625,1844,1869]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
Creek (Fig. 97) and the creek at Oakey Farm (Fig. 96); however, no specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FE88B333FE521215" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[323,475,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE88B333FE521215" box="[323,475,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recovered—even though the season corresponded with Pilfrey’s original collections in 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFA9FFD2FEFFB316FE5512F0" box="[308,476,1916,1941]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" value="1964" valueMax="1966">1964 and 1966</date>
. Oakey Creek yielded 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FD11B316FACC12F0" authority="(Skuse)" authorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[730,1349,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furiosum" subGenus="Novaustrosimulium">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD11B316FC0312F0" box="[730,906,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Austrosimulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FC51B316FBFD12F0" box="[922,1140,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Novaustrosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FB4FB316FB6112F1" box="[1156,1256,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">furiosum</emphasis>
(Skuse)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FA99B317FAE212F1" box="[1362,1387,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">A.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FAB1B317FA0212F1" box="[1402,1419,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">A</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF5CB3CBFF7612DD" box="[151,255,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">crassipes</emphasis>
(Tonnoir), and 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FE0FB3CAFC4D12DC" authority="(Skuse)" baseAuthorityName="Skuse" box="[452,964,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatipes" subGenus="Nevermannia">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE0FB3CAFDA712DC" box="[452,558,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD8DB3CBFD5412DD" box="[582,733,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Nevermannia</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FD3FB3CBFCD712DD" box="[756,862,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">ornatipes</emphasis>
(Skuse)
</taxonomicName>
, while 
<collectingCountry id="908BDAACFFA9FFD2FBEFB3CAFB0012DC" box="[1060,1161,1952,1977]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
Creek yielded 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FA82B3CBFAEB12DD" box="[1353,1378,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">A.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FAB2B3CBFA0512DD" box="[1401,1420,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">N</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FF5CB3AFFF7212B9" box="[151,251,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">victoriae</emphasis>
(Roubaud) and &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFA9FFD2FE09B3AEFDDA12B8" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[450,595,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FE09B3AEFDDA12B8" box="[450,595,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Paracnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFA9FFD2FDA3B3AEFD5A12B8" box="[616,723,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">orientalis</emphasis>
(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). This latter creek is larger and less ephemeral than the originally described localities (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FD2FB4F3FC8F15D5" box="[740,774,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">e.g</emphasis>
., &quot; 
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FCE1B4FDFB0715D5" box="[810,1166,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">trickles crossing Paddy's Road</emphasis>
&quot;) and the Oakey Farm creek (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FF2FB4D6FF7115B1" box="[228,248,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">cf</emphasis>
. Figs. 96 &amp; 97). 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFAAFFD1FE77B4D6FD6B15B1" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[444,738,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988)</bibRefCitation>
noted that D.G. Bedo attempted to find more 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAAFFD1FB22B4D6FAB015B0" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1257,1337,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FB22B4D6FAB015B0" box="[1257,1337,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material in 
<date id="9C22BCFCFFAAFFD1FF7FB4B5FED4159D" box="[180,349,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" value="1985" valueMax="1986">1985 and 1986</date>
, but he too was unsuccessful. Dates given in Davies &amp; Györkös (
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FBF3B4B5FB0D159D" box="[1080,1156,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">loc. cit</emphasis>
.: 107) indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAAFFD1FAAFB48BFF6E1478" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FAAFB48BFF6E1478" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a late Austral winter/early spring species, as are many of the Gondwanan Australian species. This agrees well with the seasonality of the 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAAFFD1FE30B543FD031425" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[507,650,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FE30B543FD031425" box="[507,650,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population from Grampians National Park.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFAAFFD1FF5CB31CFDE0128C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609905/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" startId="6.[151,264,1910,1933]" targetBox="[152,1425,390,1880]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFAAFFD1FF5CB31CFDE0128C" blockId="6.[151,1436,1910,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FF5CB31CFEB312E9" bold="true" box="[151,314,1910,1933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURES 1–6.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFAAFFD1FE8AB31DFDE912E8" box="[321,608,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFAAFFD1FE8AB31DFDD512E8" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[321,604,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Female adult. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 106). (1) Frontal view of head. Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (2) Hind leg. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (3) Calcipala &amp; tarsomere II. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (4) Claw &amp; basal tooth. Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (5) Genitalia (spermatheca, genital fork, hypogynial valves). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Cercus &amp; anal lobe; lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="BCE3CAB4FFABFFD0FF5CB088FCC5107D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609907/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" startId="7.[151,264,1250,1273]" targetBox="[273,1371,244,1189]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFABFFD0FF5CB088FCC5107D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1250,1304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FF5CB088FEB7119D" bold="true" box="[151,318,1250,1273]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">FIGURES 7, 8.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FE8CB089FDE1119C" box="[327,616,1251,1273]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFABFFD0FE8CB089FDED119C" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[327,612,1251,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">Protaustrosimulium pilfreyi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Pupa. (Modified from Davies &amp; Györkös 1988: 107). (7) Frontal view of gill. Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (8) Dorsal view of cocoon. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFABFFD0FF0CB155FC331331" blockId="7.[151,1437,1343,1980]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
Tidbinbilla Road is now a fully paved thoroughfare and any water crossing the road flows through a culvert. Agricultural impacts on the surrounding land appear considerable. Similarly, climate change for the 
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFABFFD0FAE3B109FEDB10C5" country="Australia" name="Australian Capital Territory" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Australian Capital Territory</collectingRegion>
(ACT) has seen maximum temperatures increasing since the 1950's, with a concomitant decrease in spring rains. Indeed, the Oakey Farm creek when visited in early October, 2014, was dry. There were serious droughts in the early 2000's and major fires in the Tidbinbilla region during January, 2003. In short, it is possible that 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFABFFD0FF06B19EFEEB1369" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[205,354,1523,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FF06B19EFEEB1369" box="[205,354,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
no longer exists in the Tidbinbilla area. The only other known locality for this species is Grampians National Park, 
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFABFFD0FE0FB27DFDAB1355" box="[452,546,1559,1584]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Victoria</collectingRegion>
; however, exact coordinates are unknown. Given the general warming trend in the region, perhaps collection efforts should be made earlier in the year.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A086C9B7FFABFFD0FF0CB235FEC812D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFABFFD0FF0CB235FC5E1262" blockId="7.[151,1437,1343,1980]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FF0CB235FEBD131D" bold="true" box="[199,308,1631,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Remarks</emphasis>
. The latitude and longitude (35° 26' 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFABFFD0FD15B235FCD1131D" box="[734,856,1631,1656]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" precision="925" value="-142.93333">S 142° 56'</geoCoordinate>
E) given for the 
<typeStatus id="3727249EFFABFFD0FBD4B20AFBC6131D" box="[1055,1103,1632,1656]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFABFFD0FB10B20AFAE7131D" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1243,1390,1631,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FB10B20AFAE7131D" box="[1243,1390,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by 
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFABFFD0FF5CB2E9FE7013FE" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[151,505,1667,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös (1988: 107)</bibRefCitation>
is incorrect; the degrees longitude should be 148° and such corrected coordinates (35° 26' 
<geoCoordinate id="8DA8FCFBFFABFFD0FF3AB2CDFEE013A5" box="[241,361,1703,1728]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" precision="925" value="-148.93333">S 148° 56'</geoCoordinate>
E) place this near the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve (a National Park since 1962). The spelling &quot;Oakley Ck&quot; for one locality is incorrect and should be &quot;Oakey&quot;. The property on which the original collections were made still existed at the time of writing and is named &quot;Oakey Farm&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E8239A3CFFABFFD0FF0CB379FEC812D9" blockId="7.[151,1437,1343,1980]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
While there is good concordance between the 
<collectingRegion id="2A5854DEFFABFFD0FD18B379FB851249" box="[723,1036,1811,1836]" country="Australia" name="Australian Capital Territory" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Australian Capital Territory</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8C0DE7CDFFABFFD0FBD0B379FAB0124E" author="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H." box="[1051,1337,1811,1836]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref13580" refString="Davies, D. M. &amp; Gyorkos, H. (1988) Two new Australian species of Simuliidae (Diptera). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 27, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.1988. tb 01156. x" type="journal article" year="1988">Davies &amp; Györkös, 1988</bibRefCitation>
) and the Grampians larval material described here, differences in pupal gill filament, labral fan ray numbers and accessory sclerites of the larvae are suggestive of a species complex. Indeed, the Grampians larvae are more similar to those of the Western Australian species 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFABFFD0FDDFB3EAFD4512FD" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" box="[532,716,1919,1944]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphorum">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FDDFB3EAFD4512FD" box="[532,716,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Prot. amphorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than they are to typical larvae. More material of 
<taxonomicName id="2F9CE1BFFFABFFD0FB38B3EAFA0B12FD" authorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Currie &amp; Craig &amp; Moulton" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[1267,1410,1919,1944]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Protaustrosimulium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilfreyi">
<emphasis id="DAE8462EFFABFFD0FB38B3EAFA0B12FD" box="[1267,1410,1919,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Prot. pilfreyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>