2108 lines
256 KiB
XML
2108 lines
256 KiB
XML
<document id="A4A35B2617FC441B0E2742C3D0802F80" ID-CLB-Dataset="187951" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5206.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3d3273a-0f58-4e50-b685-6468869b61fa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318829" ID-ZooBank="CE749F6C-5832-4152-AB4B-6D89ACCDD560" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1668423279735" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Johnson, Robert A., Borowiec, Marek L., Snelling, Roy R. & Cole, Arthur C." docDate="2022" docId="039387FDFFA7FF807FC5FBB35FB0FD5D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5206.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5206 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5206.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Veromessor pergandei" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="80" masterDocId="FFAAFF85FFE5FFCF7F52FF8C5C7EFFAC" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision and a review of the biology of the North American seed-harvester ant genus Veromessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)" masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1699411435789" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C1DDA41A63BE7E8EA01B65E77BF37677">
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<mods:title id="636FEFA2D16E9165A5F293A382A57377">A taxonomic revision and a review of the biology of the North American seed-harvester ant genus Veromessor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B8FAE474F30DD7C46A47C1297C085783" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3423FEFC9F1E60D28305D87CAA5F36CD">Johnson, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="8094E3718CAE48706ECF23362422C9A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="390844CB37BF8A133ECE6E8C1BC1EB00">Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="808983E22518955F54B035C927B7EFFE" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7510-4064</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="92335AAFBE4ECA639BC2D8C4205FB087" type="email">marek.borowiec@colostate.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="CE8A370803EAC176DDE33494B5A73630">Snelling, Roy R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31954A8FF9253866AFAA5F44504C924D">Cole, Arthur C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9D6B9F92EA9A0F9AE1C45D0D208EA8F2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="98D105F64879E14CDB23D670DFA3B9D4">
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<mods:date id="ACCB9DCD7BA74E86B72E676467FCC93B">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B32B43DF246517CA95BF6512AF3106D4">2022-11-14</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="DA2BD3B9AE737095EC068E99E7753FC9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5206.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039387FDFFA7FF807FC5FBB35FB0FD5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7327846" ID-GBIF-Taxon="205077705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7327846" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039387FDFFA7FF807FC5FBB35FB0FD5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387FDFFA7FF807FC5FBB35FB0FD5D" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA7FF8D7FC5FBB35DDAFBF5" box="[151,420,1086,1113]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FBB35DDAFBF5" blockId="66.[151,443,1086,1185]" box="[151,420,1086,1113]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0CD8187FFA7FF8D7FC5FBB35DDAFBF5" bold="true" box="[151,420,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FBB35DDAFBF5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,420,1086,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
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||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FBB35DDAFBF5" bold="true" box="[151,420,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA7FF8D7FC5FBEF5DD6FBD1" box="[151,424,1123,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FBEF5DD6FBD1" blockId="66.[151,443,1086,1185]" box="[151,424,1123,1149]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA7FF8D7FCDFBEF5D61FBD1" box="[159,287,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1768,1792]" captionTargetBox="[378,1208,181,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-26@8.[378,1208,181,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of the metasternal process on males of Veromessor: (A) V. andrei (CASENT4010823), (B) V. chamberlini (UCRC_ENT00500152), (C)V.chicoensis (CASENT0869853), (D) V.julianus (LACMENT359792),(E)V.lariversi (CASENT0761204), (F) V. lobognathus (LACMENT363986), (G) V. pergandei (CASENT0869850), (H) V. pseudolariversi (CASENT0869851), (I) V. smithi (LACMENT364071), and (J) V. stoddardi (LACMENT364102). Photographs by Robert Johnson from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318831/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figures 1G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA7FF8D7E7EFBEF5D33FBD1" box="[300,333,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of the four categories of increasing psammophore development for species of Veromessor based on number and distribution of long J-shaped hairs on the ventral surface of the head capsule (= hypostomal region) (see text). Photograph of: (A) V. chicoensis (CASENT0923125)—J-shaped hairs mostly absent with scattered straight or evenly curved hairs, (B) V. andrei (CASENT0923140)—J-shaped hairs present but not arranged in a distinct row, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, (C) V. chamberlini (CASENT0761101) and (D) V. smithi (CASENT0923131)—J-shaped hairs present, arranged in a V-shaped row which does not reach the posterior part of the lateroventral margin of head capsule, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, and (E) V. pergandei (CASENT0923124)—J-shaped hairs present, many long J-shaped hairs arranged in a distinct row around the outer margin of the ventral region of the head capsule. Photographs by Wade Lee from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318842/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">6E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA7FF8D7E0BFBEF5DDEFBD1" box="[345,416,1123,1149]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 37" captionStart-1="FIGURE 38" captionStart-2="FIGURE 39" captionStart-3="FIGURE 40" captionStartId-0="74.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="75.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionStartId-2="76.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionStartId-3="77.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox-0="[406,1181,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[359,1229,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-2="[394,1193,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-3="[423,1164,181,1919]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@74.[406,1181,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@75.[359,1229,181,1920]" captionTargetId-2="figure-26@76.[394,1193,181,1920]" captionTargetId-3="figure-18@77.[423,1164,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId-0="74" captionTargetPageId-1="75" captionTargetPageId-2="76" captionTargetPageId-3="77" captionText-0="FIGURE 37. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922827). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-1="FIGURE 38. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922826). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-2="FIGURE 39. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922829). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-3="FIGURE 40. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922828). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318916" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318918" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318920" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318922" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7318916/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7318918/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7318920/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7318922/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">37–40</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA7FF8D7FC5FB0B5DC5FB0D" box="[151,443,1159,1185]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
|
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FB0B5DC5FB0D" blockId="66.[151,443,1086,1185]" box="[151,443,1159,1185]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Distribution—
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA7FF8D7E69FB0B5DC5FB0D" box="[315,443,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-26@78.[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 41. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor pergandei, (B) V. pseudolariversi, and (C) V. smithi. The larger black circle in panels B & C denotes the type locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318924/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Figure 41A</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA7FF8D7FC5FB475975F999" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FB475F98FA93" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2A11C5FFA7FF8D7FC5FB4759E3FB4F" box="[151,1437,1227,1252]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B10FAFFA7FF8D7FC5FB475E27FB4F" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,601,1227,1252]" page="448" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" year="1886">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FB475E27FB4F" authority="Mayr, 1886: 448" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="448" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,601,1227,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FB475DDEFB4F" box="[151,416,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Aphaenogaster pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7EF8FB405E27FB4F" author="Mayr, G." box="[426,601,1227,1252]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="419 - 464" refId="ref70555" refString="Mayr, G. (1886) Die Formiciden der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. Verhandlungen Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Wein, 36, 419 - 464." type="journal article" year="1886">Mayr, 1886: 448</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(worker).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B523CB6FFA7FF8D7D99FB4759E7FB4F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3965991356" box="[715,1433,1227,1251]" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" location="UNITED STATES" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-worker="9" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFA7FF8D7D99FB475F56FB4F" box="[715,808,1227,1251]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
examined:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFA7FF8D7CF7FB475873FB4F" box="[933,1037,1227,1251]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="worker">9 workers</specimenCount>
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[
|
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<collectionCode id="ED2BAE2EFFA7FF8D7B4EFB475814FB4F" box="[1052,1130,1227,1251]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
] #55467,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFA7FF8D7B84FB4059E7FB4F" box="[1238,1433,1227,1251]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
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</materialsCitation>
|
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,
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA7FF8D7F95FB665D4CFAAE" box="[199,306,1258,1282]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
: no location,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA7FF8D7EE9FB665E58FAAE" box="[443,550,1258,1282]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" value="1884-05">May 1884</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7D63FB665FECFAAE" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S." box="[561,914,1258,1282]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="341 - 387" refId="ref73843" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 (9), 341 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023057" type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler and Creighton, 1934: 376</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(minor worker, queen, male);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7B98FB6659E3FAAE" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[1226,1437,1258,1282]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="233 - 246" refId="ref73549" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1972) Ant larvae of the subfamily Myrmicinae: second supplement on the tribes Myrmicini and Pheidolini. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 7, 233 - 246." type="journal article" year="1972">Wheeler & Wheeler,</bibRefCitation>
|
||
1972: 240 (larvae); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1987: 303, figs. 1-6 (larvae). See also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7CB6FA84593DFA8D" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S." box="[996,1347,1288,1313]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="341 - 387" refId="ref73843" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 (9), 341 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023057" type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler and Creighton, 1934: 374</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, plate II, fig. 3. USNM worker here designated
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7D1EFAAB5E96FA93" bold="true" box="[588,744,1319,1343]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
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<typeStatus id="54818849FFA7FF8D7D1EFAAB5E96FA93" box="[588,744,1319,1343]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="lectotype">LECTOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[USNMENT00531691].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FACA5895FAF2" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1259,1350,1374]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FACA5E34FAF2" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" box="[151,586,1350,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei" subGenus="Veromessor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FACA5D7FFAF1" box="[151,257,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7E5DFACB5DFAFAF2" box="[271,388,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7EC6FACA5D84FAF2" box="[404,506,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7D07FACA5F77FAF2" author="Emery, C." box="[597,777,1350,1374]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="257 - 360" refId="ref67769" refString="Emery, C. (1895) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 257 - 360." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895: 307</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7CB4FACA582EFAF1" ID-CoL="7MDH" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1839" box="[998,1104,1350,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stenamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7CB4FACA582EFAF1" box="[998,1104,1350,1373]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Stenamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7B0DFACB58AAFAF2" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1119,1236,1351,1374]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7B0DFACB58AAFAF2" box="[1119,1236,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FAE95F92FAD1" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1004,1380,1405]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FAE95DAFFAD1" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" box="[151,465,1380,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FAE95DFFFAD0" box="[151,385,1380,1404]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Novomessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7E8EFAE95EFAFAD1" author="Emery, C." box="[476,644,1380,1405]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="67 - 75" refId="ref67802" refString="Emery, C. (1915) Definizione del genere Aphaenogaster e partizione di esso in sottogeneri. Parapheidole e Novomessor nn. gg. Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, New Series, 19, 67 - 75." type="journal article" year="1915">Emery, 1915: 73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7C33FAE95FA0FAD0" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[865,990,1381,1404]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7C33FAE95FA0FAD0" box="[865,990,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Novomessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FA0858D7FA37" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1193,1411,1435]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FA085E55FA37" ID-CoL="4282Y" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,555,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei" subGenus="Veromessor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FA085C9CFA37" box="[151,226,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Messor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FA3FA085D18FA37" box="[241,358,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7E27FA0F5DA5FA37" box="[373,475,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7D64FA0F5EA0FA37" author="Forel, A." box="[566,734,1411,1435]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="229 - 253" refId="ref68064" refString="Forel, A. (1917) Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 51, 229 - 253." type="journal article" year="1917">Forel, 1917: 235</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7CE9FA085878FA37" ID-CoL="5Q45" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[955,1030,1412,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7CE9FA085878FA37" box="[955,1030,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Messor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
([
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7B4FFA0858ECFA37" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1053,1170,1412,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7B4FFA0858ECFA37" box="[1053,1170,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FA2F58EDFA16" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1171,1442,1466]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FA2F5DB7FA16" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,457,1442,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FA2F5D07FA16" box="[151,377,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7E86FA2E5F4DFA16" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S." box="[468,819,1442,1466]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="341 - 387" refId="ref73843" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 (9), 341 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023057" type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler and Creighton, 1934: 374</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7B42FA2F58FBFA16" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1040,1157,1443,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7B42FA2F58FBFA16" box="[1040,1157,1443,1466]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FA4D594EFA75" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1328,1472,1497]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FA4D5E20FA75" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" box="[151,606,1472,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei" subGenus="Veromessor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FA4D5D6AFA74" box="[151,276,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Novomessor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7E71FA4D5DE6FA74" box="[291,408,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7EF5FA4C5E73FA74" box="[423,525,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7D3AFA4D5F45FA74" author="Enzmann, J." box="[616,827,1472,1497]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="147 - 152" refId="ref67881" refString="Enzmann, J. (1947) New forms of Aphaenogaster and Novomessor. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 55 (2), 147 - 152." type="journal article" year="1947">Enzmann, 1947: 152</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(first combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7B4AFA4D58EBFA74" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1048,1173,1473,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7B4AFA4D58EBFA74" box="[1048,1173,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Novomessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7BF6FA4D5967FA74" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1188,1305,1473,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7BF6FA4D5967FA74" box="[1188,1305,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FA6C584EFA5B" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1072,1503,1527]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FA6C5DB7FA5B" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,457,1503,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FA6C5D07FA5B" box="[151,377,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7E86FA535ED2FA5B" author="Creighton, W. S." box="[468,684,1503,1527]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 585" refId="ref67372" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1950) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 104, 1 - 585." type="journal article" year="1950">Creighton, 1950: 157</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(revived combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7CFEFA6C585FFA5B" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[940,1057,1504,1527]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7CFEFA6C585FFA5B" box="[940,1057,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5FA735FC4F9BA" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,954,1534,1558]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5FA735DE1F9BA" ID-CoL="4282Y" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,415,1534,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5FA735D30F9BA" box="[151,334,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Messor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7EFBFA725E1FF9BA" author="Bolton, B." box="[425,609,1534,1558]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="307 - 370" refId="ref66249" refString="Bolton, B. (1982) Afrotropical species of the myrmicine ant genera Cardiocondyla, Leptothorax, Melissotarsus, Messor, and Cataulcus (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 45 (4), 307 - 370." type="journal article" year="1982">Bolton, 1982: 341</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(revived combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7C33FA735FD2F9BA" ID-CoL="5Q45" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[865,940,1535,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7C33FA735FD2F9BA" box="[865,940,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Messor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8D7FC5F9915975F999" blockId="66.[151,1437,1227,1589]" box="[151,1291,1564,1589]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7FC5F9915DB7F999" authority="(Mayr)" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,457,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5F9915D07F998" box="[151,377,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(Mayr)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA7FF8D7E86F9905FF9F999" author="Ward, P. S. & Brady, S. G. & Fisher, B. L. & Schultz, T. R." box="[468,903,1564,1589]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="61 - 81" refId="ref73206" refString="Ward, P. S., Brady, S. G., Fisher, B. L. & Schultz, T. R. (2015) The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 40 (1), 61 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12090" type="journal article" year="2015">Ward, Brady, Fisher, and Schultz, 2015: 13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(revived combination in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA7FF8D7BD5F9915882F998" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1159,1276,1565,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7BD5F9915882F998" box="[1159,1276,1565,1588]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Veromessor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA7FF8C7FC5F9EF5C90FEB1" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA7FF8C7FC5F9EF5C90FEB1" blockId="66.[151,1436,1634,2021]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA7FF8D7FC5F9EF5D11F9D0" bold="true" box="[151,367,1634,1661]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Worker diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is uniquely characterized by the following combination of features: (1) concolorous dark brownish-black to black, (2) medial lobe of clypeus thick and protuberant in profile, elevated above lateral lobes in frontal view with a blunt medial tooth or projection along with several coarse, lateral, longitudinal rugae, (3) mandibles with 8 teeth, (4) dorsal base of scape weakly flattened, weakly widened; maximum basal width of scape much less than maximum preapical width, (5) MOD less than to greater than OMD; in profile, lower margin of eye narrowed and abruptly rounded to bluntly subangulate, OI <29.0, (6) cephalic dorsum with fine, closely spaced, longitudinal rugae on medial area from clypeus to near posterior margin of eyes and below eyes, rest of head weakly to strongly coriarious, moderately shining; rugae on smaller workers usually more restricted to lacking, (7) psammophore well developed; ventral surface of head capsule with many long J-shaped hairs arranged in a distinct row around the outer margin of the ventral surface of head capsule, (8) mesosoma lacking rugae, moderately to strongly coriarious, weakly to moderately shining, (9) propodeal spines acuminate, not curved in profile, not curved in dorsal view to weakly curved inward for workers with longer spines; length less than the distance between their bases; infraspinal facet and propodeal declivity moderately to strongly coriarious, weakly to moderately shining, and (10) metasternal process small, more or less coniform, about as long as high, apex bluntly rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA6FF8C7A48FF5359E9FF55" box="[1306,1431,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1642,1666]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[151,1436,181,1618]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 6. Photographs of the four categories of increasing psammophore development for species of Veromessor based on number and distribution of long J-shaped hairs on the ventral surface of the head capsule (= hypostomal region) (see text). Photograph of: (A) V. chicoensis (CASENT0923125)—J-shaped hairs mostly absent with scattered straight or evenly curved hairs, (B) V. andrei (CASENT0923140)—J-shaped hairs present but not arranged in a distinct row, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, (C) V. chamberlini (CASENT0761101) and (D) V. smithi (CASENT0923131)—J-shaped hairs present, arranged in a V-shaped row which does not reach the posterior part of the lateroventral margin of head capsule, usually mixed with straight or evenly curved hairs, and (E) V. pergandei (CASENT0923124)—J-shaped hairs present, many long J-shaped hairs arranged in a distinct row around the outer margin of the ventral region of the head capsule. Photographs by Wade Lee from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318842/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figures 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA6FF8C7FC5FE8F5C9CFEB1" box="[151,226,259,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 37" captionStart-1="FIGURE 38" captionStartId-0="74.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="75.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox-0="[406,1181,181,1920]" captionTargetBox-1="[359,1229,181,1920]" captionTargetId-0="figure-26@74.[406,1181,181,1920]" captionTargetId-1="figure-18@75.[359,1229,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId-0="74" captionTargetPageId-1="75" captionText-0="FIGURE 37. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922827). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." captionText-1="FIGURE 38. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922826). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318916" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318918" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7318916/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7318918/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">37–38</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF8C7F95FEAB5E0DFE01" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF8C7F95FEAB5E0DFE01" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FEAB5D08FEED" bold="true" box="[199,374,295,321]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFA6FF8C7ED6FEAB5D95FEED" box="[388,491,295,321]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7EA9FEAB5E77FEEC" box="[507,521,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 62). HL 1.77 (1.09–1.89); HW 1.72 (1.10–2.03); MOD 0.43 (0.27–0.49); OMD 0.42 (0.22–0.50); SL 1.38 (0.96–1.57); PNW 1.04 (0.61–1.22); HFL 1.59 (1.32–2.23); ML 2.07 (1.21–2.41); PW 0.31 (0.20–0.42); PPW 0.47 (0.28–0.67). Indices: SI 80.23 (72.45–94.59); CI 97.18 (83.62–111.69); OI 25.00 (20.00–28.46); HFI 92.44 (87.42–130.00).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF8C7F95FE3A589AFC09" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF8C7F95FE3A589AFC09" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FE3A5DEDFE7C" bold="true" box="[199,403,438,464]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Queen diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This caste is diagnosed by the following combination of features: (1) head and mesosoma blackish to black; gaster dark brown, (2) medial lobe of clypeus thick and protuberant in profile, elevated above lateral lobes in frontal view with a blunt medial tooth or projection along with several coarse, lateral, longitudinal rugae, (3) mandibles with 8 teeth, (4) dorsal base of scape weakly flattened and weakly widened; maximum basal width of scape much less than maximum preapical width, (5) MOD distinctly less than OMD, (6) cephalic dorsum with fine, closely spaced, longitudinal rugae that often fade or disappear near posterior margin; interrugae weakly to moderately coriarious, weakly shining, (7) psammophore well developed, (8) sides of pronotum smooth and shining, often with fine, closely spaced longitudinal rugae along posterior margin; mesoscutum and mesoscutellum smooth and shining with scattered piligerous punctures, rarely with lateral longitudinal striae on mesoscutum; mesopleura moderately coriarious, but often with fine rugae anterad on anepisternum and posterad on katepisternum, (9) propodeum with fine, longitudinal and oblique rugae, interrugae moderately punctulate, weakly shining; propodeal spines short, triangular, bluntly tipped; length much less than the distance between their bases; infraspinal facet and propodeal declivity smooth and shining to moderately to strongly coriarious, weakly shining, and (10) metasternal process small, elongate-triangular, slightly higher than long, apex bluntly subangulate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA6FF8C7B34FC0758A6FC09" box="[1126,1240,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 39" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1944,1968]" captionTargetBox="[394,1193,181,1920]" captionTargetId="figure-26@76.[394,1193,181,1920]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 39. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922829). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318920/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figure 39</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF8C7F95FC235E79FBBD" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF8C7F95FC235E79FBBD" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FC235D08FC65" bold="true" box="[199,374,943,969]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7EC3FC235DE1FC64" box="[401,415,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12). HL 1.78–2.04; HW 1.86–2.30; MOD 0.48–0.60; OMD 0.34–0.48; SL 1.48–1.74; HFL 1.79–2.39; ML 3.32–4.01; PW 0.42–0.64; PPW 0.71–0.90. Indices: SI 66.37–83.33; CI 100.00–117.42; OI 23.77–30.73; HFI 87.44–117.19.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF8C7F95FB975C8AFAF9" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF8C7F95FB975C8AFAF9" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FB975DFDFB98" bold="true" box="[199,387,1050,1077]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Male diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
This caste is diagnosed by the following combination of features: (11) color blackish, (12) medial lobe of clypeus thickened and abruptly descendant along anterior margin; anterior margin evenly to abruptly concave medially, (13) preapical tooth small, mandibles with 1–3 small triangular denticles or teeth basad of preapical tooth, (14) anterior ocellus level with top of eyes, (15) mesopleura weakly shining, strongly coriarious to strongly punctate, anepisternum with some very fine, longitudinal rugae or distinctly lineopunctate, (16) sides of propodeum strongly punctate-granulate between rugae; propodeal teeth absent or very short and obtuse; in profile, juncture of dorsum of propodeum and propodeal declivity rounded, (17) metasternal process longer than high, rounded in profile, and (18) subpetiolar process small and obtuse to large and triangular with apex rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA6FF8C7A14FA9B5CC5FAF9" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1768,1792]" captionTargetBox="[378,1208,181,1742]" captionTargetId="figure-26@8.[378,1208,181,1744]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of the metasternal process on males of Veromessor: (A) V. andrei (CASENT4010823), (B) V. chamberlini (UCRC_ENT00500152), (C)V.chicoensis (CASENT0869853), (D) V.julianus (LACMENT359792),(E)V.lariversi (CASENT0761204), (F) V. lobognathus (LACMENT363986), (G) V. pergandei (CASENT0869850), (H) V. pseudolariversi (CASENT0869851), (I) V. smithi (LACMENT364071), and (J) V. stoddardi (LACMENT364102). Photographs by Robert Johnson from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318831" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318831/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Figures 1G</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA6FF8C7F95FAB75C99FAF9" box="[199,231,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="77.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[423,1164,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-18@77.[423,1164,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURE 40. Photograph of Veromessor pergandei male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922828). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318922/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">40</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF8C7F95FAD3585EFA6D" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF8C7F95FAD3585EFA6D" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FAD35D08FAD5" bold="true" box="[199,374,1375,1401]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7EC3FAD35DE1FAD4" box="[401,415,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12). HL 1.14–1.48; HW 1.23–1.46; MOD 0.50–0.59; OMD 0.19–0.24; SL 0.52–0.69; HFL 1.94–2.58; ML 2.84–3.90; PW 0.57–0.73; PPW 0.98–1.29;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA6FF8C7C38FA0F5FD9FA31" box="[874,935,1411,1437]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">AOD</collectingRegion>
|
||
0.11–0.16; IOD 0.38–0.44; OOD 0.42–0.51. Indices: SI 39.69–51.15; CI 95.52–109.52; OI 36.99–44.35; HFI 135.66–193.13.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA6FF897F95FA465838FC95" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA6FF897F95FA465838FC95" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastPageId="70" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7F95FA465F0BFA49" bold="true" box="[199,885,1482,1509]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Additional material examined.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFA6FF8C7D67FA465ECEFA48" box="[565,688,1482,1508]" name="Mexico" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA6FF8C7DEBFA475F12FA49" bold="true" box="[697,876,1482,1509]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA6FF8C7DEBFA475F12FA49" box="[697,876,1482,1509]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7C28FA475FD5FA49" box="[890,939,1483,1509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Laguna Salada, 200’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7BEEFA475946FA49" box="[1212,1336,1483,1509]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1993-01-09">Jan 9, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC); 5.0 mi S Hwy 3 to Mike’s Sky Ranch, 3600’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7DD4FA635F64F9A5" box="[646,794,1519,1545]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="2003-03-17">Mar 17, 2003</date>
|
||
(RAJC); San Fernando,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7B7BFA6358D1F9A5" box="[1065,1199,1519,1545]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1938-07-31">Jul 31, 1938</date>
|
||
(USNM); Calamajué (as Calamujuet), no date (USNM); San Julio, no date (USNM); Hwy 3 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7C97F99F5865F981" box="[965,1051,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05996032" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="12.8">12.8 mi</quantity>
|
||
E [Colonia] Lazaro Cardenas,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7A20F99F5C82F9FD" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-28">Feb 28, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7E3FF9BA5DADF9FD" box="[365,467,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.98533312" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="18.55">18.55 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE [Colonia] Lazaro Cardenas,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7C19F9BB5F9CF9FD" box="[843,994,1591,1617]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-26">Feb 26, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 3 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7B9BF9BB5880F9FD" box="[1225,1278,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE [Colonia] Lazaro Cardenas,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7E36F9D75D87F9D9" box="[356,505,1627,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-26">Feb 26, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 3 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7D8BF9D75F5CF9D9" box="[729,802,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3452288" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="2.7">2.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW [Colonia] Lazaro Cardenas,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7BF2F9D7594BF9D9" box="[1184,1333,1627,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-26">Feb 26, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); San Felipe,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7E4EF9F35DC8F935" box="[284,438,1662,1689]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1959-08-23">Aug 23, 1959</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Valle San Felipe, 1360’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7C69F9F35FB8F935" box="[827,966,1663,1689]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1998-03-04">Mar 4, 1998</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7B67F9F25803F935" box="[1077,1149,1662,1689]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4951296" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="5.9">5.9 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE San Felipe at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7A1AF9F35902F935" box="[1352,1404,1663,1689]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Punta Estrella, 100’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7ED0F92F5E6BF911" box="[386,533,1699,1725]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-26">Feb 26, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7DD3F92F5ECAF911" box="[641,692,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Jct Hwys 3 & 5,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7CC7F92F5856F911" box="[917,1064,1699,1725]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-26">Feb 26, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7BC6F92F58A2F911" box="[1172,1244,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="0.3">0.3 mi</quantity>
|
||
S La Puerta,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7A20F92F5C87F94D" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1993-02-23">Feb 23, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7E34F94A5DD0F94D" box="[358,430,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="0.5">0.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Huerfanito, 50’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7DDDF94B5F66F94D" box="[655,792,1735,1761]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Bahía de los Ángeles, 10’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7BE1F94B594DF94D" box="[1203,1331,1735,1761]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1991-01-09">Jan 9, 1991</date>
|
||
(LACM; RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7FA1F9665D36F8A9" box="[243,328,1770,1797]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8507456" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="11.5">11.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7D0DF9675E96F8A9" box="[607,744,1771,1797]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7C06F9675FD4F8A9" box="[852,938,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9267993599999995" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="24.4">24.4 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE Bahía de los Ángeles, 300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7A41F96759E2F8A9" box="[1299,1436,1771,1797]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7E26F8825DA7F885" box="[372,473,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.87488576" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="11.65">11.65 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7C5AF8835FE8F885" box="[776,918,1807,1833]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7B2EF882589CF885" box="[1148,1250,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.92095936" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="18.15">18.15 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7E52F8BF5DF9F8E1" box="[256,391,1843,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7EA0F8BF5E46F8E1" box="[498,568,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="km" value="19.0">19 km</quantity>
|
||
NW Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7C3BF8BF5F97F8E1" box="[873,1001,1843,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1997-06-01">Jun 1, 1997</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7B95F8BF5881F8E1" box="[1223,1279,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
S Jct to Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7E1AF8DB5DB9F8DD" box="[328,455,1879,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1991-01-06">Jan 6, 1991</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7DCFF8DB5EAEF8DD" box="[669,720,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="7.0">7 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Bahía de los Ángeles turnoff,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7B65F8DB58C8F8DD" box="[1079,1206,1879,1905]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1991-01-06">Jan 6, 1991</date>
|
||
(LACM; RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7AD2F8DB5CC5F839" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
ENE Jct Hwy 1 & rd to Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7D90F8F75F74F839" box="[706,778,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="m" value="480.0">480 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7C46F8F75FE7F839" box="[788,921,1915,1941]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1998-04-06">Apr 6, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7B5FF8F7581DF839" box="[1037,1123,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36573568" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="14.7">14.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW El Progreso, 960’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7A3FF8F75C87F815" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-03-10">Mar 10, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7E37F8125DD2F815" box="[357,428,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02336" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="2.5">2.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
NE El Progreso, 960’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7DE2F8135F43F815" box="[688,829,1950,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1995-01-29">Jan 29, 1995</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7CFBF8125F81F815" box="[937,1023,1950,1977]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1959744" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="38.5">38.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW Catavina at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7BEDF813588FF815" box="[1215,1265,1951,1977]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
N El Progreso,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7FC5F84F5D52F871" box="[151,300,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1993-02-10">Feb 10, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7EC8F84E5D9DF871" box="[410,483,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3685888" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="5.2">5.2 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Catavina, 1250’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7D9CF84F5F1DF871" box="[718,867,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1997-02-14">Feb 14, 1997</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA6FF8C7C83F84F5856F871" box="[977,1064,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.97287296" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="mi" value="30.9">30.9 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Puertocitos, 50’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA6FF8C7A5AF84F59E2F871" box="[1288,1436,1987,2013]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1992-02-27">Feb 27, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7FAFFF1B5D2AFF1D" box="[253,340,151,177]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.71096448" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="41.7">41.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Puertocitos, 50’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D60FF1B5EBBFF1D" box="[562,709,151,177]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-02-27">Feb 27, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C61FF1A5F18FF1D" box="[819,870,150,177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Playa San Rafael,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B0EFF1B5899FF1D" box="[1116,1255,151,177]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-03-09">Mar 9, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A06FF1B59E3FF1D" box="[1364,1437,151,177]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7014912" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="2.3">2.3 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW Las Arrastras, 1150’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E93FF375E28FF79" box="[449,598,187,213]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-02-27">Feb 27, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D97FF365F70FF79" box="[709,782,186,213]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0460736" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="6.5">6.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Las Arrastras de Arriola, 1000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF2FF37594BFF79" box="[1184,1333,187,213]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1994-02-19">Feb 19, 1994</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7FC5FF535CA1FF55" box="[151,223,223,249]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.23919488" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="7.7">7.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE Las Arrastras, 1450’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EAEFF535EF0FF55" box="[508,654,223,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-02-27">Feb 27, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DA8FF525F3FFF55" box="[762,833,222,249]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3679424" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="8.5">8.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Rancho Arrastras, 820’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B23FF535880FF55" box="[1137,1278,222,249]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1995-01-25">Jan 25, 1995</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A38FF5359E3FF55" box="[1386,1437,223,249]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="7.0">7 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Las Arrastras de Arriola,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E81FE8F5E29FEB1" box="[467,599,259,285]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1967-06-08">Jun 8, 1967</date>
|
||
(LACM); E base Sierra San Pedro Martir at Trailhead to Canyon Diablo, 1260’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FB5FEAB5D0DFEED" box="[231,371,295,321]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1998-03-04">Mar 4, 1998</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D00FEAB5EE4FEED" box="[594,666,295,321]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3108352" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="3.3">3.3 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Ejido Alfredo V. Bonfil,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C80FEAB5819FEED" box="[978,1127,295,321]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-02-12">Feb 12, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B87FEAB5977FEED" box="[1237,1289,295,321]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW Rancho
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7FC5FEC75D15FEC9" authority="Ynez, 1800" authorityName="Ynez" authorityYear="1800" box="[151,363,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Santa Ynez, 1800</taxonomicName>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7ED2FEC75E68FEC9" box="[384,534,331,357]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1976-01-10">Jan 10, 1976</date>
|
||
(CIDA);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DD9FEC75EB6FEC9" box="[651,712,331,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
NW Rancho
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7C3EFEC75F99FEC9" authority="Ines" authorityName="Ines" box="[876,999,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Santa Ines</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7CA4FEC6583DFEC9" box="[1014,1091,330,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B00FEC75890FEC9" box="[1106,1262,331,357]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1997-04-12">Apr 12, 1997</date>
|
||
(CIDA); Valle Montevideo at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7E13FEE35DF6FE25" box="[321,392,367,393]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
|
||
W Bahía de los Ángeles,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DF9FEE35E8AFE25" box="[683,756,367,393]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="380.0">380 m</quantity>
|
||
, no date (CIDA); SW end of Isla de la Guarda,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A59FEE35938FE25" box="[1291,1350,367,393]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A00FEE35CB1FE01" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1996-07-30">Jul 30, 1996</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Cañon de Guadalupe,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D6DFE1E5EF6FE01" box="[575,648,402,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="550.0">550 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DC6FE1F5F52FE01" box="[660,812,403,429]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2001-03-30">Mar 30, 2001</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7CF0FE1F5F97FE01" box="[930,1001,403,429]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
|
||
W Punta Arena at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BEFFE1F597AFE01" box="[1213,1284,403,429]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="19.0">19 km</quantity>
|
||
N San Borja, Apr 9–10,1976 (UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7EEAFE3B5ED7FE7D" bold="true" box="[440,681,438,465]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7EEAFE3B5EDEFE7D" bold="true" box="[440,672,438,465]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA1FF8B7EEAFE3B5EDEFE7D" box="[440,672,438,465]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California Sur" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Baja California Sur</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DE3FE3B5E9BFE7D" box="[689,741,439,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
W El Mesquital,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CFEFE3B583EFE7D" box="[940,1088,439,465]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-02-16">Feb 16, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BFDFE3B5888FE7D" box="[1199,1270,439,465]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
E San Ignacio in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7FE6FE575DCBFE59" authority="Maria Wash, Jan" authorityName="Maria Wash, Jan" box="[180,437,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Santa María Wash, Jan</taxonomicName>
|
||
9, 1991 (RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D2CFE575EB8FE59" box="[638,710,475,501]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
SE San Ignacio,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CDBFE575874FE59" box="[905,1034,475,501]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1991-01-09">Jan 9, 1991</date>
|
||
(LACM; RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A14FE5659E3FE59" box="[1350,1437,474,501]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.43010944" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="15.1">15.1 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Guamúchil,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E69FE735DB1FDB5" box="[315,463,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-02-29">Feb 29, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 1 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DFFFE735F7DFDB5" box="[685,771,511,537]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.89461248" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="24.2">24.2 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7C12FE735856FDB5" authority="Rosalia, 1450" authorityName="Rosalia, Jun" authorityYear="1450" box="[832,1064,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Santa Rosalía, 1450</taxonomicName>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B6BFE7358ACFDB5" box="[1081,1234,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2002-03-13">Mar 13, 2002</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7A6DFE7359E2FDB5" bold="true" box="[1343,1436,511,537]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7A6DFE7359EDFDB5" bold="true" box="[1343,1427,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA1FF8B7A6DFE7359EDFDB5" box="[1343,1427,511,537]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FC5FDAF5D3AFD91" box="[151,324,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Caborca</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7E07FDAF5EC7FD91" authority="Asuncion & Cerro Canedo" authorityName="Asuncion & Cerro Canedo" box="[341,697,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Río Asunción & Cerro Cañedo</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D95FDAF5F66FD91" box="[711,792,547,573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="2.8">2.8 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) ESE of Caborca,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B1AFDAE58EAFD91" box="[1096,1172,546,573]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="305.0">305 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF0FDAF594BFD91" box="[1186,1333,547,573]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2016-01-17">Jan 17, 2016</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FC5FDCB5D3FFDCD" box="[151,321,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Cucurpe</emphasis>
|
||
: Rancho Puerto Blanco at Cerro Proveedora,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C1AFDCB5FE9FDCD" box="[840,919,583,609]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="8.2">8.2 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) WSW Caborca,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BE3FDCB5885FDCD" box="[1201,1275,583,609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="260.0">260 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A5AFDCB59E2FDCD" box="[1288,1436,583,609]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2010-02-14">Feb 14, 2010</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FAFFDE75EE0FD29" box="[253,670,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. General Plutarco Elías Calles</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DFFFDE75E82FD29" box="[685,764,619,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="6.4">6.4 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) SW Jct Hwys 2 &
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B64FDE758E3FD29" box="[1078,1181,618,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.445" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="8445.0">8, 445 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF8FDE7594BFD29" box="[1194,1333,619,645]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-01">Mar 1, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Sierra los Tanques at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7ED4FD025DAAFD05" box="[390,468,654,681]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="5.3">5.3 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) WSW Jct Hwys 2 &
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C4EFD035FFFFD05" box="[796,897,655,681]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.41" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="8410.0">8, 410 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CDEFD035860FD05" box="[908,1054,655,681]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2013-02-26">Feb 26, 2013</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Sierra los Tanques at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A2BFD035CC5FD61" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="6.8">6.8 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) SW Jct Hwys 2 &
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7EBCFD3F5E2DFD61" box="[494,595,690,717]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.415" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="8415.0">8, 415 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D0DFD3F5E8CFD61" box="[607,754,691,717]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2013-02-27">Feb 27, 2013</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C0DFD3F5FD9FD61" box="[863,935,691,717]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5061632" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="2.8">2.8 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Los Vidrios, 960’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF2FD3F5949FD61" box="[1184,1335,691,717]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-03-11">Mar 11, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FC5FD5B5D23FD5D" box="[151,349,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Hermosillo</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7E39FD5A5DC6FD5D" box="[363,440,726,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="6.5">6.5 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) NNE center Hermosillo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C79FD5B5F0DFD5D" box="[811,883,727,753]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="380.0">380 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C2CFD5B586FFD5D" box="[894,1041,727,753]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2011-12-26">Dec 26, 2011</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hermosillo,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A57FD5B59E2FD5D" box="[1285,1436,726,753]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1959-08-12">Aug 12, 1959</date>
|
||
(UAIC); SW Hermosillo nr Estadio de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA1FF8B7D04FD775ED6FCB9" box="[598,680,763,789]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DE6FD765E81FCB9" box="[692,767,762,789]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="185.0">185 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C5EFD775FDFFCB9" box="[780,929,763,789]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2014-02-11">Feb 11, 2014</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Arroyo el Chiltepín at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A40FD775924FCB9" box="[1298,1370,763,789]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="17.0">17 km</quantity>
|
||
NNE Hermosillo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7E71FC935D12FC95" box="[291,364,799,825]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="270.0">270 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E2AFC935E7CFC95" box="[376,514,799,825]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-03">Mar 3, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Siete Cerros at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C4EFC935F14FC95" box="[796,874,799,825]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="8.6">8.6 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) ENE Miguel Alemán,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B94FC93597CFC95" box="[1222,1282,799,825]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A5CFC9359E2FC95" box="[1294,1436,799,825]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2016-01-19">Jan 19, 2016</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 15 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7E26FCCF5DC7FCF1" box="[372,441,835,861]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
N Hermosillo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D36FCCF5ED5FCF1" box="[612,683,835,861]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DE4FCCF5F49FCF1" box="[694,823,835,861]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2010-10-03">Oct 3, 2010</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Cerrito de la Virgen at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BC9FCCE58ADFCF1" box="[1179,1235,834,861]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
SSW Hermosillo,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7FC5FCEA5C9EFC2D" box="[151,224,870,897]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="285.0">285 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FBEFCEB5DF8FC2D" box="[236,390,871,897]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2010-11-10">Nov 10, 2010</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Isla Tiburón at Bahía Sausal,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C6CFCEA5F15FC2D" box="[830,875,870,897]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C25FCEB5873FC2D" box="[887,1037,871,897]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1997-12-18">Dec 18, 1997</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7BD1FCEB5922FC2D" box="[1155,1372,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. La Colorada</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A39FCEB5CC5FC09" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.89" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="18.9">18.9 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) S Cobachi,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7ECEFC065D9BFC09" box="[412,485,906,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="425.0">425 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EA2FC075EFEFC09" box="[496,640,907,933]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2011-10-18">Oct 18, 2011</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7DB9FC075FE8FC09" box="[747,918,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Mazatán</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7CF6FC075F8CFC09" box="[932,1010,907,933]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="2.3">2.3 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) ESE Mazatán,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BAAFC06593EFC09" box="[1272,1344,906,933]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="560.0">560 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A1EFC075CB1FC65" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-06-18">Jun 18, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E13FC235E3CFC64" box="[321,578,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Puerto Peñasco</emphasis>
|
||
: Pinacate Reserve at Tecolote Campground,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B18FC2258E8FC65" box="[1098,1174,942,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="215.0">215 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF6FC23594AFC65" box="[1188,1332,943,969]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-04">Mar 4, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Reserve on Rd to Tecolote Camground at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DBFFC5E5F32FC41" box="[749,844,978,1005]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="49.5">49.5 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) W Sonoyta,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B1AFC5F58EAFC41" box="[1096,1172,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="210.0">210 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF1FC5F594DFC41" box="[1187,1331,979,1005]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-04">Mar 4, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Reserve at Crater Elegante,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D63FC7A5E06FBBD" box="[561,632,1014,1041]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="295.0">295 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DD1FC7B5F74FBBD" box="[643,778,1014,1041]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-05">Mar 5, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Biosphere Reserve at Pápago Tanks,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A20FC7B5CD1FB99" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="210.0">210 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FEDFB975D24FB99" box="[191,346,1051,1077]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2013-02-24">Feb 24, 2013</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Biosphere Reserve at Cerro Lava,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C82FB965863FB99" box="[976,1053,1050,1077]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="235.0">235 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B7FFB9758B6FB99" box="[1069,1224,1050,1077]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2013-02-25">Feb 25, 2013</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Reserve on rd to Visitor Center, S Sierrra Blanca,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DB4FBB35F5BFBF5" box="[742,805,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C66FBB35FBBFBF5" box="[820,965,1086,1113]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-03-05">Mar 5, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Pinacate Desert, no date, 1982 (LACM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E5AFBEF5DD5FBD0" box="[264,427,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio Pitiquito</emphasis>
|
||
: Puerto Libertad,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D26FBEF5E85FBD1" box="[628,763,1122,1149]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1945-07-26">Jul 26, 1945</date>
|
||
(USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C21FBEF5FB6FBD1" box="[883,968,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.60272384" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="28.6">28.6 mi</quantity>
|
||
NE Puerto Libertad, 1570’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A50FBEF59E2FBD1" box="[1282,1436,1123,1149]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1994-05-29">May 29, 1994</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FAFFB0B5DF0FB0D" box="[253,398,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Rayón</emphasis>
|
||
; 8.0 km (by air) SSE Rayón,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D8CFB0A5F59FB0D" box="[734,807,1158,1185]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="535.0">535 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C66FB0B5FC7FB0D" box="[820,953,1159,1185]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2011-02-04">Feb 4, 2011</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B75FB0A5802FB0D" box="[1063,1148,1158,1185]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8507456" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="11.5">11.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Seri Desemboque, 30’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FC5FB275D4CFB69" box="[151,306,1195,1221]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1996-11-29">Nov 29, 1996</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7ECDFB275E92FB69" box="[415,748,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Mpio. San Luis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7D00FB275E07FB69" box="[594,633,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" genus="Rio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Río</taxonomicName>
|
||
Colorado
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DA9FB275F26FB69" box="[763,856,1195,1221]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="36.6">36.6 km</quantity>
|
||
(by air) SE El Golfo de
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7B3DFB27588DFB69" box="[1135,1267,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">Santa Clara</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A52FB265945FB69" box="[1280,1339,1194,1221]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A1AFB275CB1FB45" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2017-02-27">Feb 27, 2017</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E6FFB435E7EFB45" box="[317,512,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mpio. Trincheras</emphasis>
|
||
: El Boludo, no date (USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7C0DFB4358CFFB45" bold="true" box="[863,1201,1230,1257]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFA1FF8B7C0DFB43583EFB44" box="[863,1088,1230,1257]" name="United States of America" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7B1EFB4358D6FB45" bold="true" box="[1100,1192,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA1FF8B7B1EFB4358D6FB45" box="[1100,1192,1231,1257]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7BEBFB43594FFB45" box="[1209,1329,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">La Paz Co</emphasis>
|
||
.:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A1AFB435905FB45" box="[1352,1403,1231,1257]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Bouse,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FBEFB7F5DFBFAA1" box="[236,389,1267,1293]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1980-03-20">Mar 20, 1980</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Vicksburg at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DD8FB7F5EADFAA1" box="[650,723,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="0.1">0.1 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Jct
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C4FFB7F5FE7FAA1" box="[797,921,1267,1293]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1170-01-10">I-10, 1170</date>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CFAFB7F5840FAA1" box="[936,1086,1267,1293]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-04-24">Apr 24, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Ehrenberg, 260’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A23FB7F5C85FA9D" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-04-24">Apr 24, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7E38FA9B5E77FA9D" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[362,521,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Maricopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E38FA9B5E7DFA9D" box="[362,515,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Maricopa Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Arlington,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DC7FA9B5F56FA9D" box="[661,808,1303,1329]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1919-06-16">Jun 16, 1919</date>
|
||
(USNM); Tempe in Kyrene area,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BE3FA9B5940FA9D" box="[1201,1342,1303,1329]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1928-03-06">Mar 6, 1928</date>
|
||
(UAIC: USNM); Tempe,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E09FAB75DB1FAF9" box="[347,463,1338,1365]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1905-05">May 1905</date>
|
||
(UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D6CFAB75E0CFAF9" box="[574,626,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE Vulture Mine, 1960’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CCAFAB7585BFAF9" box="[920,1061,1339,1365]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-11-08">Nov 8, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC); I-10 at Salome Rd exit, 1230’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FBAFAD35DF8FAD5" box="[232,390,1375,1401]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-05-18">May 18, 1993</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EFEFAD35E3FFAD5" box="[428,577,1375,1401]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-09-28">Sep 28, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Salt River Recreation Area at Phon D Sutton, 1350’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A5EFAD359E2FAD5" box="[1292,1436,1375,1401]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-01-16">Jan 16, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Chandler,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E28FA0F5E67FA31" box="[378,537,1410,1437]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1936-12-25">Dec 25, 1936</date>
|
||
(LACM); Phoenix,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C58FA0F5FD5FA31" box="[778,939,1411,1437]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1933-03-24">Mar 24, 1933</date>
|
||
(USNM); North Scottsdale,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A52FA0F59E2FA31" box="[1280,1436,1411,1437]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1986-02-27">Feb 27, 1986</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Gila Bend,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EDBFA2B5E5DFA6D" box="[393,547,1447,1473]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1932-11-22">Nov 22, 1932</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Gila Bend Mtns,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C01FA2B5FA1FA6D" box="[851,991,1447,1473]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1917-08-08">Aug 8, 1917</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Hwy 85 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B99FA2B595FFA6D" box="[1227,1313,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75418496" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="10.9">10.9 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Jct I-10, 920’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7F85FA475D1AFA49" box="[215,356,1483,1509]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-05-03">May 3, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E9CFA475E31FA49" box="[462,591,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Mohave Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Detrital Valley, 2040’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C0FFA475F8EFA49" box="[861,1008,1483,1509]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1993-04-28">Apr 28, 1993</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B08FA4758F2FA49" box="[1114,1164,1483,1509]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Littlefield, 2000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A26FA475C93F9A5" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1976-10-09">Oct 9, 1976</date>
|
||
(UAIC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7E0EFA635DB9F9A5" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[348,455,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7E0EFA635DBFF9A5" box="[348,449,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Pima Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: College Park, Tucson,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D89FA635FACF9A5" box="[731,978,1519,1545]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1933-02-13" valueMax="1933-03-23" valueMin="1933-02-13">Feb 13–Mar 23, 1933</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Tucson,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BF1FA635968F9A5" box="[1187,1302,1518,1545]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1905-05">May 1905</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A6FFA635CB1F981" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1909-05-22">May 22, 1909</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FA3F99F5DF6F981" box="[241,392,1555,1581]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1910-11-22">Nov 22, 1910</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EF8F99F5E40F981" box="[426,574,1555,1581]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1934-12-26">Dec 26, 1934</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D32F99F5E8FF981" box="[608,753,1554,1581]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1935-09-19">Sep 19, 1935</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C41F99F5FD6F981" box="[787,936,1555,1581]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1938-03-20">Mar 20, 1938</date>
|
||
& no date (UAIC; USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BB7F99F595BF981" box="[1253,1317,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="12.0">12 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Tucson,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FC5F9BB5D50F9FD" box="[151,302,1591,1617]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1973-03-20">Mar 20, 1973</date>
|
||
(LACM); Tucson Mtns (T13S, R11E, Sect 9),
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C64F9BB5FBEF9FD" box="[822,960,1591,1617]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1972-08-02">Aug 2, 1972</date>
|
||
(CIDA).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7B79F9BB58F1F9FD" box="[1067,1167,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Pinal Co</emphasis>
|
||
.:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BF6F9BA589AF9FD" box="[1188,1252,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02336" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="25.0">25 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Phoenix,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A3BF9BB5C84F9D9" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1932-05-17">May 17, 1932</date>
|
||
(USNM); McCartney Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D12F9D75EF6F9D9" box="[576,648,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="0.7">0.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
E
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DFBF9D75F5BF9D9" box="[681,805,1627,1653]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1430-01-10">I-10, 1430</date>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C65F9D75FB5F9D9" box="[823,971,1627,1653]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2001-02-21">Feb 21, 2001</date>
|
||
(RAJC); 2.0 mi E Jct I-10 & McCartney Rd, 1430’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7E44F9F35DD2F935" box="[278,428,1662,1689]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2005-04-29">Apr 29, 2005</date>
|
||
(RAJC); 1.0 mi E Jct McCartney Rd &
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C2BF9F35F8BF935" box="[889,1013,1662,1689]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1450-01-10">I-10, 1450</date>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7B55F9F358E5F935" box="[1031,1179,1663,1689]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1991-02-11">Feb 11, 1991</date>
|
||
(RAJC); 1.0 km N Jct I-10 & McCartney Rd, 1470’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EBFF92F5EF9F911" box="[493,647,1699,1725]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2014-08-26">Aug 26, 2014</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7DA7F92F5F51F911" box="[757,815,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="7.0">7 km</quantity>
|
||
E Casa Grande,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CBFF92F58FEF911" box="[1005,1152,1699,1725]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1991-02-11">Feb 11, 1991</date>
|
||
(LACM; RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A1CF92F59E2F911" box="[1358,1436,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="1.2">1.2 km</quantity>
|
||
NE Jct I-10 & McCartney Rd, 1440’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D10F94B5EA8F94D" box="[578,726,1734,1761]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-02-15">Feb 15, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 79 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7C92F94B5876F94D" box="[960,1032,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="0.1">0.1 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Tom Mix Monument, 2360’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A3DF94B5C92F8A9" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2005-12-04">Dec 4, 2005</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7E09F9675DDAF8A9" box="[347,420,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35184896" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="8.4">8.4 mi</quantity>
|
||
SW Picacho, 1550’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7DC7F9675F6DF8A9" box="[661,787,1771,1797]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2012-07-06">Jul 6, 2012</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7CD3F9675F90F8A9" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[897,1006,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7CD3F9675F96F8A9" box="[897,1000,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Yuma Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7CAFF9675840F8A9" box="[1021,1086,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as Youma), no date (USNM);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7FC5F8835CA5F885" box="[151,219,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, May–Jun, 1958 (UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D54F8835E44F885" box="[518,570,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7D3BF8835E9DF885" authority=", Feb" authorityName="Feb" box="[617,739,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma, Feb</taxonomicName>
|
||
28, 1960 (UCDC); Mohawk Dunes,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7BDAF8835931F885" box="[1160,1359,1807,1833]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1996-05-11" valueMax="1996-05-16" valueMin="1996-05-11">May 11–16, 1996</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A27F8835D59F8E1" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1996-06-10" valueMax="1996-06-24" valueMin="1996-06-10">Jun 10–24, 1996</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Mohawk Dunes at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7D2EF8BF5EB6F8E1" box="[636,712,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.56106368" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="9.7">9.7 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Tacna, 460’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7CDAF8BF5859F8E1" box="[904,1063,1843,1869]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2001-03-21">Mar 21, 2001</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Topock,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A52F8BF59E2F8E1" box="[1280,1436,1843,1869]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1926-04-14">Apr 14, 1926</date>
|
||
(UCDC); nr railroad at Dateland, 460’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D06F8DB5F6BF8DD" box="[596,789,1879,1905]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2010-12-16" valueMax="2010-12-21" valueMin="2010-12-16">Dec 16–21, 2010</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C6BF8DB5FC3F8DD" box="[825,957,1879,1905]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-10-03">Oct 3, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC: UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7BDAF8DB58C5F8DD" box="[1160,1211,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
NE Dateland, 460’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7FC5F8F75D52F839" box="[151,300,1915,1941]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1992-12-18">Dec 18, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7ECAF8F75DB4F839" box="[408,458,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4484096" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="9.0">9 mi</quantity>
|
||
E San Luis,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7D05F8F75E97F839" box="[599,745,1915,1941]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1980-02-18">Feb 18, 1980</date>
|
||
(UAIC);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7C06F8F75FEBF839" box="[852,917,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Araby Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7B11F8F758F4F839" box="[1091,1162,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="mi" value="0.2">0.2 mi</quantity>
|
||
N I-8, 190’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7A48F8F759E2F839" box="[1306,1436,1915,1941]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2018-10-03">Oct 3, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA1FF8B7FACF8135D0CF814" authorityName=": Mohave Desert, Jul" authorityYear="1931" box="[254,370,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="county">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7FACF8135D0CF814" box="[254,370,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">No county</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: no loc, no date (USNM); Gila Desert,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C65F8135FBEF815" box="[823,960,1950,1977]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1935-04-06">Apr 6, 1935</date>
|
||
(LACM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7B6EF81258C3F815" bold="true" box="[1084,1213,1950,1977]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7B6EF81258CAF815" bold="true" box="[1084,1204,1950,1977]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA1FF8B7B6EF81258CAF815" box="[1084,1204,1950,1977]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA1FF8B7B97F813593AF815" box="[1221,1348,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">Fresno Co.</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7A06F81359E2F815" box="[1364,1436,1951,1977]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
|
||
SSE (202
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BA3FFA1FF8B7E56F84F5D72F87D" attach="none" box="[260,268,1987,2001]" fontSize="6" pageId="68" pageNumber="69">o</superScript>
|
||
) Mendota,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA1FF8B7EC3F84F5DA2F871" box="[401,476,1987,2013]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7EB8F84F5EFBF871" box="[490,645,1986,2013]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="2005-03-28">Mar 28, 2005</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Jacalitos Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA1FF8B7C82F84F5815F871" box="[976,1131,1986,2013]" pageId="68" pageNumber="69" value="1967-03-25">Mar 25, 1967</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Monvero Dunes Research Nature Area,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7ECAFF1B5DA0FF1D" box="[408,478,151,177]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
&
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D52FF1A5E36FF1D" box="[512,584,150,177]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.85" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="585.0">585 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D01FF1B5E97FF1D" box="[595,745,150,177]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2015-03-23">Mar 23, 2015</date>
|
||
(MLBC; MMPC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA0FF8A7C92FF1B5831FF1D" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[960,1103,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aurelianidae" genus="Imperial" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7C92FF1B5831FF1D" box="[960,1103,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Imperial Co.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B0EFF1B58DAFF1D" box="[1116,1188,151,177]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49668992" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="9.3">9.3 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Walter’s Camp,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A23FF1B5D58FF79" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1998-04-10" valueMax="1998-04-11" valueMin="1998-04-10">Apr 10–11, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC): Glamis Dunes,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D0AFF375E88FF79" box="[600,758,187,213]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1982-12-16">Dec 16, 1982</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Glamis Dunes at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B12FF375808FF79" box="[1088,1142,187,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Ogilby,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BAFFF3759E2FF79" box="[1277,1436,187,213]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1980-03-19">Mar 19, 1980</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Glamis, 300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EF3FF535E59FF55" box="[417,551,223,249]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-10-03">Oct 3, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Fort
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA0FF8A7D9EFF535F39FF55" authority=", Apr" authorityName="Apr" box="[716,839,223,249]" class="Insecta" genus="Yuma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Yuma, Apr</taxonomicName>
|
||
29, 1909 (USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B7CFF53581CFF55" box="[1070,1122,223,249]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2874752" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="8.0">8 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Calipatria,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A52FF5359E2FF55" box="[1280,1436,223,249]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1921-11-12">Nov 12, 1921</date>
|
||
(USNM); Government Wells near Coyote Wells, 0’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D8BFE8F5F1EFEB1" box="[729,864,259,285]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1917-07-29">Jul 29, 1917</date>
|
||
(USNM); Salton Sea, no date (USNM); Salton Sea, Mecca Beach Campground, -
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7E89FEAB5E69FEED" box="[475,535,295,321]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D72FEAB5ECDFEED" box="[544,691,295,321]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2014-04-18">Apr 18, 2014</date>
|
||
(MLBC); Coyote Wash,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C98FEAB5821FEED" box="[970,1119,295,321]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1919-03-28">Mar 28, 1919</date>
|
||
(USNM); Dixieland,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A00FEAB5CB1FEC9" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1917-07-24">Jul 24, 1917</date>
|
||
(USNM); Coyote Mtns, Painted Gorge,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DF3FEC75F18FEC9" box="[673,870,331,357]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1994-03-12" valueMax="1994-03-13" valueMin="1994-03-12">Mar 12–13, 1994</date>
|
||
(LACM); Ocotillo, 370’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BC2FEC75956FEC9" box="[1168,1320,330,357]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-04-25">Apr 25, 2018</date>
|
||
(NHMW; RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7FA4FEE35D3EFE25" box="[246,320,367,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5061632" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="2.8">2.8 mi</quantity>
|
||
NNW Ocotillo, 300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D10FEE35EA7FE25" box="[578,729,367,393]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1999-02-28">Feb 28, 1999</date>
|
||
(LACM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C04FEE35FDEFE25" box="[854,928,367,393]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.11044736" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="6.9">6.9 mi</quantity>
|
||
SSE Ocotillo, 320’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BC3FEE35956FE25" box="[1169,1320,367,393]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1999-02-28">Feb 28, 1999</date>
|
||
(LACM); Algodones Dunes, Ogilby Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D56FE1F5E2CFE01" box="[516,594,403,429]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="0.6">0.6 km</quantity>
|
||
S I-8,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7DCFFE1F5EA6FE01" box="[669,728,403,429]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="62.0">62 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DB1FE1F5F04FE01" box="[739,890,403,429]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2009-03-11">Mar 11, 2009</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Algondones Dunes,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B83FE1F5972FE01" box="[1233,1292,403,429]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="90.0">90 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A4AFE1F5CB1FE7D" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2007-09-11" valueMax="2007-09-15" valueMin="2007-09-11">Sept 11–15, 2007</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FA2FE3B5DA4FE7D" box="[240,474,439,465]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2008-04-28" valueMax="2008-05-02" valueMin="2008-04-28">Apr 28–May 2, 2008</date>
|
||
(UCDC); no loc, no date, 1911 (USNM).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA0FF8A7CFCFE3B5870FE7D" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[942,1038,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Bombyliidae" genus="Inyo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7CFCFE3B5879FE7D" box="[942,1031,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Inyo Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Ballarat,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BD0FE3B5967FE7D" box="[1154,1305,439,465]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1961-03-27">Mar 27, 1961</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7ADCFE3B5CCBFE59" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Ballarat,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E13FE575DB6FE59" box="[321,456,474,501]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-04-05">Apr 5, 1931</date>
|
||
(USNM); Racetrack, Death Valley National Monument, 3700’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BC4FE575950FE59" box="[1174,1326,475,501]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1969-03-26">Mar 26, 1969</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A00FE575CB1FDB5" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1970-03-01">Mar 1, 1970</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Ubehebe Crater, Death Valley National Monument,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CD9FE735858FDB5" box="[907,1062,511,537]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-03-19">Mar 19, 1931</date>
|
||
(USNM); Death Valley National Monument,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E4DFDAF5DE7FD91" box="[287,409,547,573]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1944-07-02">Jul 2, 1944</date>
|
||
(USNM); Grapevine Ranger Station, Death Valley National Monument, 2300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A41FDAF5C87FDCD" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1968-10-30" valueMax="1968-11-27" valueMin="1968-10-30">Oct 30–Nov 27, 1968</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E4EFDCB5DCCFDCD" box="[284,434,583,609]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1969-03-12">Mar 12, 1969</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E87FDCB5EFEFDCD" box="[469,640,583,609]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1973-06-07" valueMax="1973-06-21" valueMin="1973-06-07">Jun 7–21, 1973</date>
|
||
(RAJC; UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C6DFDCB5F09FDCD" box="[831,887,583,609]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
N Badwater, Death Valley National Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7A1DFDCB59E9FDCD" box="[1359,1431,583,609]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FC5FDE75D55FD29" box="[151,299,619,645]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1998-03-26">Mar 26, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7ECCFDE65DABFD29" box="[414,469,618,645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
N Ashford Mill, Death Valley National Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C9AFDE7587FFD29" box="[968,1025,619,645]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B59FDE758E1FD29" box="[1035,1183,619,645]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1998-03-26">Mar 26, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Cottonwood Canyon, Death Valley National Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D6DFD025EF6FD05" box="[575,648,654,681]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="250.0">250 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DC6FD035F53FD05" box="[660,813,655,681]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1998-03-27">Mar 27, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7CF6FD02587EFD05" box="[932,1024,654,681]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="12.5">12.5 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Stovepipe Wells, -
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7BAEFD025947FD05" box="[1276,1337,654,681]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A17FD035CB1FD61" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2012-12-27">Dec 27, 2012</date>
|
||
(MMPC); Death Valley (no loc),
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D19FD3F5EA3FD61" box="[587,733,691,717]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1938-10-20">Oct 20, 1938</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C52FD3F5FEBFD61" box="[768,917,691,717]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1976-04-16">Apr 16, 1976</date>
|
||
(LACM; UCDC); Hanaupah Canyon Rd,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7A20FD3F5CD1FD5D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="330.0">330 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FEFFD5B5D29FD5D" box="[189,343,727,753]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1998-03-26">Mar 26, 1998</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Hwy 168 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D0DFD5B5EEAFD5D" box="[607,660,727,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Big Pine, 1200’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C2BFD5B5878FD5D" box="[889,1030,727,753]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1992-07-22">Jul 22, 1992</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B24FD5B58BEFD5D" box="[1142,1216,727,753]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5405568" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="2.2">2.2 mi</quantity>
|
||
SW Independence, 4620’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FBBFD775DF5FCB9" box="[233,395,763,789]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2008-05-24">May 24, 2008</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Saline Valley Dunes at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C5EFD775F2BFCB9" box="[780,853,763,789]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
E Independence,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B77FD7758B9FCB9" box="[1061,1223,763,789]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1993-05-26">May 26, 1993</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Furnace Creek,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FBAFC935D0BFC95" box="[232,373,799,825]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1981-01-11">Jan 11, 1981</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7EB9FC925E47FC95" box="[491,569,798,825]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="5.5">5.5 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW Furnace Creek, -
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C1AFC935FFAFC95" box="[840,900,799,825]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CDDFC93585BFC95" box="[911,1061,799,825]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2012-12-24">Dec 24, 2012</date>
|
||
(MMPC); Grapevine Mtns, Titus Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FAEFCCF5DF0FCF1" box="[252,398,835,861]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1967-02-12">Feb 12, 1967</date>
|
||
(LACM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D55FCCF5E47FCF1" box="[519,569,835,861]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="1.0">1 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Jct Hwy 395 & Road J41, 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C86FCCF5818FCF1" box="[980,1126,834,861]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1985-02-16">Feb 16, 1985</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7B89FCCF5944FCF1" box="[1243,1338,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Kern Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Boron,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FC5FCEB5D5BFC2D" box="[151,293,871,897]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1988-07-19">Jul 19, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Edwards,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D43FCEB5EDCFC2D" box="[529,674,871,897]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1988-07-20">Jul 20, 1988</date>
|
||
, UCDC); Mohave,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CD1FCEB5861FC2D" box="[899,1055,871,897]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1914-11-11">Nov 11, 1914</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B15FCEB58A7FC2D" box="[1095,1241,870,897]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-05-01">May 1, 1952</date>
|
||
& no date, 1976 (UCDC; USNM); Bakersfield,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EA0FC075EEDFC09" box="[498,659,907,933]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1938-04-03" valueMax="1938-04-06" valueMin="1938-04-03">Apr 3–6, 1938</date>
|
||
(LACM; USNM); Ricardo,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C82FC075824FC09" box="[976,1114,907,933]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1929-11-08">Nov 8, 1929</date>
|
||
(USNM); Inyokern,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A16FC075CB1FC65" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-03-21">Mar 21, 1931</date>
|
||
(USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7E1BFC235DFDFC65" box="[329,387,943,969]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE Ricardo, Red Rock Canyon State Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7CD2FC235FB4FC65" box="[896,970,943,969]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="740.0">740 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C84FC235819FC65" box="[982,1127,943,969]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2003-03-16">16 Mar 2003</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Hwy 223 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7A3BFC2359E3FC65" box="[1385,1437,943,969]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Arvin,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FACFC5F5DF1FC41" box="[254,399,979,1005]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1971-06-12">Jun 12, 1971</date>
|
||
(LACM); Tehachapi,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DDBFC5F5F6AFC41" box="[649,788,979,1005]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-07-18">Jul 18, 1931</date>
|
||
(LACM); Sand Canyon at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B15FC5F5805FC41" box="[1095,1147,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Brown,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BAFFC5F59E6FC41" box="[1277,1432,979,1005]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1963-03-30">Mar 30, 1963</date>
|
||
, (UCDC); Red Rock Canyon State Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D32FC7B5ED4FBBD" box="[608,682,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DE4FC7B5F31FBBD" box="[694,847,1015,1041]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2003-03-18">Mar 18, 2003</date>
|
||
(UCDC); China Lake,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B0BFC7B589AFBBD" box="[1113,1252,1015,1041]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1988-07-21">Jul 21, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7A09FC7B5CB6FB99" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Kings Co.:</emphasis>
|
||
Kettleman,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E08FB975D8CFB99" box="[346,498,1051,1077]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1988-06-30">Jun 30, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D22FB975ED9FB99" box="[624,679,1051,1077]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Kettleman Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CE7FB975828FB99" box="[949,1110,1050,1077]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1959-11-17">Nov 17, 1959</date>
|
||
(LACM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7B84FB9759EBFB99" box="[1238,1429,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Los Angeles Co.</emphasis>
|
||
: Claremont, no date &
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EDDFBB35E68FBF5" box="[399,534,1087,1113]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1910-12-08">Dec 8, 1910</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D65FBB35EDFFBF5" box="[567,673,1087,1113]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1921-04">Apr 1921</date>
|
||
(UAIC; UCDC; USNM); Acton at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B7EFBB35813FBF5" box="[1068,1133,1087,1113]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="12.0">12 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Palmdale, 2720’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A1FFBB35CB1FBD1" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2001-05-03">May 3, 2001</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Los Angeles, no date (USNM); Glendale,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C48FBEF5FCBFBD1" box="[794,949,1123,1149]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1941-05-16">May 16, 1941</date>
|
||
(UCDC); no loc, no date (USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7A15FBEF5CC6FB0D" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Orange Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Corona del Mar,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EDEFB0B5E6DFB0D" box="[396,531,1159,1185]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1932-04-01">Apr 1, 1932</date>
|
||
(USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7DDFFB0B5F58FB0D" box="[653,806,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">Riverside Co.</emphasis>
|
||
: Palm Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C89FB0B5812FB0D" box="[987,1132,1159,1185]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-06-22">Jun 22, 1931</date>
|
||
& no date, 1956 (USNM); 1000 Palms Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7ED9FB275E66FB69" box="[395,536,1195,1221]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1940-03-04">Mar 4, 1940</date>
|
||
(LACM); Elsinore,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C50FB275FFBFB69" box="[770,901,1195,1221]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1919-01-04">Jan 4, 1919</date>
|
||
(USNM); San Jacinto, no date (USNM); Palm Springs,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FAFFB435DBDFB45" box="[253,451,1230,1257]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1918-03-23" valueMax="1918-03-25" valueMin="1918-03-23">Mar 23–25, 1918</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EB8FB435EFAFB45" box="[490,644,1230,1257]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1930-04-15">Apr 15, 1930</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DF9FB435F36FB45" box="[683,840,1231,1257]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1944-08-24">Aug 24, 1944</date>
|
||
(UAIC; USNM); SE of Palm Springs,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A42FB4359E2FB45" box="[1296,1436,1231,1257]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1930-12-01">Dec 1, 1930</date>
|
||
(USNM); Coachella Valley at Garnet, no date (USNM); Painted Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C89FB7F5818FAA1" box="[987,1126,1267,1293]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1930-03-08">Mar 8, 1930</date>
|
||
(USNM); Whitewater,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A23FB7F5C82FA9D" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1963-04-13">Apr 13, 1963</date>
|
||
(LACM); Whitewater Canyon at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7DD4FA9B5EAEFA9D" box="[646,720,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="0.6">0.6 mi</quantity>
|
||
N
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DAAFA9B5F08FA9D" box="[760,886,1303,1329]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1470-01-10">I-10, 1470</date>
|
||
’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CDAFA9B585CFA9D" box="[904,1058,1302,1329]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-04-25">Apr 25, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Banning,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A50FA9B59E2FA9D" box="[1282,1436,1303,1329]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1924-04-19">Apr 19, 1924</date>
|
||
(LACM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7E5EFAB75D3FFAF9" box="[268,321,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 mi</quantity>
|
||
NW Desert Hot Springs,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D3EFAB75F7AFAF9" box="[620,772,1338,1365]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-04-11">Apr 11, 1952</date>
|
||
(LACM); Mule Mtns at Coon Hollow, 525’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A41FAB759E2FAF9" box="[1299,1436,1339,1365]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1967-02-01">Feb 1, 1967</date>
|
||
(LACM); San Jacinto Creek,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EB2FAD35E18FAD5" box="[480,614,1375,1401]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1939-04-07">Apr 7, 1939</date>
|
||
(LACM); Magnesia Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CEAFAD3583FFAD5" box="[952,1089,1374,1401]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-07-20">Jul 20, 1952</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Perris, no date &
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A2EFAD35C86FA31" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1988-07-11">Jul 11, 1988</date>
|
||
(UAIC; UCDC; USNM); Temecula (MWD land),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7C66FA0F5F03FA31" box="[820,893,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.79" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="379.0">379 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CDAFA0F586FFA31" box="[904,1041,1411,1437]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1997-07-11">Jul 11, 1997</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7BD5FA0F58B6FA31" box="[1159,1224,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="12.0">12 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Thermal,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A00FA0F5CB1FA6D" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1967-07-21">Jul 21, 1967</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Deep Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EBCFA2B5E09FA6D" box="[494,631,1447,1473]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1967-12-04">Dec 4, 1967</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DC8FA2B5FFFFA6D" box="[666,897,1447,1473]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1969-04-18" valueMax="1969-07-24" valueMin="1969-04-18">Apr 18–Jul 24, 1969</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CF7FA2B5850FA6D" box="[933,1070,1447,1473]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1970-12-07">Dec 7, 1970</date>
|
||
& no date (UAIC); W rim Deep Canyon, 2000’ & 2500’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EFCFA475E42FA49" box="[430,572,1483,1509]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1969-05-08">May 8, 1969</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D0DFA475E93FA49" box="[607,749,1483,1509]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1979-05-07">May 7, 1979</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Black Hill (T6S, R6E, Sect 19), 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A41FA4759E2FA49" box="[1299,1436,1483,1509]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1970-03-09">Mar 9, 1970</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Chiriaco Summit,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E99FA635E1FF9A5" box="[459,609,1518,1545]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1986-04-25">Apr 25, 1986</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Dos Palmas Spring (T6S, R5E, Sect 26),
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BF2FA635948F9A5" box="[1184,1334,1519,1545]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1969-04-29">Apr 29, 1969</date>
|
||
(UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7FC5F99E5C8CF981" box="[151,242,1554,1581]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="15.5">15.5 km</quantity>
|
||
NE Temecula,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7EC9F99F5D9CF981" box="[411,482,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EBFF99F5E06F981" box="[493,632,1555,1581]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2016-05-03">May 3, 2016</date>
|
||
(MMPC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7DA0F99F5F54F981" box="[754,810,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="9.0">9 km</quantity>
|
||
S Desert Center,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7CBBF99F584FF981" box="[1001,1073,1555,1581]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="690.0">690 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B68F99F58B5F981" box="[1082,1227,1555,1581]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2014-04-17">Apr 17, 2014</date>
|
||
(MLBC; MMPC); Salton Sea at Mecca Beach Campground, -
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D21F9BB5ED1F9FD" box="[627,687,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DEAF9BB5F32F9FD" box="[696,844,1591,1617]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2014-04-18">Apr 18, 2014</date>
|
||
(MLBC); no loc,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7B46F9BB58DFF9FD" box="[1044,1185,1590,1617]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1951-05-03">May 3, 1951</date>
|
||
& no date (UAIC); no loc,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7F94F9D75D32F9D9" box="[198,332,1627,1653]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1942-04-04">Apr 4, 1942</date>
|
||
(LACM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7E96F9D75EE3F9D9" box="[452,669,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">San Bernardino Co</emphasis>
|
||
.:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7DE0F9D65E87F9D9" box="[690,761,1626,1653]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
NNW Baker,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CCAF9D75858F9D9" box="[920,1062,1627,1653]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1981-01-12">Jan 12, 1981</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Fenner,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BA4F9D759FEF9D9" box="[1270,1408,1627,1653]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1919-03-09">Mar 9, 1919</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FC5F9F35D58F935" box="[151,294,1663,1689]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-06-18">Jun 18, 1931</date>
|
||
(LACM; USNM); Hesperia,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D3FF9F35F7BF935" box="[621,773,1663,1689]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1928-11-18">Nov 18, 1928</date>
|
||
(USNM); Barstow,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CB6F9F35814F935" box="[996,1130,1663,1689]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1930-04-06">Apr 6, 1930</date>
|
||
(USNM); Morongo Valley,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FC5F92F5D4BF911" box="[151,309,1698,1725]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-03-29">Mar 29, 1952</date>
|
||
(UCDC; USNM); Morongo Valley, Dry Morongo Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CB8F92F5809F911" box="[1002,1143,1699,1725]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1963-04-07">Apr 7, 1963</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BF3F92F594EF911" box="[1185,1328,1699,1725]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1963-07-10">Jul 10, 1963</date>
|
||
(LACM; UAIC); Soda Spring,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7EC5F94B5E52F94D" box="[407,556,1735,1761]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1991-05-08">May 8, 1991</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D0AF94B5EBBF94D" box="[600,709,1735,1761]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1992-02">Feb 1992</date>
|
||
(CIDA; LACM); Yermo,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CA4F94B58ECF94D" box="[1014,1170,1734,1761]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-04-24">Apr 24, 1952</date>
|
||
(LACM); Joshua Tree National Monument, 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7E84F9675E12F8A9" box="[470,620,1770,1797]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-04-26">Apr 26, 1952</date>
|
||
(LACM); Joshua Tree, 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7C9AF9675823F8A9" box="[968,1117,1770,1797]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1952-04-26">Apr 26, 1952</date>
|
||
(LACM); Yucca Valley,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A27F9675C84F885" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1934-06-29">Jun 29, 1934</date>
|
||
(LACM); Hwy 372 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7D53F8825E37F885" box="[513,585,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.242048" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="4.5">4.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
NNE Landers turnoff, 3390’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7CF2F883584AF885" box="[928,1076,1807,1833]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-09-30">Sep 30, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Needles,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A5EF8835901F885" box="[1292,1407,1806,1833]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1905-05">May 1905</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7FC5F8BF5D6BF8E1" box="[151,277,1843,1869]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1931-07-08">Jul 8, 1931</date>
|
||
(LACM; UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7EB6F8BF5E69F8E1" box="[484,535,1843,1869]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
|
||
N Iron Mtn,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DFDF8BF5F4BF8E1" box="[687,821,1843,1869]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1984-02-06">Feb 6, 1984</date>
|
||
(LACM); Kelso Sand Dunes,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BC2F8BF5957F8E1" box="[1168,1321,1843,1869]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1973-03-27">Mar 27, 1973</date>
|
||
(LACM); Kelbacker Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7E05F8DB5DF5F8DD" box="[343,395,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Kelso, 2158’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D1BF8DB5EA1F8DD" box="[585,735,1879,1905]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2000-04-18">Apr 18, 2000</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Loma Linda, no date (UAIC); Hwy 247 at Barstow (near Mohave National Reserve Hdqrtrs), 2470’
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7DEBF8F75F30F839" box="[697,846,1914,1941]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-04-25">Apr 25, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Hwy 95 at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B68F8F758FDF839" box="[1082,1155,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0621670399999998" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="6.6">6.6 mi</quantity>
|
||
S Needles, 900’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7A1EF8F75CB1F815" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2018-05-03">May 3, 2018</date>
|
||
(RAJC); no loc, no date (LACM; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA0FF8A7DE6F8135F2EF815" box="[692,848,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="70">San Diego Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Pinyon Ridge, no date, 1931 (USNM); Culp Valley Rd at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7F8DF84E5D57F871" box="[223,297,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="mi" value="0.5">0.5 mi</quantity>
|
||
W Hwy 22, 3080’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7D40F84F5EE3F871" box="[530,669,1987,2013]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="1997-04-01">Apr 1, 1997</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Culp Valley campground,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA0FF8A7B6EF84E58E8F871" box="[1084,1174,1986,2013]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.015" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" unit="m" value="1015.0">1015 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA0FF8A7BF6F84F5957F871" box="[1188,1321,1987,2013]" pageId="69" pageNumber="70" value="2014-01-01">Jan 1, 2014</date>
|
||
(MLBC); Sentenac Canyon, 2400’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897EE5FF1B5E33FF1D" box="[439,589,150,177]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1952-04-23">Apr 23, 1952</date>
|
||
(LACM); Jacumba,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897C6AFF1B5FABFF1D" box="[824,981,151,177]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1940-05-30">May 30, 1940</date>
|
||
(LACM); Moosa Canyon,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897A55FF1B59E2FF1D" box="[1287,1436,151,177]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1892-04-20">Apr 20, 1892</date>
|
||
(USNM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897E5AFF375D30FF79" box="[264,334,187,213]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
S Ocotillo Wells,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897D47FF375E23FF79" box="[533,605,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="180.0">180 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897D3AFF375E86FF79" box="[616,760,187,213]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1988-02-28">Feb 28, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897C3EFF375FCFFF79" box="[876,945,187,213]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
|
||
SSW Borrego Springs,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897BEBFF37597FFF79" box="[1209,1281,187,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="620.0">620 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897A5EFF3759E2FF79" box="[1292,1436,187,213]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1988-02-26">Feb 26, 1988</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Anza Borrego State Park at Yaqui Well,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897D82FF535F14FF55" box="[720,874,223,249]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1978-03-22">Mar 22, 1978</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Borrego Springs, 620’ &
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897BABFF52593DFF55" box="[1273,1347,222,249]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="195.0">195 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897A02FF535CB1FEB1" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="2003-07-31">Jul 31, 2003</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897FAAFE8F5DECFEB1" box="[248,402,259,285]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="2013-12-31">Dec 31, 2013</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897EEBFE8F5E2DFEB1" box="[441,595,258,285]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="2018-04-25">Apr 25, 2018</date>
|
||
(MLBC; RAJC); Lakeside,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897CC8FE8F584BFEB1" box="[922,1077,259,285]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1910-12-22">Dec 22, 1910</date>
|
||
(UAIC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897BF4FE8F59F0FEB1" box="[1190,1422,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">San Luis Opispo Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Carrizo,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897FAAFEAB5D1AFEED" box="[248,356,295,321]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1939-03">Mar 1939</date>
|
||
(LACM).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897E88FEAB5F0EFEED" authority=": Mohave Desert, Jul 1931" authorityName=": Mohave Desert, Jul" authorityYear="1931" box="[474,880,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="county">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E88FEAB5E32FEEC" box="[474,588,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">No county</emphasis>
|
||
: Mohave Desert, Jul 1931
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& no loc, no date (LACM; UAIC; USNM); Death Valley,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897FBBFEC75D0EFEC9" box="[233,368,331,357]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1941-03-04">Mar 4, 1941</date>
|
||
(UCDC); Cala (=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897D61FEC75ED5FEC9" box="[563,683,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
), no date (LACM; USNM);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897CB3FEC75837FEC9" box="[993,1097,331,357]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
Desert,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897BF1FEC75946FEC9" box="[1187,1336,331,357]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1917-08-11">Aug 11, 1917</date>
|
||
(UAIC); Mohave Desert, Bar S Ranch,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897EB4FEE35E03FE25" box="[486,637,367,393]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1928-11-18">Nov 18, 1928</date>
|
||
(USNM); Panamint Valley,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897CE4FEE35835FE25" box="[950,1099,367,393]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1930-03-24">Mar 24, 1930</date>
|
||
(USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B93FEE2595FFE25" bold="true" box="[1217,1313,366,393]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B93FEE25966FE25" bold="true" box="[1217,1304,366,393]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897B93FEE25966FE25" box="[1217,1304,366,393]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A75FEE359F0FE25" box="[1319,1422,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Clark Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Mesquite, 1600’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897E32FE1F5D92FE01" box="[352,492,403,429]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1970-04-02">Apr 2, 1970</date>
|
||
(RAJC); Boulder City, 2500’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897C01FE1F5F8BFE01" box="[851,1013,402,429]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1975-05-24">May 24, 1975</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897B4CFE1F58CDFE01" box="[1054,1203,403,429]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1977-06-27">Jun 27, 1977</date>
|
||
& no date (LACM; UAIC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897FA7FE3B5D56FE7D" box="[245,296,439,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
SE Henderson, 2200’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897D7DFE3B5EB8FE7D" box="[559,710,439,465]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1971-04-20">Apr 20, 1971</date>
|
||
(LACM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897C13FE3B5F0AFE7D" box="[833,884,439,465]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
|
||
SSE Riverside, 2200’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897B2FFE3B597BFE7D" box="[1149,1285,439,465]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1971-04-04">Apr 4, 1971</date>
|
||
(LACM);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897AD2FE3B5CCBFE59" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7358848" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mi" value="17.0">17 mi</quantity>
|
||
E Searchlight,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897E3AFE575E78FE59" box="[360,518,475,501]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1969-11-24">Nov 24, 1969</date>
|
||
(LACM); T26S, R65E,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897C73FE575FC1FE59" box="[801,959,475,501]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1969-11-24">Nov 24, 1969</date>
|
||
(LACM); Newberry Mtns, no date, 1954 (LACM).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897E5BFE735DCCFDB5" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[265,434,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Esmeralda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E5BFE735DD5FDB5" box="[265,427,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Esmeralda Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Hwy 72 (= Hwy 267?) at State Line, 4000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897CE7FE735836FDB5" box="[949,1096,511,537]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1967-10-31">Oct 31, 1967</date>
|
||
(LACM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B93FE73596BFDB5" box="[1217,1301,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Nye Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Amargosa Desert near Beatty,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897E20FDAF5D84FD91" box="[370,506,547,573]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1931-03-08">Mar 8, 1931</date>
|
||
(USNM); Amargosa River at
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897C1AFDAF5FF7FD91" box="[840,905,547,573]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2530816" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mi" value="14.0">14 mi</quantity>
|
||
SSE Beatty, 2700’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897B3AFDAF5881FD91" box="[1128,1279,547,573]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1972-03-26">Mar 26, 1972</date>
|
||
(RAJC);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897A38FDAF59E3FD91" box="[1386,1437,547,573]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4484096" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="mi" value="9.0">9 mi</quantity>
|
||
SSW Beatty, 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897E2AFDCB5E75FDCD" box="[376,523,582,609]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1970-04-15">Apr 15, 1970</date>
|
||
(LACM); Devil’s Hole, 2600’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897C3FFDCB5F84FDCD" box="[877,1018,582,609]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1968-05-05">May 5, 1968</date>
|
||
(LACM); Rock Valley near Mercury,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897FC5FDE75D4AFD29" box="[151,308,619,645]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1971-04-21">Apr 21, 1971</date>
|
||
(LACM); Lathrop Wells, 2300’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897DE9FDE75F29FD29" box="[699,855,619,645]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1964-04-14">Apr 14, 1964</date>
|
||
(LACM); Mercury,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897B1BFDE75893FD29" box="[1097,1261,619,645]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1960-05-26">May 26, 1960</date>
|
||
&
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897A4BFDE759E2FD29" box="[1305,1436,619,645]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1961-07-01">Jul 1, 1961</date>
|
||
(LACM; USNM); Ash Meadows,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897D77FD035EBAFD05" box="[549,708,655,681]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1996-03-24">Mar 24, 1996</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897C13FD025D0AFD61" bold="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Locations that could not be geolocated.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFA3FF897A7DFD035D7DFD60" name="United States of America" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E5DFD3F5D15FD61" bold="true" box="[271,363,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897E5DFD3F5D15FD61" box="[271,363,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897E2EFD3F5D98FD61" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[380,486,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Pima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E2EFD3F5D9EFD61" box="[380,480,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Pima Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Catalina Mtns at South Fenner Canyon, 3000’,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897B5EFD3F58E8FD61" box="[1036,1174,691,717]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1919-03-09">Mar 9, 1919</date>
|
||
(UAIC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A56FD3E5FD9FD5D" bold="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897A56FD3E5C98FD5D" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Questionable" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="locales">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A56FD3E5C98FD5D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Questionable locales</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(outside of geographic range):
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFA3FF897D0AFD5B5F49FD5C" box="[600,823,726,753]" name="United States of America" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897C10FD5B5FE0FD5D" bold="true" box="[834,926,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897C10FD5B5FE0FD5D" box="[834,926,727,753]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897CFCFD5B5827FD5D" authority="Cruz Co." authorityName="Cruz Co." box="[942,1113,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897CFCFD5B582CFD5D" box="[942,1106,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Santa Cruz Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Mt. Wrightson, 7000–8000’
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897FC5FD775D56FCB9" box="[151,296,763,789]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1960-10-22">Oct 22, 1960</date>
|
||
(UAIC).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897EC6FD765E6BFCB9" bold="true" box="[404,533,762,789]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897EC6FD765E72FCB9" bold="true" box="[404,524,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897EC6FD765E72FCB9" box="[404,524,762,789]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897D4EFD775EC6FCB9" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[540,696,763,789]" class="Aves" family="Liliaceae" genus="Mariposa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Liliales" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897D4EFD775ECFFCB9" box="[540,689,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Mariposa Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Big Tree,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897C67FD775FE4FCB9" box="[821,922,763,789]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1940-01">Jan 1940</date>
|
||
(UCDC).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897B5DFD7758BBFCB9" authority="Co." authorityName="Co." box="[1039,1221,763,789]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Santa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B5DFD7758C1FCB9" box="[1039,1215,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Santa Clara Co</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Palo Alto, no date (USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E5BFC925D17FC95" bold="true" box="[265,361,798,825]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E5BFC925D1EFC95" bold="true" box="[265,352,798,825]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA3FF897E5BFC925D1EFC95" box="[265,352,798,825]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E22FC935E7AFC95" box="[368,516,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Charlotte Co</emphasis>
|
||
.: Punta Gordo,
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA3FF897DE7FC935F44FC95" box="[693,826,799,825]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" value="1919-02-02">Feb 2, 1919</date>
|
||
(USNM) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFA3FF897CE1FC935844FC95" box="[947,1082,799,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-26@78.[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 41. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor pergandei, (B) V. pseudolariversi, and (C) V. smithi. The larger black circle in panels B & C denotes the type locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318924/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Figure 41A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA3FF897F95FCCF5F28FC2D" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF897F95FCCF5F28FC2D" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897F95FCCF5D30FCF1" bold="true" box="[199,334,835,861]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897D14FCCF5EC8FCF1" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[582,694,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897D14FCCF5EC8FCF1" box="[582,694,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was derived from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFA3FF897C93FCCF5F8FFCF1" box="[961,1009,835,861]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series being obtained from Theodore Pergande, an early American entomologist of German descent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA3FF897F95FC065EDDFA49" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF897F95FC065ED2FA31" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897F95FC065D32FC08" bold="true" box="[199,332,906,932]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897E04FC075E2DFC09" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[342,595,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E04FC075E2DFC09" box="[342,595,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sympatric with the congeners
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897C85FC075840FC09" box="[983,1086,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897C85FC075840FC09" box="[983,1086,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897B1DFC0758B6FC09" baseAuthorityName="Pergande" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1103,1224,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B1DFC0758B6FC09" box="[1103,1224,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. julianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897A5EFC0759EBFC09" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1292,1429,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A5EFC0759EBFC09" box="[1292,1429,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897ED0FC235E72FC65" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[386,524,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897ED0FC235E72FC65" box="[386,524,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V.pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are easily separated from these species based on: (1) well developed psammophore, (2) blunt toothlike projection on medial lobe of clypeus, (3) mostly concolorous dark brownish-black to black, and (4) lack of rugae on mesosoma and the cephalic dorsum posterior to eyes. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897B11FC7B58D6FBBD" box="[1091,1192,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B11FC7B58D6FBBD" box="[1091,1192,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897BB1FC7B5914FBBD" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[1251,1386,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stoddardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897BB1FC7B5914FBBD" box="[1251,1386,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. stoddardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) psammophore poorly developed, (2) blunt toothlike projection lacking on medial lobe of clypeus, (3) coloration mostly orangish to reddish or reddish-brown (though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897DB5FBB35F37FBF5" box="[743,841,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Novomessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="andrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897DB5FBB35F37FBF5" box="[743,841,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. andrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sometimes can be dark brownish-black to black), and (4) weak to coarse rugae on mesosoma and cephalic dorsum posterior to eyes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897CA0FBEF5894FBD1" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1010,1258,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897CA0FBEF5894FBD1" box="[1010,1258,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897F85FB0B5D31FB0D" baseAuthorityName="Pergande" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[215,335,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="julianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897F85FB0B5D31FB0D" box="[215,335,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. julianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by: (1) propodeal spines short, length less than the distance between their bases, (2) dorsum of pronotum coriarious, lacking rugae, (3) mesopleura mostly coriarious, lacking rugae, (4) blunt toothlike projection on medial lobe of clypeus, and (5) in profile, eye narrowed below with a distinct ventral angle. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A49FB43594FFB44" box="[1307,1329,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V.</emphasis>
|
||
j
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897A10FB4359EAFB45" box="[1346,1428,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">ulianus</emphasis>
|
||
: (1) propodeal spines long, length> 2.0× the distance between their bases, (2) dorsum of pronotum with irregular transverse rugae, (3) mesopleura with longitudinal rugae or lineogranulate, (4) blunt toothlike projection lacking on medial lobe of clypeus, and (5) in profile, eye rounded below.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897C15FAB7583EFAF9" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[839,1088,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897C15FAB7583EFAF9" box="[839,1088,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recognized in the field based on their large colonies (> 35,000 workers) of blackish to black workers that forage in long columns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897BABFAD359E9FAD5" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[1273,1431,1375,1401]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="362 - 366" refId="ref71885" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1988) Dietary similarity and foraging range of two seed-harvester ants during resource fluctuations. Oecologia, 75 (3), 362 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00376938" type="journal article" year="1988">Rissing, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897FC5FA0F5D62FA31" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[151,284,1410,1437]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Went, Wheeler, &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897EAAFA0F5EE1FA31" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[504,671,1411,1437]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="233 - 246" refId="ref73549" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1972) Ant larvae of the subfamily Myrmicinae: second supplement on the tribes Myrmicini and Pheidolini. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 7, 233 - 246." type="journal article" year="1972">Wheeler, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF897F95FA2B5EDDFA49" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
A molecular phylogeny that used UCEs shows
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897D88FA2B5F15FA6D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[730,875,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897D88FA2B5E95FA6C" box="[730,747,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897DA8FA2B5F15FA6D" box="[762,875,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to the clade containing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897B84FA2B592FFA6D" box="[1238,1361,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lariversi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897B84FA2B592FFA6D" box="[1238,1361,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. lariversi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897ADAFA2B5D3BFA49" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudolariversi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897ADAFA2B5D3BFA49" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">V. pseudolariversi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M.L. Borowiec, unpub. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206560FFA3FF807F95FA625FB0FD5D" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF897F95FA625D3CF935" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897F95FA625D59F9A4" bold="true" box="[199,295,1518,1544]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA3FF897E62FA635E52F9A5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[304,556,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897E62FA635E52F9A5" box="[304,556,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the best studied species in the genus. Nests are usually in sandy soils and consist of one entrance (occasionally more than one, especially during mating flights) with a circular gravel mound up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897F88F9BA5D5EF9FD" box="[218,288,1590,1617]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; nests extend to a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897DB7F9BB5F53F9FD" box="[741,813,1591,1617]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 m</quantity>
|
||
or more with a distinctly angled shaft (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897BA2F9BB59E9F9FD" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[1264,1431,1591,1617]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="118 - 124" refId="ref69187" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1992) Soil texture as an influence on the distribution of the desert seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Messor pergandei. Oecologia, 89 (1), 118 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319023" type="journal article" year="1992">Johnson, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897FC5F9D75D5FF9D9" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[151,289,1626,1653]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897E63F9D75D95F9D9" author="Tschinkel, W. R." box="[305,491,1626,1653]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="271 - 291" refId="ref73084" refString="Tschinkel, W. R. (2015) The architecture of subterranean nests: beauty and mystery underfoot. Journal of Bioeconomics, 17 (3), 271 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10818 - 015 - 9203 - 6" type="journal article" year="2015">Tschinkel, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897EA9F9D75F3BF9D9" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S." box="[507,837,1627,1653]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="341 - 387" refId="ref73843" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 (9), 341 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023057" type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler & Creighton, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers are weakly polymorphic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897BA1F9D759E9F9D9" author="Gordon, S. H." box="[1267,1431,1627,1653]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" refId="ref68321" refString="Gordon, S. H. (1978) Food and foraging ecology of a desert harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei (Mayr). PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 186 pp." type="book" year="1978">Gordon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Rissing, 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF897F95F92F5E78F839" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Colonies contain tens of thousands of workers;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897D8CF92F5FD4F911" author="Went, F. W. & Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C." box="[734,938,1699,1725]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="82 - 88" refId="ref73335" refString="Went, F. W., Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C. (1972) Feeding and digestion in some ants (Veromessor and Manica). Bioscience, 22 (2), 82 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1296037" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Went
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897C4DF92F5F26F911" box="[799,856,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1972)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated> 35,000 workers in one foraging column, suggesting colonies contain several times that number of workers. Colonies forage most days of the year, but forager number decreases drastically during winter months. Foraging time varies seasonally according to temperature: colonies forage diurnally when days are cool, and they become crepuscular-matinal as temperatures increase. Colonies sometimes forage nocturnally when nights are warm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897C8FF8BF597CF8E1" author="Snelling, R. R. & George, C. D." box="[989,1282,1843,1869]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" refId="ref72764" refString="Snelling, R. R. & George, C. D. (1979) The taxonomy, distribution and ecology of California desert ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Report to Bureau of Land Management, US Department of Interior, Riverside, California, 335 + 89 pp." type="book" year="1979">Snelling & George, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897A42F8BF59E9F8E1" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[1296,1431,1842,1869]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897FC5F8DB5D24F8DD" author="Went, F. W. & Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C." box="[151,346,1879,1905]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="82 - 88" refId="ref73335" refString="Went, F. W., Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C. (1972) Feeding and digestion in some ants (Veromessor and Manica). Bioscience, 22 (2), 82 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1296037" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Went
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA3FF897F8BF8DB5D6FF8DD" box="[217,273,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA3FF897E34F8DB5EEBF8DD" author="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[358,661,1878,1905]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" pagination="303 - 314" refId="ref73698" refString="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W. (1975 b) Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. II. Behavior. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (4), 303 - 314." type="journal article" year="1975">Wheeler & Rissing, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but colonies appear to be strictly diurnal in eastern portions of their range (R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA3FF887F95F8135DFDFEC8" blockId="70.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Workers forage in a well-defined, pheromone-based column that is up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA3FF897CBFF813585BF815" box="[1005,1061,1951,1977]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
|
||
long, with workers fanning out to forage individually at the distal end of the column; colonies sometimes have two or three foraging columns (Plowes, Colella,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887FABFF1B5D4BFF1D" box="[249,309,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887EC2FF1B5E12FF1D" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[400,620,151,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="446 - 453" refId="ref72456" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1986) Overdispersion of ant colonies: a test of hypotheses. Oecologia, 69 (3), 446 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00377067" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryti & Case, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D29FF1B5F39FF1D" author="Went, F. W. & Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C." box="[635,839,151,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="82 - 88" refId="ref73335" refString="Went, F. W., Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C. (1972) Feeding and digestion in some ants (Veromessor and Manica). Bioscience, 22 (2), 82 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1296037" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Went
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887D92FF1B5E85FF1D" box="[704,763,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C04FF1B58F0FF1D" author="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[854,1166,150,177]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="303 - 314" refId="ref73698" refString="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W. (1975 b) Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. II. Behavior. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (4), 303 - 314." type="journal article" year="1975">Wheeler & Rissing, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887BCEFF1B5CADFF79" author="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="341 - 387" refId="ref73843" refString="Wheeler, W. M. & Creighton, W. S. (1934) A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 (9), 341 - 387. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20023057" type="journal article" year="1934">Wheeler & Creighton, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pheromones are the primary mechanism for workers orienting in foraging columns, but workers also respond to sun position and experimental shifts in polarized light, and they display backtracking when displaced from foraging columns. Workers also use path integration in both the foraging column and in the fan (Freas, Congdon, Plowes, & Spetch, 2019, 2020; Freas, Plowes, & Spetch, 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C31FEAA5842FEED" author="Plowes, N. & Congdon, J. V. & Bulitko, V. & Soares, E. S. & Spetch, M. L." box="[867,1084,294,321]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="35 - 47" refId="ref71329" refString="Plowes, N., Du., Y., Congdon, J. V., Bulitko, V., Soares, E. S. & Spetch, M. L. (2019) Odometry and backtracking: social and individual navigation in group foraging desert harvester ants (Veromessor pergandei). Animal Cognition, 22 (1), 35 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10071 - 018 - 1218 - 7" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Plowes
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887CE9FEAB5F8DFEEC" box="[955,1011,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Plowes, Ramsch, Middendorf, & Hölldobler, 2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA2FF887F95FEE25877FC99" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Foraging columns rotate around the nest such that colonies visit the entire area surrounding their nests, suggesting that columns function for both food acquisition and territorial interactions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887CBEFE1E58F3FE00" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[1004,1165,402,428]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="362 - 366" refId="ref71885" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1988) Dietary similarity and foraging range of two seed-harvester ants during resource fluctuations. Oecologia, 75 (3), 362 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00376938" type="journal article" year="1988">Rissing, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Scouts are not used to assess foraging column direction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D49FE395E9AFE63" author="Went, F. W. & Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C." box="[539,740,437,464]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="82 - 88" refId="ref73335" refString="Went, F. W., Wheeler, J. & Wheeler, G. C. (1972) Feeding and digestion in some ants (Veromessor and Manica). Bioscience, 22 (2), 82 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1296037" type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Went
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887D32FE3A5EE4FE63" box="[608,666,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887DA2FE39585DFE7C" author="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[752,1059,437,464]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="303 - 314" refId="ref73698" refString="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W. (1975 b) Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. II. Behavior. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (4), 303 - 314." type="journal article" year="1975">Wheeler & Rissing, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but rather direction of the daily foraging column is determined by chemicals secreted from the pygidial gland (see below and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887B85FE555CAAFDBB" author="Holldobler, B. & Plowes, N. J. R. & Johnson, R. A. & Nishshanka, U. & Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="863 - 869" refId="ref69008" refString="Holldobler, B., Plowes, N. J. R., Johnson, R. A., Nishshanka, U., Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B. (2013) Pygidial gland chemistry and potential alarm-recruitment function in column foraging, but not solitary, Nearctic Messor harvesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 59 (9), 863 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2013.06.006" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887A08FE5659E8FE5F" box="[1370,1430,473,499]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the laboratory, workers can detect recruitment pheromones of previous foraging columns for 7–10 days (B. Hölldobler, pers. comm.), suggesting a mechanism for colonies to adjust day to day direction of the foraging column. Secretions from the pygidial gland (primarily n-tridecane) appear to initiate the foraging column (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887B89FDC85CADFD2E" author="Holldobler, B. & Plowes, N. J. R. & Johnson, R. A. & Nishshanka, U. & Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="863 - 869" refId="ref69008" refString="Holldobler, B., Plowes, N. J. R., Johnson, R. A., Nishshanka, U., Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B. (2013) Pygidial gland chemistry and potential alarm-recruitment function in column foraging, but not solitary, Nearctic Messor harvesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 59 (9), 863 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2013.06.006" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887A0FFDC959E8FDF2" box="[1373,1430,580,606]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while a trail pheromone (primarily 1-phenylethanol) released from the poison gland maintains recruitment to the foraging fan (Plowes, Colella,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887D6BFD015E0CFD0A" box="[569,626,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014). The recruitment effect from the poison gland is enhanced when adding pygidial gland secretions (Plowes, Colella,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887D83FD3C5F77FD65" box="[721,777,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014). Benzaldehyde was also a major compound in their pygidial gland secretions, but this chemical was not detected in mandibular gland secretions, as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887A05FD5F5E43FCBD" author="Blum, M. S. & Padovani, F. & Curley, A. & Hawk, R. E." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="461 - 465" refId="ref66181" refString="Blum, M. S., Padovani, F., Curley, A. & Hawk, R. E. (1969) Benzaldehyde: defensive secretion of a harvester ant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 29 (1), 461 - 465. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0010 - 406 X (69) 91766 - 6" type="journal article" year="1969">Blum, Padovani, Curley, and Hawk (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Like other large-colony congeners, workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887B20FD74597DFCBD" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1138,1283,759,785]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887B20FD74597DFCBD" box="[1138,1283,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a large pygidial gland reservoir with a textured tergal cuticle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887DAAFC975F83FC99" author="Holldobler, B. & Plowes, N. J. R. & Johnson, R. A. & Nishshanka, U. & Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B." box="[760,1021,795,821]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="863 - 869" refId="ref69008" refString="Holldobler, B., Plowes, N. J. R., Johnson, R. A., Nishshanka, U., Liu, C. & Attygalle, A. B. (2013) Pygidial gland chemistry and potential alarm-recruitment function in column foraging, but not solitary, Nearctic Messor harvesting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 59 (9), 863 - 869. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2013.06.006" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hölldobler
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887C28FC975FCCFC99" box="[890,946,795,821]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA2FF887F95FCB25FE1FB83" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887E02FCB35DA2FCF4" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[336,476,830,856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887E02FCB35DA2FCF4" box="[336,476,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also assess and respond to natural seed density because day to day change in foraging column direction is higher in years with low compared to high seed density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887CBFFCEE58EAFCD0" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[1005,1172,866,892]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref69103" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1989) The ecology and evolution of learning in the seed-harvester ants Veromessor pergandei and Pogonomyrmex rugosus. PhD dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 138 pp." type="book" year="1989">Johnson, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, when novel seeds are presented in an experimental patch, foragers sample fewer seeds before harvesting one in years with low seed density compared to years with high seed density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C56FC265FD5FC68" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[772,939,938,964]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1408 - 1419" refId="ref69142" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1991) Learning, memory, and foraging efficiency in two species of desert seed-harvester ants. Ecology, 72 (4), 1408 - 1419. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941112" type="journal article" year="1991">Johnson, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, foraging column length does not change with seed density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887EE9FC415E26FC4B" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[443,600,973,999]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="362 - 366" refId="ref71885" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1988) Dietary similarity and foraging range of two seed-harvester ants during resource fluctuations. Oecologia, 75 (3), 362 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00376938" type="journal article" year="1988">Rissing, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D31FC415F01FC4B" author="Rissing, S. W. & Wheeler, J." box="[611,895,973,999]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="63 - 72" refId="ref72334" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Foraging responses of Veromessor pergandei to changes in seed production. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 52 (1), 63 - 72." type="journal article" year="1976">Rissing & Wheeler, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fighting occurs between foraging columns that encounter one another, resulting in “black piles of dead ants” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C1DFC7D5801FBA0" author="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[847,1151,1009,1036]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="303 - 314" refId="ref73698" refString="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W. (1975 b) Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. II. Behavior. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (4), 303 - 314." type="journal article" year="1975">Wheeler & Rissing, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but more often columns avoid foraging toward nearest neighbors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D38FB995F40FB83" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[618,830,1045,1071]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="446 - 453" refId="ref72456" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1986) Overdispersion of ant colonies: a test of hypotheses. Oecologia, 69 (3), 446 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00377067" type="journal article" year="1986">Ryti & Case, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C1BFB995FECFB83" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[841,914,1045,1071]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1993 - 2003" refId="ref72504" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1988 a) Field experiments on desert ants: testing for competition between colonies. Ecology, 69 (6), 1993 - 2003. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941177" type="journal article" year="1988">1988a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA2FF887F95FBB459F6FB12" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
That workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887ED4FBB55E6AFBFE" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[390,532,1080,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887ED4FBB55E6AFBFE" box="[390,532,1080,1106]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are weakly polymorphic has been used to test foraging efficiency based on the idea of “size matching” between worker body size and food item size. These studies show that the correlation of body size and seed size varies among colonies, and even when size correlations are significant, they often account for <5% of the variance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887EE5FB285E13FB12" author="Davidson, D. W." box="[439,621,1188,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="523 - 532" refId="ref67473" refString="Davidson, D. W. (1978) Size variability in the worker caste of a social insect (Veromessor pergandei Mayr) as a function of the competitive environment. American Naturalist, 112 (985), 523 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 283294" type="journal article" year="1978">Davidson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D2BFB285F69FB12" author="Gordon, S. H." box="[633,791,1188,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref68321" refString="Gordon, S. H. (1978) Food and foraging ecology of a desert harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei (Mayr). PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 186 pp." type="book" year="1978">Gordon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C71FB285FBEFB12" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[803,960,1188,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="149 - 152" refId="ref71744" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1981) Foraging specializations of individual seed-harvester ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9 (2), 149 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00293586" type="journal article" year="1981">Rissing, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C9EFB28589CFB12" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[972,1250,1188,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="121 - 126" refId="ref72032" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1984) Worker size variability and foraging efficiency in Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15 (2), 121 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00299379" type="journal article" year="1984">Rissing & Pollock, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887BBFFB285902FB12" author="Waser, N. M." box="[1261,1404,1188,1214]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="451 - 462" refId="ref73280" refString="Waser, N. M. (1998) Task-matching and short-term size shifts in foragers of the harvester ant, Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 11 (3), 451 - 462. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1020963000112" type="journal article" year="1998">Waser, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA2FF887F95FB4B58C5F951" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Worker size variation was also found to be inversely correlated with number of potentially competing seedharvester ant species over an approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFA2FF887DC2FB675E98FAA9" box="[656,742,1259,1286]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" unit="km" value="650.0">650 km</quantity>
|
||
longitudinal cline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C96FB675802FAA9" author="Davidson, D. W." box="[964,1148,1259,1285]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="523 - 532" refId="ref67473" refString="Davidson, D. W. (1978) Size variability in the worker caste of a social insect (Veromessor pergandei Mayr) as a function of the competitive environment. American Naturalist, 112 (985), 523 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 283294" type="journal article" year="1978">Davidson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This geographic pattern of size variation was suggested to be an adaptive response to the local competitive environment because colonies could exploit a broader range of seed resources (sizes) in locales with fewer competitors, while diets narrowed in areas with more competitors. Two lines of evidence lend doubt to this interpretation. First, the correlation between worker body size and food item size (i.e., size matching) varies among colonies, and even when correlations are significant, they often account for <5% of the variance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C46FA135FB5FA15" author="Davidson, D. W." box="[788,971,1439,1465]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="523 - 532" refId="ref67473" refString="Davidson, D. W. (1978) Size variability in the worker caste of a social insect (Veromessor pergandei Mayr) as a function of the competitive environment. American Naturalist, 112 (985), 523 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 283294" type="journal article" year="1978">Davidson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887C85FA135808FA15" author="Gordon, S. H." box="[983,1142,1439,1465]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref68321" refString="Gordon, S. H. (1978) Food and foraging ecology of a desert harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei (Mayr). PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 186 pp." type="book" year="1978">Gordon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887BD0FA135961FA15" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[1154,1311,1439,1465]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="149 - 152" refId="ref71744" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1981) Foraging specializations of individual seed-harvester ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9 (2), 149 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00293586" type="journal article" year="1981">Rissing, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887A79FA135D49FA71" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="121 - 126" refId="ref72032" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1984) Worker size variability and foraging efficiency in Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15 (2), 121 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00299379" type="journal article" year="1984">Rissing & Pollock, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887E11FA4F5DACFA71" author="Waser, N. M." box="[323,466,1475,1501]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="451 - 462" refId="ref73280" refString="Waser, N. M. (1998) Task-matching and short-term size shifts in foragers of the harvester ant, Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 11 (3), 451 - 462. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1020963000112" type="journal article" year="1998">Waser, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Second, worker size and amount of worker size variation changed seasonally at two widespread locales (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887E2DFA6B5E5CF9AD" author="Gordon, S. H." box="[383,546,1511,1537]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refId="ref68321" refString="Gordon, S. H. (1978) Food and foraging ecology of a desert harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei (Mayr). PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 186 pp." type="book" year="1978">Gordon, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887D62FA6B5F31F9AD" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[560,847,1511,1537]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="121 - 126" refId="ref72032" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1984) Worker size variability and foraging efficiency in Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15 (2), 121 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00299379" type="journal article" year="1984">Rissing & Pollock, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and at both sites, amount of intracolony variation within a year was similar to the total amount of geographic variation found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887B63F987588BF989" author="Davidson, D. W." box="[1073,1269,1547,1573]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="523 - 532" refId="ref67473" refString="Davidson, D. W. (1978) Size variability in the worker caste of a social insect (Veromessor pergandei Mayr) as a function of the competitive environment. American Naturalist, 112 (985), 523 - 532. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 283294" type="journal article" year="1978">Davidson (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This suggests that site differences noted by Davidson were related to variations in timing of the cycle rather than to the local competitive environment. Additionally, variation in timing of the body size cycle appeared to occur across sites in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFA2FF887E4FF9FB5DEFF93D" box="[285,401,1655,1681]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as observed during informal surveys during
|
||
<date id="FF84102BFFA2FF887CC3F9FB582FF93D" box="[913,1105,1655,1681]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" value="2018-04" valueMax="2018-05-31" valueMin="2018-04-00">April–May 2018</date>
|
||
. These surveys indicated that colonies in low desert habitats contained small workers, while those in high desert habitats contained larger workers (R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.). In combination, these data indicate that seasonal variation in worker size is a speciesspecific trait in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887E14F9685DACF951" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[326,466,1763,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887E14F9685DACF951" box="[326,466,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the underlying mechanism causing this variation is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA2FF887F95F88B5D18F855" blockId="71.[151,1437,150,2041]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Two additional studies have examined worker polymorphism in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887C9BF8845825F88D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[969,1115,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887C9BF8845825F88D" box="[969,1115,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One study examined nest architecture, finding that groups of polymorphic workers constructed nests that were longer with a more complex architecture than groups of single-sized workers (Kwapich, Valentini, & Hölldobler, 2018). The other study examined the interaction between predatory spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887D28F8FF5F6CF821" box="[634,786,1907,1933]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Steatoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887D28F8FF5EA2F821" box="[634,732,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Steatoda</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887C18F8FF5F9FF821" box="[842,993,1907,1933]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Asagena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887C18F8FF5FD4F821" box="[842,938,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Asagena</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887B70F8F858D1F821" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1058,1199,1907,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887B70F8F858D1F821" box="[1058,1199,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers. Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA2FF887FC5F8145D5BF81D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[151,293,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA2FF887FC5F8145D5BF81D" box="[151,293,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
become ensnared in the spider webs, and presence of an ensnared nestmate increased the probability of web removal and nestmate retrieval. Web removal was accomplished by larger-bodied workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFA2FF887A47F8375D24F855" author="Kwapich, C. L. & Holldobler, B." pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="395 - 404" refId="ref70304" refString="Kwapich, C. L. & Holldobler, B. (2019) Destruction of spider webs and rescue of ensnared nestmates by a granivorous desert ant (Veromessor pergandei). American Naturalist, 194 (3), 395 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 704338" type="journal article" year="2019">Kwapich & Hölldobler, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFADFF877F95FF1B5F15FDCD" blockId="72.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Foragers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFADFF877E1CFF1B5DA4FF1D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[334,474,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877E1CFF1B5DA4FF1D" box="[334,474,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
learn several components related to handling and search efficiency of seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877A6AFF1B5CADFF79" author="Johnson, R. A." pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1408 - 1419" refId="ref69142" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1991) Learning, memory, and foraging efficiency in two species of desert seed-harvester ants. Ecology, 72 (4), 1408 - 1419. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941112" type="journal article" year="1991">Johnson, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In an experimental patch of novel seeds, workers initially handled then dropped multiple novel seeds before harvesting one, apparently to learn seed characters such as mass and shape. Number of seeds handled before one was harvested decreased over time, but workers still harvested heavier than average seeds because they handled but rejected lightweight seeds. Handling time per seed and trip time (travel time to and from the nest and time inside the nest) decreased for individuals within one foraging period. In terms of memory, tactile-associated behaviors, such as handling time per seed and number of seeds handled, were lost quickly compared to olfactory-associated behaviors such as seed recognition and acceptance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877D23FE1F5F64FE01" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[625,794,403,429]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1408 - 1419" refId="ref69142" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1991) Learning, memory, and foraging efficiency in two species of desert seed-harvester ants. Ecology, 72 (4), 1408 - 1419. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941112" type="journal article" year="1991">Johnson, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rate of learning to recognize a novel seed species was negatively associated with measures of seed species diversity (Johnson, Rissing, & Killeen, 1994). Workers also assess distance from the nest given that more seeds are handled before one is harvested when the experimental seed patch is farther from the nest while still harvesting seeds that are heavier than the average of those offered in the patch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877FB7FDAF5E78FD91" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[229,518,547,573]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="121 - 126" refId="ref72032" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1984) Worker size variability and foraging efficiency in Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 15 (2), 121 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00299379" type="journal article" year="1984">Rissing & Pollock, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). That workers specialize on harvesting particular seed species may result from learning to identify and handle acceptable seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877DEDFDCB5F20FDCD" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[703,862,583,609]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="149 - 152" refId="ref71744" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1981) Foraging specializations of individual seed-harvester ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9 (2), 149 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00293586" type="journal article" year="1981">Rissing, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFADFF877F95FDE75EC4FC09" blockId="72.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Alate production is influenced by intraspecific competition and precipitation. Food-supplemented and neighborremoved colonies produced more sexuals than control colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877C05FD03584DFD05" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[855,1075,655,681]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1993 - 2003" refId="ref72504" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1988 a) Field experiments on desert ants: testing for competition between colonies. Ecology, 69 (6), 1993 - 2003. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1941177" type="journal article" year="1988">Ryti & Case, 1988a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).Affect of food supplementation on production of sexuals was further examined in another field experiment in which food was supplemented early (when queens were laying reproductive eggs) or late (after queens presumably stopped laying reproductive destined eggs), along with a worker removal treatment and a control treatment. Early fed colonies produced more alates and a more strongly female-biased sex ratio than other treatments, while worker removal treatments produced the fewest alates and least female-biased sex ratios. Late fed colonies produced sexuals with the heaviest wet masses (males and females) and dry masses (only males) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877DD2FCEB5F0BFC2D" author="Ode, P. J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[640,885,871,897]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="548 - 556" refId="ref70724" refString="Ode, P. J. & Rissing, S. W. (2002) Resource abundance and sex allocation by queen and workers in the harvester ant, Messor pergandei. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51 (6), 548 - 556. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 002 - 0462 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">Ode & Rissing, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Number of sexuals produced and flight activity also decreased in very dry years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877D5EFC075ED0FC09" author="Cahan, S." box="[524,686,907,933]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="629 - 635" refId="ref66931" refString="Cahan, S. (2001 b) Ecological variation across a transition in colony-founding behavior in the ant Messor pergandei. Oecologia, 129 (4), 629 - 635. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004420100761" type="journal article" year="2001">Cahan, 2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFADFF877F95FC235DC6FB99" blockId="72.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Mating flights occur from mid-February through early April and usually occur over up to several weeks, with few sexuals released on a given day. Mating flights occur during mid-morning on sunny days with little wind (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877FCDFC7B5D24FBBD" author="Creighton, W. S." box="[159,346,1014,1041]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref67401" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1953) New data on the habits of the ants of the genus Veromessor. American Museum Novitates, 1612, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1953">Creighton, 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877E35FC7B5E67FBBD" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[359,537,1015,1041]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="377 - 384" refId="ref69291" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 a) Reproductive biology of the seed-harvester ants Messor julianus (Pergande) and Messor pergandei (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9 (2), 377 - 384." type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877D77FC7B5F40FBBD" author="Pollock, G. B. & Rissing, S. W." box="[549,830,1014,1041]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="125 - 134" refId="ref71603" refString="Pollock, G. B. & Rissing, S. W. (1985) Mating season and colony foundation of the seed-harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei. Psyche, 92 (1), 125 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1985 / 87410" type="journal article" year="1985">Pollock & Rissing, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mating occurs in the air (S.W. Rissing, pers. comm; R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFADFF877F95FBB35C92FAD5" blockId="72.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFADFF877E6CFBB35DB7FBF5" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[318,457,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877E6CFBB35DB7FBF5" box="[318,457,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mate with multiple males (Kwapich, Gadau, & Hölldobler, 2017;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877BF1FBB359EFFBF5" author="Ode, P. J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[1187,1425,1087,1113]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="548 - 556" refId="ref70724" refString="Ode, P. J. & Rissing, S. W. (2002) Resource abundance and sex allocation by queen and workers in the harvester ant, Messor pergandei. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51 (6), 548 - 556. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 002 - 0462 - 6" type="journal article" year="2002">Ode & Rissing, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Patriline number ranged from one to seven (mean = 3.80,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877C4AFBEF5F58FBD0" box="[792,806,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9 colonies) with an effective mating frequency (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877A05FBEF590BFB2F" box="[1367,1397,1123,1155]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
M
|
||
<subScript id="17BE34AEFFADFF877A3CFBF9590BFB2F" attach="left" box="[1390,1397,1141,1155]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">e</subScript>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) of 2.56 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877F85FB0B5DB4FB0D" author="Kwapich, C. L. & Gadau, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[215,458,1159,1185]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="110" refId="ref70239" refString="Kwapich, C. L., Gadau, J. & Holldobler, B. (2017) The ecological and genetic basis of annual worker production in the desert seed harvesting ant, Veromessor pergandei. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 71, Article 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 017 - 2333 - 1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Kwapich
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877E14FB0B5D00FB0D" box="[326,382,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most productive colonies had significantly fewer patrilines, a larger peak forager population, and a larger annual foraging range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877DF5FB275FEBFB69" author="Kwapich, C. L. & Gadau, J. & Holldobler, B." box="[679,917,1195,1221]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="110" refId="ref70239" refString="Kwapich, C. L., Gadau, J. & Holldobler, B. (2017) The ecological and genetic basis of annual worker production in the desert seed harvesting ant, Veromessor pergandei. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 71, Article 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 017 - 2333 - 1" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Kwapich
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877C46FB275F35FB69" box="[788,843,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dry mass of alate queens averages 20.5 +
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFADFF877A2BFB275CC0FB45" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mg" value="0.3">0.3 mg</quantity>
|
||
. Alate queens contain an average of 71.6 + 3.6 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877D86FB435E9CFB44" box="[724,738,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) ovarioles, and mated queens contain an average of 2.90 + 0.17 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877F8AFB7F5C98FAA0" box="[216,230,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4) million sperm. Dry mass for virgin males averages 5.7 +
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFADFF877CCFFB7F5F93FAA1" box="[925,1005,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mg" value="0.2">0.2 mg</quantity>
|
||
, and they contain an average of 26.9 + 1.39 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877F8AFA9B5C98FA9C" box="[216,230,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5) million sperm (R.A. Johnson, unpublished data). Queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFADFF877CEEFA9B5836FA9D" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[956,1096,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFADFF877CEEFA9B5836FA9D" box="[956,1096,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a lower tolerance to high temperatures than do most other desert ants with most queens dying at 42
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BA3FFADFF877CECFAB75FB8FAE5" attach="left" box="[958,966,1339,1353]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">o</superScript>
|
||
C and all dying at 43
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BA3FFADFF877BFFFAB758CBFAE5" attach="left" box="[1197,1205,1339,1353]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">o</superScript>
|
||
C over 2 h (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877A6AFAB75C9FFAD5" author="Johnson, R. A." pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="377 - 384" refId="ref69291" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 a) Reproductive biology of the seed-harvester ants Messor julianus (Pergande) and Messor pergandei (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9 (2), 377 - 384." type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFADFF867F95FA0F580CFE07" blockId="72.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Queen founding behavior varies across the geographic range: single queens (haplometrosis) initiate nests in western portions of the range, that is, southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877DB6FA2B5F40FA6D" box="[740,830,1447,1473]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877CB3FA2B582BFA6D" box="[993,1109,1447,1473]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, whereas multiple, unrelated queens (pleometrosis) initiate nests in eastern and northwestern portions of the range, that is central and western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877FC5FA635C8AF9A5" box="[151,244,1519,1545]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
, southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877EC7FA635E77F9A5" box="[405,521,1519,1545]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877DE2FA635F78F9A5" box="[688,774,1519,1545]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Hagen, Smith, &
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877CB2FA635801F9A5" author="Rissing, S. W." box="[992,1151,1519,1545]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="362 - 366" refId="ref71885" refString="Rissing, S. W. (1988) Dietary similarity and foraging range of two seed-harvester ants during resource fluctuations. Oecologia, 75 (3), 362 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00376938" type="journal article" year="1988">Rissing, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877BDEFA635CADF981" author="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R." pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="579 - 585" refId="ref68720" refString="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. (2012) Relatedness does not explain geographic variation in queen cooperation in the seedharvester ant Messor pergandei. Insectes Sociaux, 59 (4), 579 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 012 - 0255 - 5" type="journal article" year="2012">Helms Cahan & Helms, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877F8EF99F5DF2F981" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[220,396,1555,1581]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="377 - 384" refId="ref69291" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 a) Reproductive biology of the seed-harvester ants Messor julianus (Pergande) and Messor pergandei (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9 (2), 377 - 384." type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877EC4F99F5ED9F981" author="Pollock, G. B. & Rissing, S. W." box="[406,679,1554,1581]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="125 - 134" refId="ref71603" refString="Pollock, G. B. & Rissing, S. W. (1985) Mating season and colony foundation of the seed-harvester ant, Veromessor pergandei. Psyche, 92 (1), 125 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1985 / 87410" type="journal article" year="1985">Pollock & Rissing, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Rissing, Johnson, & Martin, 2000; Ryti, 1988). Pleometrotic queens cooperate to produce the first brood of workers, with worker production being a linear function of queen number (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877FCDF9D75DC2F9D9" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[159,444,1627,1653]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="226 - 233" refId="ref72088" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1986) Social interaction among pleometrotic queens of Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during colony foundation. Animal Behaviour, 34 (1), 226 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (86) 90027 - 8" type="journal article" year="1986">Rissing & Pollock, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1991). Additional variation occurs in pleometrotic parts of the range because colonies reduce to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFADFF877E59F9F35DFEF935" box="[267,384,1663,1689]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="queen">one queen</specimenCount>
|
||
in eastern areas, whereas multiple queens persist in mature colonies (primary polygyny) in northwestern portions of the range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877D49F92F5F1FF911" author="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R." box="[539,865,1699,1725]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="579 - 585" refId="ref68720" refString="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. (2012) Relatedness does not explain geographic variation in queen cooperation in the seedharvester ant Messor pergandei. Insectes Sociaux, 59 (4), 579 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 012 - 0255 - 5" type="journal article" year="2012">Helms & Helms Cahan, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877C3BF92F5809F911" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[873,1143,1699,1725]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="226 - 233" refId="ref72088" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1986) Social interaction among pleometrotic queens of Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during colony foundation. Animal Behaviour, 34 (1), 226 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (86) 90027 - 8" type="journal article" year="1986">Rissing & Pollock, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 1987). Worker aggression and elimination of queens were correlated with region of origin. In areas of queen reduction, queens were as likely to be killed by workers as by other queens (Helms, Newman, & Helms Cahan, 2013). In southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFADFF877A76F96759E6F8A9" box="[1316,1432,1771,1797]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the shift from haplometrosis to pleometrosis occurs across a narrow transition zone with the shift to pleometrosis correlating with reduced precipitation, decreased vegetative biomass, and lower colony density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877BA4F8BF59E6F8E1" author="Cahan, S." box="[1270,1432,1843,1869]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="819 - 825" refId="ref66886" refString="Cahan, S. (2001 a) Cooperation and conflict in ant foundress associations: insights from geographical variation. Animal Behaviour, 61 (4), 819 - 825. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 2000.1671" type="journal article" year="2001">Cahan, 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877FC5F8DB5C9FF8DD" author="Cahan, S." box="[151,225,1879,1905]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="629 - 635" refId="ref66931" refString="Cahan, S. (2001 b) Ecological variation across a transition in colony-founding behavior in the ant Messor pergandei. Oecologia, 129 (4), 629 - 635. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004420100761" type="journal article" year="2001">2001b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cahan, Helms, & Rissing, 1998). Queen mass varies across the three reproductive strategies: queens in haplometrotic areas are heaviest, those in areas of pleometrosis with queen reduction (secondary monogyny) are intermediate in mass, and those in areas of primary polygyny are lightest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFADFF877C81F813595AF815" author="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R." box="[979,1316,1951,1977]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="153 - 161" refId="ref68780" refString="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. (2014) Variation in social structure alters queen body mass and productivity in the desert seedharvester ant Messor pergandei. Insectes Sociaux, 61 (2), 153 - 161. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 014 - 0340 - z" type="journal article" year="2014">Helms Cahan & Helms, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Variation in these queen founding strategies correlated with brain monoamine content. Serotonin levels were significantly higher in life stages where queens displayed aggression, suggesting the serotonin modulates aggression in queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867FE7FF375E22FF79" authority="(Muscedere et al., 2016)" baseAuthorityName="Muscedere" baseAuthorityYear="2016" box="[181,604,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867FE7FF375D3FFF79" box="[181,321,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867E1CFF375E2AFF79" author="Muscedere, M. L. & Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. & Traniello, J. F. A." box="[334,596,187,213]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="271 - 278" refId="ref70653" refString="Muscedere, M. L., Helms Cahan, S., Helms, K. R. & Traniello, J. F. A. (2016) Geographic and life-history variation in ant queen colony founding correlates with brain amine levels. Behavioral Ecology, 27 (1), 271 - 278. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / arv 152" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Muscedere
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867E80FF375E74FF79" box="[466,522,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Regions with alternate queen social forms currently meet in contact zones where gene flow and selection on alternate social forms should occur. Two
|
||
<typeStatus id="54818849FFACFF867CA9FF535848FF55" box="[1019,1078,223,249]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of genetic data infer that these three reproductive strategies/zones represent intraspecific behavioral variation rather than the existence of cryptic species. Microsatellite data indicated significant genetic differentiation across the sites, but diffentiation across the three reproductive zones did not correspond to the spatial pattern of genetic structure among sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867A60FEC65D06FE24" author="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R." pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="579 - 585" refId="ref68720" refString="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. (2012) Relatedness does not explain geographic variation in queen cooperation in the seedharvester ant Messor pergandei. Insectes Sociaux, 59 (4), 579 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 012 - 0255 - 5" type="journal article" year="2012">Helms & Helms Cahan, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A molecular phylogeny based on UCEs gave similar results, showing that colonies in the three reproductive zones did not segregate into separate clades (M.L. Borowiec, unpub. data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFACFF867F95FE395F98FBA0" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Pleometrotic colony founding has been studied in eastern portions of their geographic range (southcentral
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFACFF867FC5FE555C88FE5F" box="[151,246,473,499]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
). These pleometrotic queens are unrelated, they coexist without dominance, and they appear to actively prefer associations because single queens more readily abandon nests to join associations than do queens already in groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867E5CFDAC5D9EFD96" author="Hagen, R. H. & Smith, D. R. & Rissing, S. W." box="[270,480,544,571]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="191 - 201" refId="ref68452" refString="Hagen, R. H., Smith, D. R. & Rissing, S. W. (1988) Genetic relatedness among co-foundresses of two desert ants, Veromessor pergandei and Acromyrmex versicolor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche, 95 (3 - 4), 191 - 201." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Hagen
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867E32FDAD5DE9FD96" box="[352,407,544,570]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867EB9FDAC5F46FD96" author="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R." box="[491,824,544,570]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="579 - 585" refId="ref68720" refString="Helms Cahan, S. & Helms, K. R. (2012) Relatedness does not explain geographic variation in queen cooperation in the seedharvester ant Messor pergandei. Insectes Sociaux, 59 (4), 579 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 012 - 0255 - 5" type="journal article" year="2012">Helms Cahan & Helms, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867C11FDAC583BFD96" author="Krebs, R. A. & Rissing, S. W." box="[835,1093,544,570]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="361 - 363" refId="ref70180" refString="Krebs, R. A. & Rissing, S. W. (1991) Preference for larger foundress associations in the desert ant Messor pergandei. Animal Behaviour, 41 (2), 361 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 3472 (05) 80487 - 7" type="journal article" year="1991">Krebs & Rissing, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867B03FDAC5919FD96" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[1105,1383,544,570]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="226 - 233" refId="ref72088" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1986) Social interaction among pleometrotic queens of Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during colony foundation. Animal Behaviour, 34 (1), 226 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (86) 90027 - 8" type="journal article" year="1986">Rissing & Pollock, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All queens lay a similar number of eggs, and the first workers emerge earlier and more workers are produced (number is a linear function of queen number) by pleometrotic compared to haplometrotic queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867B28FDE459EEFD2E" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[1146,1424,616,642]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="205 - 211" refId="ref72276" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1991) An experimental analysis of pleometrotic advantage in the desert seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38 (2), 205 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01240970" type="journal article" year="1991">Rissing & Pollock, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). After the first workers emerge, queens become aggressive, and colonies reduce to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD62FFACFF867B6BFD0058CEFD0A" box="[1081,1200,652,678]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="queen">one queen</specimenCount>
|
||
. Laboratory colonies brood raid adjacent colonies and those with pleometrotic queens are more successful than haplometrotic colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867FCDFD5F5DC5FD41" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[159,443,723,749]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="975 - 981" refId="ref72151" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1987) Queen aggression, pleometrotic advantage and brood raiding in the ant Veromessor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Animal Behaviour, 35 (4), 975 - 981. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 3472 (87) 80154 - 9" type="journal article" year="1987">Rissing & Pollock, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This advantage resulted from the additional workers produced by pleometrotic queens because brood raiding success increased for haplometrotic colonies that were worker-supplemented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867A74FD7B5D48FC98" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="205 - 211" refId="ref72276" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1991) An experimental analysis of pleometrotic advantage in the desert seed-harvester ant Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera; Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38 (2), 205 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01240970" type="journal article" year="1991">Rissing & Pollock, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Brood raiding between incipient colonies and mature colonies killing incipient colonies also occurs in the field (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867E70FCB25DBAFCF5" author="Pfennig, D. W." box="[290,452,830,857]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="567 - 575" refId="ref71216" refString="Pfennig, D. W. (1995) Absence of joint nesting advantage in desert seed harvester ants: evidence from a field experiment. Animal Behaviour, 49 (3), 567 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (95) 80190 - 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Pfennig, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867E83FCB25EDAFCF4" author="Raczkowski, J. M." box="[465,676,830,856]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref71704" refString="Raczkowski, J. M. (2003) Advantage of pleometrosis in Messor pergandei (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): evidence from field experiments. MS thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 42 pp." type="book" year="2003">Raczkowski, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.). Field experiments to test the benefits of pleometrosis have had variable results. In one study, experimental haplometrotic and pleometrotic colonies survived to the first worker stage at a similar rate and had a similar longevity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867CF9FC095830FC0C" author="Pfennig, D. W." box="[939,1102,901,928]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="567 - 575" refId="ref71216" refString="Pfennig, D. W. (1995) Absence of joint nesting advantage in desert seed harvester ants: evidence from a field experiment. Animal Behaviour, 49 (3), 567 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (95) 80190 - 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Pfennig, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while pleometrotic colonies emerged at a higher rate and outlived haplometrotic colonies in another study at the same site (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867BE9FC2559EFFC6F" author="Raczkowski, J. M." box="[1211,1425,937,963]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref71704" refString="Raczkowski, J. M. (2003) Advantage of pleometrosis in Messor pergandei (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): evidence from field experiments. MS thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 42 pp." type="book" year="2003">Raczkowski, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Surviving colonies then enter their growth phase and probably start producing reproductive sexuals after 3–4 years; colonies likely live 10–20+ years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867D48FC7D5EDFFBA0" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[538,673,1009,1036]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867DFEFC7D5FA7FBA0" author="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W." box="[684,985,1009,1036]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="205 - 216" refId="ref73660" refString="Wheeler, J. & Rissing, S. W. (1975 a) Natural history of Veromessor pergandei. I. The nest. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 51 (3), 205 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Wheeler & Rissing, 1975a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFACFF867F95FB9859E3FA77" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Rainfall is critical for recruitment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867DD7FB995F69FB82" box="[645,791,1044,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867DD7FB995F69FB82" box="[645,791,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies in central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFACFF867B57FB985821FB82" box="[1029,1119,1044,1070]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
where queens found nests cooperatively. In a laboratory experiment, survival, condition, and brood condition increased with water level for single queens. In a two-way experiment with queen number and water level as main effects, queen survival was positively influenced by both water level and queen number. Water level also was a significant effect for three measures of queen condition in the latter experiment, but queen number was not significant for any of these measures, suggesting that enhanced worker production is the primary advantage of pleometrosis. A discriminant analysis using recruitment and rainfall data over 20 years for a site in central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFACFF867B7BFB6758F8FAA9" box="[1065,1158,1259,1285]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D767BFFACFF867BC7FB6758AEFAA9" box="[1173,1232,1259,1285]" name="United States of America" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, documented that recruitment occurred only in years in which rainfall for both January–March and April–June (the critical period for nest founding and survival of incipient nests) exceeded the long-term mean amount of rainfall. This discriminant analysis also predicted that no recruitment occurred when long-term mean rainfall for January– March and April–June at the site were included as ungrouped periods. This suggests that pleometrosis in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867ADAFAF75D76FA1B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867ADAFAF75D76FA1B" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved to enhance colony survival in areas with harsh abiotic (desiccating) conditions, facilitating colonization of habitats in which solitary queens could not establish even in wet years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867BB2FA4D59EEFA77" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[1248,1424,1473,1499]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="294 - 308" refId="ref69639" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2021) Dessication limits recruitment in the pleometrotic desert seed-harvester ant Veromessor pergandei. Ecology and Evolution, 11 (1), 294 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.7039" type="journal article" year="2021">Johnson, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFACFF867F95FA6A5C95F8B3" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Mature colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867EF8FA6A5E47FA53" box="[426,569,1509,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867EF8FA6A5E47FA53" box="[426,569,1509,1535]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are overdispersed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867C48FA695F88FA53" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[794,1014,1509,1535]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="401 - 404" refId="ref72407" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1984) Spatial arrangement and diet overlap between colonies of desert ants. Oecologia, 62 (3), 401 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00384274" type="journal article" year="1984">Ryti & Case, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867B56FA69583EFA53" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[1028,1088,1509,1535]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="446 - 453" refId="ref72456" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1986) Overdispersion of ant colonies: a test of hypotheses. Oecologia, 69 (3), 446 - 453. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00377067" type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but foundress queens have a clumped dispersion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867E2DF9855E5EF988" author="Pfennig, D. W." box="[383,544,1545,1572]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="567 - 575" refId="ref71216" refString="Pfennig, D. W. (1995) Absence of joint nesting advantage in desert seed harvester ants: evidence from a field experiment. Animal Behaviour, 49 (3), 567 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (95) 80190 - 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Pfennig, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867D78F9855F74F98F" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[554,778,1545,1571]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="303 - 306" refId="ref72554" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1988 b) The regeneration niche of desert ants: effects of established colonies. Oecologia, 75 (2), 303 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00378614" type="journal article" year="1988">Ryti & Case, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In one study, new foundress nests were usually associated with mature colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867ED9F9A15E55F9E4" author="Pfennig, D. W." box="[395,555,1581,1608]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="567 - 575" refId="ref71216" refString="Pfennig, D. W. (1995) Absence of joint nesting advantage in desert seed harvester ants: evidence from a field experiment. Animal Behaviour, 49 (3), 567 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0003 - 3472 (95) 80190 - 1" type="journal article" year="1995">Pfennig, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while new foundress nests were farther than expected from mature conspecific nests in another study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867ECFF9DD5EFAF9C7" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[413,644,1617,1643]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="303 - 306" refId="ref72554" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1988 b) The regeneration niche of desert ants: effects of established colonies. Oecologia, 75 (2), 303 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00378614" type="journal article" year="1988">Ryti & Case, 1988b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, foundress queens prefer to initiate nests in open, exposed sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867F88F9F95D84F923" author="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B." box="[218,506,1653,1679]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="167 - 173" refId="ref72217" refString="Rissing, S. W. & Pollock, G. B. (1989) Behavioral ecology and community organization of desert seed-harvester ants. Journal of Arid Environments, 17 (2), 167 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0140 - 1963 (18) 30903 - 0" type="journal article" year="1989">Rissing & Pollock, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.), such that these queens more likely choose microsites
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867FC5F9165CA3F91F" box="[151,221,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">per se</emphasis>
|
||
rather than locations based on presence or absence of mature colonies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867B72F915595AF91F" author="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J." box="[1056,1316,1689,1715]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="303 - 306" refId="ref72554" refString="Ryti, R. T. & Case, T. J. (1988 b) The regeneration niche of desert ants: effects of established colonies. Oecologia, 75 (2), 303 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00378614" type="journal article" year="1988">Ryti and Case (1988b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
continued monitoring these foundress nests finding that they were randomly dispersed after three months (when the first minims emerged) due to mortality caused by such as raids by adjacent foundress nests and mature colonies (see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFACFF867F95F8A55D54F820" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867E0AF8A65D96F8EF" box="[344,488,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867E0AF8A65D96F8EF" box="[344,488,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
relocate their nest up to 10 times per year, with the surface extent of active and abandoned nests extending
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFACFF867E99F8C15E53F8C4" box="[459,557,1869,1896]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
|
||
in diameter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFACFF867D93F8C15F36F8C4" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[705,840,1869,1896]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nothing is known about causes of nest relocation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867FC5F8FE5D5DF827" box="[151,291,1905,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867FC5F8FE5D5DF827" box="[151,291,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFACFF867F95F81A5897F85B" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2040]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867F95F81A5DBBF803" box="[199,453,1941,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867F95F81A5DBBF803" box="[199,453,1941,1967]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also affect the distribution and abundance of plants. Nest mounds/refuse piles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFACFF867ADAF81A5D76F87F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFACFF867ADAF81A5D76F87F" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies contained more plant species than adjacent control plots, and plants on mounds/refuse piles produced more, and sometimes heavier, seeds than plants in adjacent control plots (Rissing, 1986).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFAFFF857FC5F81B58ECF878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318916/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" startId="74.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[406,1181,181,1920]" targetPageId="74">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFAFFF857FC5F81B58ECF878" blockId="74.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAFFF857FC5F81B5D5FF803" bold="true" box="[151,289,1943,1967]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAFFF857E92F8145EDDF81C" box="[448,675,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAFFF857E92F8145EDDF81C" box="[448,675,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
minor worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922827). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFAEFF847FC5F81458ECF878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318918/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[151,250,1944,1968]" targetBox="[359,1229,181,1920]" targetPageId="75">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFAEFF847FC5F81458ECF878" blockId="75.[151,1436,1944,2004]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAEFF847FC5F8145D5FF81C" bold="true" box="[151,289,1944,1968]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">FIGURE 38.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAEFF847E93F8155EDDF81C" box="[449,675,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAEFF847E93F8155EDDF81C" box="[449,675,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
major worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922826). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFA9FF837FC5F81458ECF878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318920" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318920" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318920/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" startId="76.[151,250,1944,1968]" targetBox="[394,1193,181,1920]" targetPageId="76">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA9FF837FC5F81458ECF878" blockId="76.[151,1436,1944,2004]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA9FF837FC5F8145D5CF81C" bold="true" box="[151,290,1944,1968]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">FIGURE 39.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA9FF837E97F8155ED7F81C" box="[453,681,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA9FF837E97F8155ED7F81C" box="[453,681,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alate queen: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922829). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFA8FF827FC5F81B5868F878" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318922/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[423,1164,181,1919]" targetPageId="77">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFA8FF827FC5F81B5868F878" blockId="77.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA8FF827FC5F81B5D61F803" bold="true" box="[151,287,1943,1967]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFA8FF827EEBF8145EE4F81C" box="[441,666,1944,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFA8FF827EEBF8145EE4F81C" box="[441,666,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT0922828). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF456663FFABFF817FC5F81B5E02F87F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7318924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318924/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" startId="78.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[425,1163,181,1919]" targetPageId="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFABFF817FC5F81B5E02F87F" blockId="78.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFABFF817FC5F81B5D5EF803" bold="true" box="[151,288,1943,1967]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of: (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFABFF817D3BF8145F34F803" box="[617,842,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFABFF817D3BF8145F34F803" box="[617,842,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFABFF817C2DF814584BF803" box="[895,1077,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudolariversi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFABFF817C2DF814584BF803" box="[895,1077,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">V. pseudolariversi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFABFF817BC6F8145895F803" authorityName="Cole" authorityYear="1963" box="[1172,1259,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFABFF817BC6F8145895F803" box="[1172,1259,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">V. smithi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The larger black circle in panels B & C denotes the type locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFAAFF807F95FF1B58D1FE59" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Desert ants such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807EFAFF1B5E48FF1D" box="[424,566,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807EFAFF1B5E48FF1D" box="[424,566,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
experience major physiological challenges because their small size and high surface to volume ratio make them prone to desiccation. One adaptation to minimize water loss is that workers have low water loss rates that are comparable to those of other desert arthropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807B5CFF5358BAFF55" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[1038,1220,223,249]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref69382" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 c) Water loss in desert ants: caste variation and the effect of cuticle abrasion. Physiological Entomology, 25 (1), 48 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3032.2000.00170. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Lighton, Quinlan, & Feener, 1994). Nevertheless, workers lose a significant amount of water during a foraging period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807A7CFE8F5D45FEED" author="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Lighton, J. R. B." pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="183 - 191" refId="ref67993" refString="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Lighton, J. R. B. (1991) Is foraging in the desert ant, Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), limited by water? Ecological Entomology, 16 (2), 183 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1991. tb 00208. x" type="journal article" year="1991">Feener & Lighton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807E1BFEAB5E4FFEED" author="Lighton, J. R. B. & Quinlan, M. C. & Feener, D. H., Jr." box="[329,561,295,321]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="325 - 334" refId="ref70481" refString="Lighton, J. R. B., Quinlan, M. C. & Feener, D. H., Jr. (1994) Is bigger better? Water balance in the polymorphic desert harvester ant Messor pergandei. Physiological Entomology, 19 (4), 325 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3032.1994. tb 01059. x" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Lighton
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807EF8FEAB5D9BFEED" box="[426,485,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This water is presumably regained before the next foraging period, but the source of this water is unknown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807D48FEC75F4BFEC9" author="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Lighton, J. R. B." box="[538,821,331,357]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="183 - 191" refId="ref67993" refString="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Lighton, J. R. B. (1991) Is foraging in the desert ant, Messor pergandei (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), limited by water? Ecological Entomology, 16 (2), 183 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1991. tb 00208. x" type="journal article" year="1991">Feener & Lighton, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807C11FEC75F89FEC9" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[835,1015,331,357]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref69382" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 c) Water loss in desert ants: caste variation and the effect of cuticle abrasion. Physiological Entomology, 25 (1), 48 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3032.2000.00170. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Johnson, Kaiser, Quinlan, & Sharp, 2011). Cuticular abrasion caused by digging increases water loss rate in both workers and queens, and this damage is partially repaired over time in queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807D36FE1F5F66FE01" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[612,792,403,429]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref69382" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 c) Water loss in desert ants: caste variation and the effect of cuticle abrasion. Physiological Entomology, 25 (1), 48 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3032.2000.00170. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Johnson, 2000c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807C71FE1F5876FE01" author="Johnson, R. A. & Kaiser, A. & Quinlan, M. & Sharp, W." box="[803,1032,403,429]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="3495 - 3506" refId="ref69811" refString="Johnson, R. A., Kaiser, A., Quinlan, M. & Sharp, W. (2011) Effect of cuticular abrasion and recovery on water loss rates in queens of the desert harvester ant Messor pergandei. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214 (20), 3495 - 3506. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 054304" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Johnson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807CD4FE1F5FC1FE01" box="[902,959,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807BC4FE1F595DFE01" box="[1174,1315,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807BC4FE1F595DFE01" box="[1174,1315,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to survive in hot, xeric environs because of avoidance rather than tolerance to heat and desiccation. Ventilation patterns and metabolic rate of workers and alate queens are discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807C37FE5758D5FE59" author="Lighton, J. R. B. & Berrigan, D." box="[869,1195,474,501]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="521 - 530" refId="ref70418" refString="Lighton, J. R. B. & Berrigan, D. (1995) Questioning paradigms: caste-specific ventilation in harvester ants, Messor pergandei and M. julianus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Experimental Biology, 198 (2), 521 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 198.2.521" type="journal article" year="1995">Lighton and Berrigan (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFAAFF807F95FE7358CCFD91" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Several genera of spiders (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807EA2FE735E2EFDB5" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[496,592,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Asagena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807EA2FE735E2EFDB5" box="[496,592,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Asagena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807D0CFE735EB0FDB4" authorityName="Kirby" authorityYear="1882" box="[606,718,511,536]" class="Insecta" genus="Euryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807D0CFE735EB0FDB4" box="[606,718,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Euryopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807D8EFE735F40FDB5" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" box="[732,830,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiidae" genus="Steatoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807D8EFE735F40FDB5" box="[732,830,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Steatoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807C07FE73586DFDB5" author="Hale, A. & Bougie, T. & Henderson, E. & Sankovitz, M. & West, M. & Purcell, J." box="[853,1043,511,537]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="141 - 145" refId="ref68584" refString="Hale, A., Bougie, T., Henderson, E., Sankovitz, M., West, M. & Purcell, J. (2018) Notes on hunting behavior of the spider Euryopis californica Banks, 1904 (Araneae: Theridiidae), a novel predator of Veromessor pergandei (Mayr, 1886) harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 93 (3), 141 - 145. https: // doi. org / 10.3956 / 2018 - 94.3.141" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Hale
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807CC0FE735FB4FDB5" box="[914,970,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807B4CFE735918FDB5" author="Kwapich, C. L. & Holldobler, B." box="[1054,1382,511,537]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="395 - 404" refId="ref70304" refString="Kwapich, C. L. & Holldobler, B. (2019) Destruction of spider webs and rescue of ensnared nestmates by a granivorous desert ant (Veromessor pergandei). American Naturalist, 194 (3), 395 - 404. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 704338" type="journal article" year="2019">Kwapich & Hölldobler, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and horned lizards (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807E15FDAF5E75FD91" box="[327,523,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Phrynosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807E15FDAF5DABFD91" box="[327,469,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Phrynosoma</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) prey on workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807DA7FDAF5FFFFD91" box="[757,897,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807DA7FDAF5FFFFD91" box="[757,897,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">V. pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(R.A. Johnson, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8536EBFFAAFF807F95FDCB5FB0FD5D" blockId="79.[151,1437,151,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D68FFAAFF807F95FDCB5DC1FDCD" box="[199,447,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Veromessor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807F95FDCB5DC1FDCD" box="[199,447,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Veromessor pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits the Sonoran,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFAAFF807DE3FDCB5F62FDCD" box="[689,796,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Mohave Deserts, in areas that collectively encompass the hottest, most arid portions of North America; colonies occur in sandy soil at elevations from -
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B0EFFAAFF807A43FDE759E3FD29" box="[1297,1437,619,645]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="740.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="80.0">80–1,400 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807FCDFD035D24FD05" author="Creighton, W. S." box="[159,346,654,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 585" refId="ref67372" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1950) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 104, 1 - 585." type="journal article" year="1950">Creighton, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807E37FD025DDEFD05" author="Creighton, W. S." box="[357,416,654,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref67401" refString="Creighton, W. S. (1953) New data on the habits of the ants of the genus Veromessor. American Museum Novitates, 1612, 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807EF9FD035E2EFD05" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[427,592,655,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="118 - 124" refId="ref69187" refString="Johnson, R. A. (1992) Soil texture as an influence on the distribution of the desert seed-harvester ants Pogonomyrmex rugosus and Messor pergandei. Oecologia, 89 (1), 118 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319023" type="journal article" year="1992">Johnson, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807D09FD035EDAFD05" author="Johnson, R. A." box="[603,676,655,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="89 - 122" refId="ref69343" refString="Johnson, R. A. (2000 b) Seed-harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North America: an overview of ecology and biogeography. Sociobiology, 36 (1), 89 - 122." type="journal article" year="2000">2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807DFDFD035F4BFD05" author="Tevis, L. Jr." box="[687,821,654,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="695 - 704" refId="ref73039" refString="Tevis, L. Jr. (1958) Interrelations between the harvester ant Veromessor pergandei (Mayr) and some desert ephemerals. Ecology, 39 (4), 695 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1931610" type="journal article" year="1958">Tevis, 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807C12FD035814FD05" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[832,1130,655,681]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref73592" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1973) Ants of Deep Canyon. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 162 pp." type="book" year="1973">Wheeler & Wheeler, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species occurs in the Mohave desert, Sonoran desert,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFAAFF807D56FD3F5ECFFD61" box="[516,689,691,717]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
desert, Gulf of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFAAFF807C37FD3F5FA9FD61" box="[869,983,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
xeric scrub, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF809FFAAFF807BC9FD3F5973FD61" box="[1179,1293,691,717]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
coastal sage and chaparral ecoregions, as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B1AFFAAFF807D0BFD5B5F53FD5D" author="Olson, D. M. & Dinerstein, E. & Wikramanayake, E. D. & Burgess, N. D. & Powell, G. V. N. & Underwood, E. C. & D'Amico, J. A. & Itoua, I. & Strand, H. E. & Morrison, J. C. & Loucks, C. J. & Allnutt, T. F. & Ricketts, T. H. & Kura, Y. & Lamoreux, J. F. & Wettengel, W. W. & Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R." box="[601,813,727,753]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="933 - 938" refId="ref70788" refString="Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience, 51 (11), 933 - 938. https: // doi. org / 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 (2001) 051 [0933: TEOTWA] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Olson
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEAF9FFAAFF807DF1FD5B5EA2FD5D" box="[675,732,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A6EFFAAFF807C69FD5B5FBCFD5D" box="[827,962,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-26@78.[425,1163,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 41. Geographic distribution of: (A) Veromessor pergandei, (B) V. pseudolariversi, and (C) V. smithi. The larger black circle in panels B & C denotes the type locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7318924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7318924/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Figure 41A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |