568 lines
54 KiB
XML
568 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab055" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7184341" checkinTime="1665470413428" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Krupitsky, Anatoly V, Shapoval, Nazar A, Schepetov, Dmitry M, Ekimova, Irina A & Lukhtanov, Vladimir A" docDate="2022" docId="03F89412FFF0FFBBFCFBFA9965BB579C" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab055.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/630/6358824" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Tomares nogelii" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="641" masterDocId="FFC1EC6AFFF9FFB0FFD7FFF1677B5464" masterDocTitle="Phylogeny, species delimitation and biogeography of the endemic Palaearctic tribe Tomarini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="646" masterPageNumber="630" pageNumber="639" updateTime="1665511321836" updateUser="carolina">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Phylogeny, species delimitation and biogeography of the endemic Palaearctic tribe Tomarini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Krupitsky, Anatoly V</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Shapoval, Nazar A</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Schepetov, Dmitry M</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ekimova, Irina A</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Lukhtanov, Vladimir A</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2022-10-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>196</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>630</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>646</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/196/2/630/6358824</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab055</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7184341</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F89412FFF0FFBBFCFBFA9965BB579C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F89412FFF0FFBBFCFBFA9965BB579C" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="641" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="639" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[812,1421,1384,1439]" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">
|
||
PHYLOGENY, SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1042,1163,1416,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="642" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1042,1163,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. NOGELII</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
CLADE
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="641" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[808,1425,1455,1907]" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">
|
||
Neither
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[914,1029,1455,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[914,1029,1455,1477]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1091,1265,1455,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1091,1265,1455,1477]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nesimachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recovered as a monophyletic entity in our analysis. Species delimitation analysis suggests the species status for the whole
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[929,1033,1547,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[929,1033,1547,1569]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, and the haplotype network analysis reveals no phylogeographical structure within the clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[808,1425,1455,1907]" lastBlockId="10.[163,780,197,1906]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="640" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">
|
||
Summarizing the results of the previous research (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Schurian KG" box="[818,1189,1670,1692]" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" pagination="243 - 250" refId="ref11831" refString="Hesselbarth G, Schurian KG. 1984. Beitrag zur Taxonomie, Verbreitung und Biologie von Tomares nogelii (HerrichSchaffer, [1851]) in der Turkei (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Entomofauna 5: 243 - 250." type="journal article" year="1984">Hesselbarth & Schurian, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" refId="ref11872" refString="Hesselbarth G, Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Turkei unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Bocholt: Selbstverlag S. Wagener." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hesselbarth
|
||
<emphasis box="[1363,1425,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" box="[887,1287,1701,1723]" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref13743" refString="Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 2000. Zu Tomares in der Turkei. Erganzungen und Korrekturen zu Hesselbarth, Van Oorschot and Wagener, 1995: die Tagfalter der Turkei. 3 (Lepidoptera). Phegea 28: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="2000">Van Oorschot & Wagener, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we can conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1290,1398,1731,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1398,1731,1753]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented by three phenotypes, all with intermediates between them:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schwingenschuss, 1939" authorityName="Schwingenschuss" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="monotona">
|
||
<emphasis box="[985,1210,1793,1814]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii monotona</emphasis>
|
||
Schwingenschuss, 1939
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(wings dark brown dorsally, without red patches),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,1005,1854,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1005,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(wings red, with wide, dark border dorsally) and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[973,1226,1885,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="639" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="nesimachus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[973,1226,1885,1906]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="639">T. nogelii nesimachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(wings red, with narrow, dark marginal border dorsally). Intermediate specimens were described as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ruhl, 1893" authorityName="Ruhl" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="obscura">
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,708,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii obscura</emphasis>
|
||
Rühl, 1893
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Kocak, Kemal" authorityName="Kocak, Kemal" box="[237,591,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="cesa">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,411,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii cesa</emphasis>
|
||
Koçak, Kemal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& Seven, 2000 and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Staudinger, 1871" authorityName="Staudinger" authorityYear="1871" box="[217,695,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nogelii" subSpecies="aurantiaca">
|
||
<emphasis box="[217,475,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
Staudinger, 1871
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These phenotypes, or colour morphs, and intermediate specimens differ in distribution but may co-occur. It was noted that adults of dark phenotypes (
|
||
<emphasis box="[648,778,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[702,778,381,402]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">nogelii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[223,420,413,434]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. n. monotona</emphasis>
|
||
) tend to appear ~1 month later than those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,597,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[458,597,442,463]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">nesimachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and/or inhabit higher elevations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsen TB" box="[388,543,473,495]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref12434" refString="Larsen TB. 1974. The butterflies of Lebanon. Beirut: National Council for Scientific Research." type="book" year="1974">Larsen, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref11872" refString="Hesselbarth G, Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Turkei unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Bocholt: Selbstverlag S. Wagener." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hesselbarth
|
||
<emphasis box="[712,773,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to the literature, the north of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[165,280,534,556]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[165,280,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
range (southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[507,609,534,556]" name="Ukraine" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[678,769,534,556]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Crimea</collectingRegion>
|
||
) is inhabited by the phenotypes
|
||
<emphasis box="[570,721,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[637,721,565,586]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">nogelii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,358,597,618]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. n. monotona</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tshikolovets V" box="[381,624,596,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref13631" refString="Tshikolovets V. 2011. Butterflies of Europe and the Mediterranean area. Pardubice: Tshikolovets Publications." type="book" year="2011">Tshikolovets, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[653,744,596,618]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
is inhabited by all three colour morphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref11872" refString="Hesselbarth G, Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Turkei unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Bocholt: Selbstverlag S. Wagener." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hesselbarth
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,223,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), both
|
||
<emphasis box="[381,519,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[439,519,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">nogelii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,779,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[641,779,657,678]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">nesimachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are known from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[362,464,688,710]" name="Lebanon" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[526,590,688,710]" name="Syria" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsen TB" box="[608,764,688,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref12434" refString="Larsen TB. 1974. The butterflies of Lebanon. Beirut: National Council for Scientific Research." type="book" year="1974">Larsen, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the southernmost part of the range, in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[708,778,718,740]" name="Israel" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[214,296,749,771]" name="Jordan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is inhabited by
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,681,749,771]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[547,681,749,770]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">nesimachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larsen TB & Nakamura I" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="135 - 208" refId="ref12452" refString="Larsen TB, Nakamura I. 1983. Butterflies of east Jordan. Entomologist's Gazette 34: 135 - 208." type="journal article" year="1983">Larsen & Nakamura, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tshikolovets V" box="[406,629,780,802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref13631" refString="Tshikolovets V. 2011. Butterflies of Europe and the Mediterranean area. Pardubice: Tshikolovets Publications." type="book" year="2011">Tshikolovets, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens of
|
||
<emphasis box="[194,399,810,832]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[258,399,810,831]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">nesimachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[476,549,810,832]" name="Israel" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[564,648,810,832]" name="Jordan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[714,778,810,832]" name="Syria" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
differ from those in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[406,492,841,863]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
in their well-developed red discal field, narrow, dark marginal border on the dorsal side of the wings and large size. They could be considered a distinct subspecies, but such treatment is not supported by phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses because these specimens do not form a clade.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[163,780,197,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
The results of our analysis do not support the opinion of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" box="[285,608,1056,1078]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[673,780,1056,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[673,780,1056,1078]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[214,379,1086,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,379,1086,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nesimachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct sister species. Taking our results into account, in addition to the absence of morphological diagnostic characters delimiting these taxa, broadly shared distribution ranges and absence of clear reproductive barriers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref13743" refString="Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 2000. Zu Tomares in der Turkei. Erganzungen und Korrekturen zu Hesselbarth, Van Oorschot and Wagener, 1995: die Tagfalter der Turkei. 3 (Lepidoptera). Phegea 28: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[486,531,1210,1231]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oorschot & Wagener, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" box="[238,570,1240,1262]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), considering all mentioned phenotypes a single species
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[641,749,1270,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[641,749,1270,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most reasonable. We consider
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,710,1301,1323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[574,710,1301,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">nesimachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">syn. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
) a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,536,1332,1354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[457,536,1332,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">nogelii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
to obtain taxonomic stability and solve nearly a century and a half of confusion and attempts to discriminate these two taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[163,780,197,1906]" lastBlockId="10.[826,1444,197,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
Apart from the nominotypical subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[163,271,1454,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,271,1454,1476]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabiting
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[411,495,1454,1476]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[508,573,1454,1476]" name="Syria" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[587,691,1454,1476]" name="Lebanon" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[703,773,1454,1476]" name="Israel" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[163,249,1485,1507]" name="Jordan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and, according to old, unconfirmed data,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[163,301,1516,1538]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tshikolovets V & Nekrutenko Yu" box="[324,762,1516,1538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref13649" refString="Tshikolovets V, Nekrutenko Yu. 2012. The butterflies of Caucasus and Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russian Federation). Pardubice: Tshikolovets Publications." type="book" year="2012">Tshikolovets & Nekrutenko, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), separation of a northern subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,773,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Caradja" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[639,773,1546,1567]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobrogensis">dobrogensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, from south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[416,529,1577,1599]" name="Romania" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[544,652,1577,1599]" name="Moldova" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[163,258,1608,1630]" name="Ukraine" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[314,400,1608,1630]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Crimea</collectingRegion>
|
||
, is reasonable, but the specimens of
|
||
<emphasis box="[191,381,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Caradja" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[247,381,1638,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobrogensis">dobrogensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
do not form a monophyletic entity in our phylogenetic reconstruction. In the haplotype network analysis, they are represented by five unique haplotypes, three related ones, from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[580,665,1730,1752]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Crimea</collectingRegion>
|
||
(H15 and H17) and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[279,462,1761,1783]" country="Ukraine" name="Kherson" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Kherson Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[501,597,1761,1783]" name="Ukraine" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
(H16), and two unconnected haplotypes, from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[531,717,1792,1814]" country="Ukraine" name="Donets'k" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Donetsk Oblast</collectingRegion>
|
||
(H8) and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[216,372,1822,1844]" country="Ukraine" name="Zaporizhzhya" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Zaporizhzhia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(H9) in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[474,575,1822,1844]" name="Ukraine" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
. At least some of them should be attributed to
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,727,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Caradja" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[586,727,1853,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobrogensis">dobrogensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. We hope that the addition of specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[677,778,1884,1906]" name="Moldova" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Moldova</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[876,978,197,219]" name="Romania" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the analysis will refine the taxonomic status of these populations. Until then, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" box="[827,1138,258,280]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and provisionally consider
|
||
<emphasis box="[826,1017,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Caradja" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[883,1017,289,310]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobrogensis">dobrogensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1234,1337,289,311]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1234,1337,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the northern Pontic region. The specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1357,1442,320,342]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
previously attributed to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1120,1319,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
T. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Caradja" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1180,1319,350,371]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dobrogensis">dobrogensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
share the second widespread haplotype (H2) with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1062,1165,412,434]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1165,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Oberthur" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1226,1359,412,433]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nesimachus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1226,1359,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">nesimachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[826,1444,197,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[851,1091,443,464]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[851,1091,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Tomares romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also not recovered as a species in species delimitation analyses, but it clearly differs from parapatrically distributed
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1301,1410,504,526]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1301,1410,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in morphological characters, overlapping with a small part of the range of the latter in its easternmost part. Several populations morphologically intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[946,1069,626,648]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[946,1069,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1143,1300,627,648]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1300,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,966,657,679]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T.n. obscura</emphasis>
|
||
from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1116,1199,657,679]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
and populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[827,921,688,710]" name="Georgia" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[983,1117,688,710]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, known as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nekrutenko" authorityYear="1978" box="[1257,1437,688,710]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="romanovi" subSpecies="cachetinus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1257,1437,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. r. cachetinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and specimens with shared haplotypes were detected in an overlapping zone of their ranges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref11872" refString="Hesselbarth G, Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Turkei unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Bocholt: Selbstverlag S. Wagener." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hesselbarth
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,885,780,802]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" box="[961,1322,780,802]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref13743" refString="Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 2000. Zu Tomares in der Turkei. Erganzungen und Korrekturen zu Hesselbarth, Van Oorschot and Wagener, 1995: die Tagfalter der Turkei. 3 (Lepidoptera). Phegea 28: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="2000">Van Oorschot & Wagener, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[967,1112,842,863]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[967,1112,842,863]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1189,1297,841,863]" name="Armenia" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1310,1442,841,863]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[878,970,872,894]" name="Georgia" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
form a clade within the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1261,1367,872,894]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1261,1367,872,894]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group corresponding to the nominotypical subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[827,957,934,955]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,957,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T.romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this clade is not united with specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[856,994,964,986]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,994,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1064,1148,964,986]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1159,1210,964,985]" name="Iran" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1269,1438,964,986]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which appear on an unresolved branch comprising samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[955,1059,1025,1047]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[955,1059,1025,1047]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1126,1189,1025,1047]" name="Syria" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1200,1283,1025,1047]" name="Turkey" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1340,1423,1025,1047]" name="Jordan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[826,1444,197,1906]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
In the phylogeographical analysis, the majority of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[903,1043,1087,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[903,1043,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens share haplotypes with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[828,940,1117,1139]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[828,940,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(H1, H13 and H20), and five haplotypes from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[891,944,1148,1169]" name="Iran" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[957,1050,1148,1170]" name="Georgia" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1111,1240,1148,1170]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(H14, H18, H19, H21 and H22) are unique for the species, differing from the haplotype H
|
||
<quantity box="[1083,1125,1209,1231]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
only one or two nucleotide substitutions. The overall haplotype network structure (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[836,904,1270,1292]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,242,1758,1780]" captionTargetBox="[165,1446,1161,1718]" captionTargetId="figure-512@6.[163,1446,1159,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. A, result of the statistical parsimony network analysis illustrating relationships of the 25 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes of the Tomares nogelii species group. Colours of circles correspond to origins of samples. B, result of the statistical parsimony network analysis illustrating relationships of the 25 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes of the T. nogelii species group. Colours of circles correspond to species previously considered within the group (Weidenhoffer & Bozano, 2007)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7184347" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7184347/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows a common haplotype (H1) shared by many specimens from different localities and a starlike pattern of its sister haplotypes. This might indicate that the hypothetical ancestral populations underwent a significant reduction in effective population size and that a bottleneck event occurred in the recent historical past. At the same time, the large number of closely related haplotypes combined into a cluster with a dominant haplotype indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[1308,1443,1516,1538]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1308,1443,1516,1538]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations are currently undergoing exponential growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Avise JC" box="[922,1051,1577,1599]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" refId="ref10699" refString="Avise JC. 2000. Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard: Harvard University Press." type="book" year="2000">Avise, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[826,1444,197,1906]" lastBlockId="11.[145,762,197,1016]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="641" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">
|
||
The taxonomic status of the populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1339,1442,1608,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1339,1442,1608,1630]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[886,1039,1639,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1039,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with shared haplotypes needs further examination. This pattern can be the result of hybridization leading to mitochondrial introgression or incomplete lineage sorting, which occurs occasionally in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[861,1000,1761,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Talavera G & Lukhtanov VA & Rieppel L & Pierce NE & Vila R" box="[1020,1291,1761,1783]" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="469 - 478" refId="ref13512" refString="Talavera G, Lukhtanov VA, Rieppel L, Pierce NE, Vila R. 2013 b. In the shadow of phylogenetic uncertainty: the recent diversification of Lysandra butterflies through chromosomal change. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69: 469 - 478." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Talavera
|
||
<emphasis box="[1138,1201,1761,1783]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lukhtanov VA & Dantchenko AV & Vishnevskaya MS" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" pagination="468 - 485" refId="ref12549" refString="Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV, Vishnevskaya MS, SaifitdinovaAF. 2015 a. Detecting cryptic species in sympatry and allopatry: analysis of hidden diversity in Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116: 468 - 485." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Lukhtanov
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,886,1792,1814]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). Another possible explanation of the shared haplotypes within the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1190,1298,1822,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1190,1298,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is an influence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Hertig, 1936" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[971,1246,1853,1875]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="640" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1091,1853,1874]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="640">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
Hertig, 1936
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an intracellular rickettsial bacterium that infects arthropods and filarial nematodes. As an endosymbiont associated with mitochondria and thus maternally inherited,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[145,263,258,279]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,263,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can cause selective sweeps in mitochondrial haplotypes owing to genetic hitchhiking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whitworth TL & Dawson RD & Magalon H & Baudry E" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" pagination="1731 - 1739" refId="ref14030" refString="Whitworth TL, Dawson RD, Magalon H, Baudry E. 2007. DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 1731 - 1739." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Whitworth
|
||
<emphasis box="[145,214,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[331,465,320,342]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[331,465,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection can lead to mitochondrial introgression and reduce mitochondrial diversity, but can also mimic the speciation process, causing a deep divergence in mitochondrial phylogenies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ritter S & Michalski SG & Settele J & Wiemers M & Fric ZF & Sielezniew M & Sasic M & Rozier Y & Durka W" box="[154,365,442,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" pagination="78107" refId="ref13245" refString="Ritter S, Michalski SG, Settele J, Wiemers M, Fric ZF, Sielezniew M, Sasic M, Rozier Y, Durka W. 2013. Wolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species, Phengaris teleius and P. nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). PLoS One 8: e 78107." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ritter
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,294,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that both species,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[146,250,473,495]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nogelii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[146,250,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">T. nogelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[308,444,474,495]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[308,444,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, share the same
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[642,761,473,494]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,761,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
strain owing to hybridization in the common parts of their distribution ranges in Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[591,677,534,556]" name="Turkey" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which has resulted in the observed star-like structure of the haplotype network obtained. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[551,682,596,618]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a case of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[176,301,626,647]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[176,301,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and mitochondrial DNA interference was found recently in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Bergstrasser, 1779)" baseAuthorityName="Bergstrasser" baseAuthorityYear="1779" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Pseudophilotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baton">
|
||
<emphasis box="[490,761,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Pseudophilotes baton</emphasis>
|
||
(Bergsträsser, 1779)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bartonova A & Konvicka M & Maresova J & Wiemers M & Ignatev N & Wahlberg N & Schmitt T & Fric Z" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" pagination="3019" refId="ref10896" refString="Bartonova A, Konvicka M, Maresova J, Wiemers M, Ignatev N, Wahlberg N, Schmitt T, Fric Z. 2021. Wolbachia affects mitochondrial population structure in two systems of closely related Palaearctic blue butterflies. Scientific Reports 11: 3019." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Bartoňová
|
||
<emphasis box="[699,755,688,710]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their phylogeographical analysis also resulted in a star-like network structure, but in contrast to our case, it mirrored the geographical pattern of the revealed haplotypes and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[429,547,810,831]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[429,547,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Wolbachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[145,762,197,1016]" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">
|
||
Given the distinct morphological characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Weidenhoffer Z & Bozano GC" box="[153,498,872,894]" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" refId="ref13930" refString="Weidenhoffer Z, Bozano GC. 2007. Guide to the butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Lycaenidae part III. Milan: Omnes Artes." type="book" year="2007">Weidenhoffer & Bozano, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nazari V & Ten Hagen W" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" pagination="19 - 33" refId="ref12842" refString="Nazari V, Ten Hagen W. 2020. Molecular taxonomy of Tomares hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 19 - 33." type="journal article" year="2020">Nazari & Ten Hagen, 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and differences in ecology and distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hesselbarth G & Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" box="[154,436,933,955]" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" refId="ref11872" refString="Hesselbarth G, Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 1995. Die Tagfalter der Turkei unter Berucksichtigung der angrenzenden Lander. Bocholt: Selbstverlag S. Wagener." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
Hesselbarth
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,372,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Oorschot H & Wagener S" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" pagination="87 - 117" refId="ref13743" refString="Van Oorschot H, Wagener S. 2000. Zu Tomares in der Turkei. Erganzungen und Korrekturen zu Hesselbarth, Van Oorschot and Wagener, 1995: die Tagfalter der Turkei. 3 (Lepidoptera). Phegea 28: 87 - 117." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[452,498,934,955]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">Van</collectingRegion>
|
||
Oorschot & Wagener, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Christoph" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[219,352,964,986]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Tomares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="641" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="romanovi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[219,352,964,986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="641">T. romanovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is best regarded as a distinct species until additional molecular studies are conducted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |