155 lines
16 KiB
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155 lines
16 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6D6765117B3A3C05452F9FA0CF5CE4EC">Genetic and morphological evidence for two species of Leucocarbo shag (Aves, Pelecaniformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from southern South Island of New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="84203F318F056B017B330FF77580AF2D">Nicolas J. Rawlence</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FA1A459FF9B362200E5B6F5F9477AD27">R. Paul Scofield</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="58C0AFA0E12B99BB1C3BB54737AF7A56">Hamish G. Spencer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78ABBABC4EA4320493528AC0BF646707">Chris Lalas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2EA2ED2DE52FA7C275A4020F35C17738">Luke J. Easton</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FD8E7956A53F121770527F4281147A7B">Alan J. D. Tennyson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D7942313D346941483551BCF2EFBCDA">Mark Adams</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A78400C266E5565D9B797ECEB45BD0B6">Eric Pasquet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="76E50A8AD2290C2478353D448EF8F1A9">Cody Fraser</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CEDE38F71C65A8B64806A1F69331806B">Jonathan M. Waters</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B5B671D9550EA05490ABFD621B5D17B0">Martyn Kennedy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="74B750D18F3DB124099B6A34ABF0BA10">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C2A0AF24B36BAA55342B40B6D55C825D">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3B03EBD31BD050A4BD6486C3BC0790E1" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6D2671C50032DFF786A20CDD30A198E0">177</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="FDA8D12A8D138EA39E5B09480B46EF6A" type="DOI">10.1111/zoj.12376</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039387CFFF94D8446B88FAB7FD5E6841" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5685565" ID-GBIF-Taxon="121268890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5685565" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039387CFFF94D8446B88FAB7FD5E6841" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039387CFFF94D8446B88FAB7FD5E6841" lastPageNumber="687" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">
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<subSubSection id="C3206552FF94D8446B88FAB7FDFA6ABE" box="[144,621,1403,1427]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D9FF94D8446B88FAB7FDFA6ABE" blockId="11.[144,674,1403,1459]" box="[144,621,1403,1427]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446B88FAB7FE456ABE" ID-CoL="6Q5KH" authority="Foveaux" authorityName="Foveaux" box="[144,466,1405,1426]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Leucocarbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalconotus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446B88FAB7FE456ABE" bold="true" box="[144,466,1405,1426]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">LEUCOCARBO CHALCONOTUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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OTAGO SHAG
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3206552FF94D8446B87FA50FD356A9E" box="[159,674,1432,1459]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D9FF94D8446B87FA50FD356A9E" blockId="11.[144,674,1403,1459]" box="[159,674,1432,1459]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446B87FA50FD356A9E" authority="G. R. Gray, 1845" authorityName="G. R. Gray" authorityYear="1845" box="[159,674,1432,1459]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Gracalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalconotus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446B87FA50FE556A9D" bold="true" box="[159,450,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">GRACALUS CHALCONOTUS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B28FF94D8446AD4FA50FD356A9E" author="Gray GR." box="[460,674,1432,1459]" editor="Richardson JE" journalOrPublisher="London: E. W. Janson, 1 - 20" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" pagination="1839 - 43" refString="Gray GR. 1845. Birds. In: Richardson JE, Gray GR, eds. The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Erebus and Terror, During the Years 1839 - 43. London: E. W. Janson, 1 - 20." title="Birds" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Zoology of the Voyage of H" year="1845">G. R. GRAY, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206552FF94D8446B88FA00FDF76917" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D9FF94D8446B88FA00FDF76917" blockId="11.[144,758,1481,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446B88FA00FE976AF3" bold="true" box="[144,256,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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. A species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446AD4FA03FDDB6AF3" box="[460,588,1481,1503]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Leucocarbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446AD4FA03FDDB6AF3" bold="true" box="[460,588,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">Leucocarbo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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most closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446A04FA23FE0E6AD1" box="[284,409,1512,1534]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Phalacrocorax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stewarti">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446A04FA23FE0E6AD1" bold="true" box="[284,409,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">L. stewarti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446AF2FA23FDF76AD2" box="[490,608,1512,1534]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Leucocarbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onslowi">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446AF2FA23FDF76AD2" bold="true" box="[490,608,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">L. onslowi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but distinguished from these species by the plumage characters and allometries outlined in
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<tableCitation id="C6B80362FF94D844691BF9ECFDCD6917" box="[515,602,1574,1596]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="12.[125,191,471,490]" captionTargetBox="[125,1811,557,1626]" captionText="Table 1. Species diagnoses for the Otago shag Leucocarbo chalconotus (G. R. Gray, 1845), Foveaux shag Leucocarbo stewarti (Ogilvie-Grant, 1898), and Chatham Island shag Leucocarbo onslowi (Forbes, 1893)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF456651FF93D8436B65FE1DFD306D2B" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" tableUuid="DF456651FF93D8436B65FE1DFD306D2B">Table 1</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3206552FF94D8446BB0F98EFD5E6841" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B8536D9FF94D8446BB0F98EFD5E6841" blockId="11.[144,758,1481,1901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446BB0F98EFEA46976" bold="true" box="[168,307,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">Distribution</emphasis>
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. Formerly the eastern South,
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<collectingCountry id="F32D7649FF94D8446B88F9A9FF206954" box="[144,183,1635,1656]" name="New Zealand" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">NZ</collectingCountry>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D5AFF94D8446BCDF9A8FE606954" box="[213,503,1634,1656]" class="Aves" family="Phalacrocoracidae" genus="Leucocarbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chalconotus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446BCDF9A8FE606954" bold="true" box="[213,503,1634,1656]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">Leucocarbo chalconotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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bones have been recorded from Late Quaternary and archaeological deposits along the entire eastern coastline of South (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B28FF94D8446A2FF974FE7869FF" author="Worthy TH." box="[311,495,1726,1748]" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Canterbury Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" pagination="79 - 176" part="12" refString="Worthy TH. 1998 a. A remarkable fossil and archaeological avifauna from Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand. Records of the Canterbury Museum 12: 79 - 176." title="A remarkable fossil and archaeological avifauna from Marfells Beach, Lake Grassmere, South Island, New Zealand" type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Worthy, 1998a</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B28FF94D8446910F974FD3469F8" author="Smith IWG." box="[520,675,1726,1748]" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 82" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" refString="Smith IWG. 2011. Estimating the magnitude of pre-European Maori marine harvest in two New Zealand study areas. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 82." title="Estimating the magnitude of pre-European Maori marine harvest in two New Zealand study areas" type="book" year="2011">Smith, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Now restricted to Otago from Lake Ki-Wainono to The Sisters (based on historical museum skins and modern specimens), with modern vagrants north to Banks Peninsula (see
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<figureCitation id="13012A5CFF94D8446ABEF8F2FE706863" box="[422,487,1848,1871]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[166,245,996,1015]" captionTargetBox="[393,1217,198,963]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[393,1218,198,963]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Distributional and morphological data for Otago, Foveaux, and Chatham Island shags. A, map of New Zeal- and showing the location of the Chatham Islands and Otago / Foveaux Strait study sites. Blue circles represent the prehistoric distribution of Otago shag outside the study area. B, distribution of Chatham Island shag breeding colonies and roosting sites (green circles). The Chatham Island shag exhibits pied plumage only (white pie chart) with pronounced bright orange caruncles in breeding plumage (orange pie chart). C, distribution of Otago (blue circles) and Foveaux (red circles) shag breeding colonies and roosting sites. Otago shag populations have 20 – 30 % pied morphs (pie charts; black: dark-bronze; white: pied) and 50: 50 % small bright orange caruncles: dark orange scattered papillae in prenuptial breeding plumage (pie charts; yellow: small bright orange caruncles; grey: dark orange scattered papillae) compared with 50 – 60 % pied morph and dark orange scattered papillae in prenuptial breeding plumage in the Foveaux shag. In (C), multiple breeding colonies and roosting sites are represented at the following locations (from north to south): Otago Peninsula including Long Beach, Aramoana, Otago Harbour, Taiaroa Head, Boulder Beach, Papanui Beach, Allans Beach, Wharekakahu Island, and Gull Rocks; Seal Rocks and Ruapuke Island; Easy Harbour and Shag Rock. In (C), the Leucocarbo shag species illustrating plumage characters are: pied morph (Otago shag), bronze morph (Foveaux shag), small caruncles (Otago shag), and scattered papillae (Foveaux shag). Figure adapted from Rawlence et al. (2014)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Rare modern beach wrecks on Stewart (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B28FF94D8446ADCF89DFD2A6841" author="Rawlence NJ & Kennedy M & Anderson CNK & Till CE & Smith I & Scofield RP & Tennyson AJD & Hamel J & Lalas C & Matisoo-Smith EA & Waters JM." box="[452,701,1878,1901]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="11" pageNumber="687" pagination="4605 - 4616" part="18" refString="Rawlence NJ, Kennedy M, Anderson CNK, Till CE, Smith I, Scofield RP, Tennyson AJD, Hamel J, Lalas C, Matisoo-Smith EA, Waters JM. 2015. Geographically contrasting biodiversity reductions in a widespread New Zealand seabird. Molecular Ecology 18: 4605 - 4616." title="Geographically contrasting biodiversity reductions in a widespread New Zealand seabird" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Rawlence
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<emphasis id="B94EEACBFF94D8446922F89DFDFA6840" bold="true" box="[570,621,1878,1900]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="687">et al</emphasis>
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., 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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