926 lines
104 KiB
XML
926 lines
104 KiB
XML
<document id="F2C67E1E6D7672628FF74BFD4C3774BB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.186597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f8ef2f87-c87a-40bb-ad5d-21a6cb058e0c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="186597" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461053546356" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Swain, Timothy D." docDate="2009" docId="038654358E51F42BFF28FC85FB3019CB" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02051p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2051" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Isozoanthus antumbrosus Swain, 2009, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFBF2C4D8E50F42EFFBFFFD3FFF71C4C" masterDocTitle="Isozoanthus antumbrosus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Zoanthidea) symbiotic with Hydrozoa from the Caribbean, with a key to hydroid and sponge-symbiotic zoanthid species" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698580457236" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="68067DE72BF2E1323481313D0952A5B3">
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<mods:title id="E06E79B98801629ADD80CC68E42AD50A">Isozoanthus antumbrosus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Zoanthidea) symbiotic with Hydrozoa from the Caribbean, with a key to hydroid and sponge-symbiotic zoanthid species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="BDCD12650399AB9F65073F71EF329967" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="4E5B36F8BDE52A917454AFDFD48BC668">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A19C3003156DF12577F39C7F6992BF3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A9509646E2BB0823854AA9561039C72F">Swain, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9DC39A6858080C56587A211CA1AA3171">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="422012F5B26571F53BE2D9E26D83C224">
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<mods:title id="BD1CE7F8C050E5ED55755FBB4E8777AC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="36CB5C1F93B7C9926BF54797F9A2D658">
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<mods:date id="3FF95897253FF56A5993D906487864E4">2009</mods:date>
|
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<mods:detail id="9DBE12B8755AA8ADDBAC6F8B69FD078D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="30772A7F4098D98E083ED6179D8FAE25">2051</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="686F9E13F3D099577B0E0D26EF4DC533" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="0FFDED01031A0CC556F79E320E2B3FA4">41</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="865EB80E6BDD55647F43758D0DB16EE1">48</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="01AC24C13762ECCE5C0999D08674076D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="11934E0448AB5F0F13DAFE7811A5A043" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.186597</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="67BE15809D83058C644F1D608D57B39A" type="GBIF-Dataset">f8ef2f87-c87a-40bb-ad5d-21a6cb058e0c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="DE16BB9E700B60332A40F924F04AA7DB" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CE50BE3A532EEEDA39A4A8AEB55EAFD3" type="Zenodo-Dep">186597</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="038654358E51F42BFF28FC85FB3019CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5689277" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119612513" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5689277" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038654358E51F42BFF28FC85FB3019CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038654358E51F42BFF28FC85FB3019CB" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E51F42FFF28FC85FD561F9B" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF28FC85FD921F3C" blockId="1.[151,613,854,880]" box="[151,613,854,880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<heading id="D0D8524F8E51F42FFF28FC85FD921F3C" bold="true" box="[151,613,854,880]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FC85FD921F3C" bold="true" box="[151,613,854,880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FC85FE381F3C" box="[151,463,854,880]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FC85FE381F3C" bold="true" box="[151,463,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A268844A8E51F42FFE69FC85FD921F3C" box="[470,613,854,880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF28FC73FD561F9B" blockId="1.[151,900,928,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Synonymy.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFEA9FC73FDFB1FFB" box="[278,524,928,951]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFEA9FC73FDFB1FFB" box="[278,524,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“black”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFDD5FC73FC731FFB" authority="Sinniger et al., 2005" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[618,900,928,951]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFDD5FC73FD511FFB" box="[618,678,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E51F42FFD13FC73FC731FFB" author="Sinniger" box="[684,900,928,951]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFCB3FC73FCB51FFB" box="[780,834,928,951]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FC13FD561F9B" authority="Reimer et al., 2008" authorityName="Reimer et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[151,673,960,983]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FC13FE391F9B" box="[151,462,960,983]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parazoanthus tunicans sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E51F42FFE6BFC13FD561F9B" author="Reimer" box="[468,673,960,983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFD95FC13FDA81F9B" box="[554,607,960,983]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E51F42FFF28FC33FDAE1FBB" box="[151,601,992,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF28FC33FDAE1FBB" blockId="1.[151,900,928,1015]" box="[151,601,992,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FC33FEE01FBB" box="[151,279,992,1015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FC33FEE01FBB" box="[151,279,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A268844A8E51F42FFEA2FC33FE981FBB" box="[285,367,992,1015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFECAFC33FE0B1FBB" authority="Swain" authorityName="Swain" box="[373,508,992,1015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFECAFC33FE471FBB" box="[373,432,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Swain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFDB8FC33FDAE1FBB" box="[519,601,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">in press</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E51F42FFF28FBF5FDE71A12" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF28FBF5FDE71A12" blockId="1.[151,1437,1062,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FBF5FE6B180C" bold="true" box="[151,412,1062,1088]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFE1AFBF4FD11180C" box="[421,742,1063,1088]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFE1AFBF4FD11180C" box="[421,742,1063,1088]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFB30FBF5FA6F180C" box="[1167,1432,1062,1088]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFF28FB9EFF09182B" box="[151,254,1101,1127]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Spaanse Water Baai channel, 12°3΄55ʺ N, 68°51΄10ʺ W,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFC0EFB9EFC06182B" box="[945,1009,1101,1127]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF91C3E38E51F42FFC41FB9EFB20182B" box="[1022,1239,1101,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" value="2007-12-01">1 December 2007</date>
|
||
, associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FBA7FE6118C1" box="[151,406,1140,1165]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FBA7FE6118C1" box="[151,406,1140,1165]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preserved in 4% formalin, stored in 70% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFC54FBA7FBB718C2" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1003,1088,1140,1166]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1113090,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54945B818E51F42FFB06FBA7FAD318C2" box="[1209,1316,1140,1166]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. A second individual was collected at the same location and time,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFC9EFB49FC8118F8" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[801,886,1178,1204]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1113091,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54945B818E51F42FFC4FFB49FBAE18F8" box="[1008,1113,1178,1204]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFF70FB12FEB11897" box="[207,326,1217,1243]" name="Dominica" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Salisbury, Whale Shark Reef, 15°26΄24ʺ N, 61°27΄26ʺ W,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFC4CFB12FBC71897" box="[1011,1072,1217,1243]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF91C3E38E51F42FFB84FB12FAE91897" box="[1083,1310,1217,1243]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" value="2003-11-12">12 November 2003</date>
|
||
, preserved in 70% ethanol, consumed in analyses,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54945B818E51F42FFD29FB3BFCFE194E" box="[662,777,1256,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFCA9FB3BFC87194E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[790,880,1256,1282]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
50878. Morphological measurements from photographs taken in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFE1EFADDFDF61964" box="[417,513,1294,1320]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFD82FADDFD6B1964" box="[573,668,1294,1320]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFD17FADDFD1E1964" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[680,745,1294,1320]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
sequences culled from GenBank:
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFB30FADDFAE41964" box="[1167,1299,1294,1320]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU418275" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">EU418275</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFA9CFADDFA781964" box="[1315,1423,1294,1320]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFF28FAE6FEE11903" box="[151,278,1333,1359]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU418276" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">EU418276</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFE9AFAE6FE681903" box="[293,415,1333,1359]" name="Dominica" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFE0DFAE6FDC61903" box="[434,561,1333,1359]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU418277" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">EU418277</accessionNumber>
|
||
and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFDD6FAE6FD1F1903" box="[617,744,1333,1359]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/EU828761" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">EU828761</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFD48FAE6FCAD1903" box="[759,858,1333,1359]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFC20FAE6FBE81903" box="[927,1055,1333,1359]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY995940" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">AY995940</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFB91FAE6FACC1902" box="[1070,1339,1333,1358]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFB91FAE6FACC1902" box="[1070,1339,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“black”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FA8FFE3E193A" authority="Sinniger et al. 2005" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[151,457,1372,1398]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FA8FFF2F1939" box="[151,216,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E51F42FFF60FA8FFE3E193A" author="Sinniger" box="[223,457,1372,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFEF5FA8FFE731939" box="[330,388,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFE69FA8FFDBA193A" box="[470,589,1372,1398]" name="Honduras" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Unidentified anthozoans:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFC30FA8FFC13193A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[911,996,1372,1398]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
17218, 50354, 50777, 50778, 52526.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFF28FA50FE5F19D0" box="[151,424,1411,1436]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF28FA50FE5F19D0" box="[151,424,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFC88FA51FBC719D0" box="[823,1072,1410,1436]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFB83FA51FB5519D0" box="[1084,1186,1410,1436]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Spaanse Water Baai channel, 12°3΄55ʺ N, 68°51΄10ʺ W,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFD87FA7AFD81198F" box="[568,630,1449,1475]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF91C3E38E51F42FFD3DFA7AFCA3198F" box="[642,852,1449,1475]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" value="2007-12-01">1 December 2007</date>
|
||
, associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFBA4FA7AFAEB198E" box="[1051,1308,1449,1474]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFBA4FA7AFAEB198E" box="[1051,1308,1449,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preserved in 4% formalin, stored in 70% ethanol,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFDC4FA03FD2619A6" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[635,721,1488,1514]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1113089. Morphological measurements from photographs taken in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFEBBFA25FE921A5C" box="[260,357,1526,1552]" name="Panama" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFE1BFA25FDF21A5C" box="[420,517,1526,1552]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED3E7DE68E51F42FFDAEFA25FDA41A5C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[529,595,1526,1552]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">DNA</collectionCode>
|
||
sequences culled from Genbank: EU418339 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFB2CFA25FAF61A5C" box="[1171,1281,1526,1552]" name="Curaçao" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
), EU418340 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFF20F9CEFEE81A7B" box="[159,287,1565,1591]" name="Dominica" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
), EU418341 and EU828760 (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFD35F9CEFD1B1A7B" box="[650,748,1565,1591]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<accessionNumber id="947C78C08E51F42FFC88F9CEFC4C1A7B" box="[823,955,1565,1591]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY995941" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">AY995941</accessionNumber>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFC72F9CEFB1F1A7A" box="[973,1256,1565,1590]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFC72F9CEFB1F1A7A" box="[973,1256,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“white”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFAE7F9CEFE771A12" authority="Sinniger et al. 2005" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2005" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFAE7F9CEFA6B1A7A" box="[1368,1436,1565,1590]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E51F42FFF28F997FE771A12" author="Sinniger" box="[151,384,1604,1630]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFEBEF997FECB1A11" box="[257,316,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E51F42FFE33F997FDF31A12" box="[396,516,1604,1630]" name="Honduras" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E51F42CFF79F9B9FAB11AA8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF79F9B9FA6D1AB4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1062,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFF79F9B9FEB11AC8" bold="true" box="[198,326,1642,1668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Zooxanthellate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFDA7F9B9FD3C1AC8" box="[536,715,1642,1668]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Parazoanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
symbiotic with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFC1AF9B8FB581AC8" box="[933,1199,1643,1668]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFC1AF9B8FB581AC8" box="[933,1199,1643,1668]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Expanded polyps dichromatic; coenenchyme, column, and oral disk seal brown with 30–38 golden tentacles. Coloration of oral disk and tentacles recalls an annular solar eclipse. Largest expanded polyp columns
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFBC4F96BFB211A9E" box="[1147,1238,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="8.9">8.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFA9DF96BFA8A1A9E" box="[1314,1405,1720,1746]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; oral disk diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E51F42FFE58F90DFDB21AB4" box="[487,581,1758,1784]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Contracted polyps monochromatic, with 15–19 distinct capitular ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42FFF79F8D6FF1E1BF6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1062,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Colony. Coenenchyme thin and encrusting, completely enveloping the central and secondary axial branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E51F42FFE9AF8FFFE361B09" box="[293,449,1836,1861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="1" pageNumber="42" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E51F42FFE9AF8FFFE361B09" box="[293,449,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies; usually not covering the finest pinnate branches, where the hydroid zooids are located (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1314F9A68E51F42FFE96F881FE981B20" box="[297,367,1874,1900]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,488,1385]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[180,1415,456,1393]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Line drawing showing Isozoanthus antumbrosus colonized Dentitheca dendritica. Scale bar is solid for colony and checkered for polyp detail inset. Drawing by J. Putnam H. of Florida State University. B. In situ macrophotograph of Isozoanthus antumbrosus with Dentitheca dendritica zooids visible in background." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186598/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coenenchyme usually seal brown (but can appear dark olive green or nearly black) and densely infiltrated with calcareous sediment and siliceous spicules (and therefore appearing “flecked” with white).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E51F42CFF79F815FA7D1D3F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1062,2016]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,487]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Polyp. Fully expanded polyps dichromatic: capitulum and oral disk seal brown, tentacles translucent golden; color most saturated at the bases of tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1314F9A68E52F42CFC89FF4BFC771CFE" box="[822,896,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,488,1385]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[180,1415,456,1393]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Line drawing showing Isozoanthus antumbrosus colonized Dentitheca dendritica. Scale bar is solid for colony and checkered for polyp detail inset. Drawing by J. Putnam H. of Florida State University. B. In situ macrophotograph of Isozoanthus antumbrosus with Dentitheca dendritica zooids visible in background." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186598/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Column
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFBB9FF4BFB6E1CFE" box="[1030,1177,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.9" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.9" valueMin="4.1">4.1–8.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFB56FF4BFA8B1CFE" box="[1257,1404,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.3" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.3" valueMin="2.2">2.2–4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, and infiltrated with calcareous sediments and siliceous spicules in a gradient that diminishes toward the bases of tentacles. Oral disk
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFD95FF36FD491CB3" box="[554,702,229,255]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="2.7">2.7–4.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, concave with obvious ridges corresponding to tentacles and internal mesenteries; a central, oval protrusion bears a slit-like mouth. Tentacles 30-38, in two cycles (alternating tentacles directed toward and away from the coenenchyme), 1.9–5.0 mm long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFAFBFEE1FF321D3F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="0.55" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter at the point of insertion in the oral disk, and gradually tapered to rounded, nearly white tips.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42CFF79FE53FBAA1DAB" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,487]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Polyps at intervals of approximately 1.5–2.5 polyp diameters, often in an orthogonal or distichous (on the finest hydroid branches) arrangement with oral disks nearly parallel to the plane of pinnate hydroid branches. Tentacles of adjacent polyps nearly touching at tips but not interdigitating (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1314F9A68E52F42CFBB9FE1EFBBC1DAB" box="[1030,1099,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1405,1429]" captionTargetBox="[180,1414,488,1385]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[180,1415,456,1393]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Line drawing showing Isozoanthus antumbrosus colonized Dentitheca dendritica. Scale bar is solid for colony and checkered for polyp detail inset. Drawing by J. Putnam H. of Florida State University. B. In situ macrophotograph of Isozoanthus antumbrosus with Dentitheca dendritica zooids visible in background." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186598/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF50B5AB8E52F42CFF28FAAEFB1B1996" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/186598/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[180,1414,488,1385]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42CFF28FAAEFB1B1996" blockId="2.[151,1437,1405,1498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFF28FAAEFECC19D9" bold="true" box="[151,315,1405,1429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 1. A.</emphasis>
|
||
Line drawing showing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFD83FAADFCB919D9" box="[572,846,1406,1429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFD83FAADFCB919D9" box="[572,846,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFC7BFAADFB5819D9" box="[964,1199,1406,1429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFC7BFAADFB5819D9" box="[964,1199,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar is solid for colony and checkered for polyp detail inset. Drawing by J. Putnam H. of Florida State University.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFA92FA73FABF19F4" bold="true" box="[1325,1352,1440,1464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFAEEFA73FA6A19FB" box="[1361,1437,1440,1463]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="situ">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFAEEFA73FA6A19FB" box="[1361,1437,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">In situ</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
macrophotograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFEC9FA10FD711996" box="[374,646,1475,1498]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFEC9FA10FD711996" box="[374,646,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFD7DFA10FC5D1996" box="[706,938,1475,1498]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFD7DFA10FC5D1996" box="[706,938,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Dentitheca dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
zooids visible in background.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42CFF79F9DBFC4C1A05" blockId="2.[151,1437,1544,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Contracted polyps seal brown, mammiform,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFD5EF9DBFC871A6E" box="[737,880,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="4.2" valueMin="2.2">2.2–4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and extending
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFB03F9DBFABB1A6E" box="[1212,1356,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" metricValueMax="9.9" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="6.6" valueMax="9.9" valueMin="3.3">3.3–9.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
above surrounding coenenchyme. Capitulum bearing 15–19 distinct ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42CFF79F986FAB11AA8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1544,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Internal Anatomy. Mesenteries 30–38, in typical macrocnemic arrangement (fifth mesentery complete; Fig. 2). Retractor muscles and mesoglea of macrocnemes minimal. Mesenterial filaments present. Marginal sphincter muscle endodermal and diffuse (Fig. 2). Ectoderm and mesoglea of column with many lacunae left behind by dissolved calcareous and siliceous particles (Fig. 2). Encircling sinus usually imperceptible.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E52F42CFF79F923FEF71BE9" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42CFF79F923FEF71BE9" blockId="2.[151,1437,1544,2034]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFF79F923FE901B46" bold="true" box="[198,359,1776,1802]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Found on coral reefs or rocky substrata at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E52F42CFC29F923FC011B46" box="[918,1014,1776,1802]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="30.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="1.0">1–60 m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFB97F923FB6A1B46" box="[1064,1181,1776,1802]" name="Honduras" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Honduras</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFB10F923FAF81B46" box="[1199,1295,1776,1802]" name="Panama" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFA9EF923FA6F1B46" box="[1313,1432,1776,1802]" name="Colombia" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFF28F8C4FF0E1B7D" box="[151,249,1815,1841]" name="Curaçao" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFEB6F8C4FDF41B7D" box="[265,515,1815,1841]" name="Curaçao" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFDA7F8C4FD871B7D" box="[536,624,1815,1841]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFDC0F8C4FC8A1B7D" box="[639,893,1815,1841]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFC2EF8C4FBF21B7D" box="[913,1029,1815,1841]" name="Suriname" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFBFBF8C4FB4B1B7D" box="[1092,1212,1815,1841]" name="Dominica" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Not observed free of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E52F42CFF05F8EDFE931B1B" box="[186,356,1854,1879]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFF05F8EDFE931B1B" box="[186,356,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies, which are found throughout the Caribbean but rarely dominate the benthic invertebrate community except in areas of consistently high current (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFC53F8B7FBEE1B31" box="[1004,1049,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, channel between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E52F42CFB40F8B7FF031BE9" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E52F42DFF7AF862FBF21EF6" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E52F42DFF7AF862FDFE1CB3" blockId="2.[151,1437,1544,2034]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,698]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E52F42CFF7AF862FEA31B87" bold="true" box="[197,340,1969,1995]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
"Antumbra" is the astronomical term for the region from which an occulting body appears surrounded by the light source producing an annular eclipse. Coloration of the oral disk and tentacles recalls the appearance of an annular solar eclipse. From the Latin noun
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC39FF4BFC251CFD" box="[902,978,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">umbra</emphasis>
|
||
, feminine, meaning shadow; used here as the masculine adjective,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFE64FF6CFD861C94" box="[475,625,191,216]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFE64FF6CFD861C94" box="[475,625,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to agree with the Latinized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFC79FF6CFBA51C94" box="[966,1106,191,216]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC79FF6CFBA51C94" box="[966,1106,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, masculine, from the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF28FF36FF121CB2" box="[151,229,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">anthos</emphasis>
|
||
, neuter, meaning flower.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E53F42DFF7AFED8FBF21EF6" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF7AFED8FE1C1D69" bold="true" box="[197,491,267,293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Differential Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Although colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFCBDFEDFFC7D1D69" box="[770,906,268,293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFCBDFEDFFC7D1D69" box="[770,906,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">P. tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFC78FEDFFB881D69" box="[967,1151,268,293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC78FEDFFB881D69" box="[967,1151,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both associate with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFAC0FEDFFEEF1D07" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFAC0FEDFFEEF1D07" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies, distinct morphological and molecular differences separate them (Swain
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFA98FEE1FA7D1D07" box="[1319,1418,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">in press</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF28FE8AFE3C1D3E" box="[151,459,345,370]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF28FE8AFE3C1D3E" box="[151,459,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
polyps have darker colored column and coenenchyme; significantly greater (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFAC5FE8AFA751D3E" box="[1402,1410,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 23.4,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF64FE50FF041DD0" box="[219,243,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">df</emphasis>
|
||
= 190,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFEEEFE50FE971DD0" box="[337,352,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 8.2 × 10-58,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDB2FE50FDEB1DD0" box="[525,540,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 192,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFD18FE50FD411DD0" box="[679,694,387,412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 37) numbers of tentacles and capitular ridges (Fig. 3); significantly longer (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFE2EFE7CFE6E1D84" box="[401,409,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFE50FE7CFDF01D84" box="[495,519,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">df</emphasis>
|
||
= 28,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDEBFE7CFD941D84" box="[596,611,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 5.3-4,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFD78FE7CFD211D84" box="[711,726,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 30,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFCEFFE7CFCA81D84" box="[848,863,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 17) and wider (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFBD1FE7CFB811D84" box="[1134,1142,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFB73FE7CFB131D84" box="[1228,1252,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">df</emphasis>
|
||
= 20,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFA8DFE7CFAB61D84" box="[1330,1345,431,456]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 6.2-5,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF28FE0FFF511DB9" box="[151,166,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 22,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFEA3FE0FFEDC1DB9" box="[284,299,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 16) polyp columns; and significantly larger (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC32FE0FFC621DB9" box="[909,917,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">t</emphasis>
|
||
= 2.0,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC57FE0FFC081DB9" box="[1000,1023,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">df</emphasis>
|
||
= 30,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFBF4FE0FFBAD1DB9" box="[1099,1114,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">p</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.4-8,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFB05FE0FFB3E1DB9" box="[1210,1225,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 32,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFA80FE0FFAB91DB9" box="[1343,1358,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 20) oral disk diameters. Twelve nucleotide substitutions within the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) nuclear gene (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6ADD0988E53F42DFEFEFDFFFE6D1E0A" box="[321,410,556,582]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,1496,1520]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1701,1980]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison between Isozoanthus antumbrosus and Parazoanthus tunicans of nucleotide sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (ITS 1). Nucleotides that are identical to the first sequence are indicated by dots (·), missing data are indicated by question marks (?), and ambiguous nucleotides are indicated by standard letter code (M = A or C, K = G or T)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF50B5AB8E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" tableUuid="DF50B5AB8E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and seven nucleotide substitutions (and one deletion) within the 16S mitochondrial gene (Table 2) consistently differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFDCAFD80FCD31E20" box="[629,804,595,620]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDCAFD80FCD31E20" box="[629,804,595,620]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFCD0FD80FC1B1E20" box="[879,1004,595,620]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">P. t u n i c a n s</emphasis>
|
||
. No substitutions or deletions occur within 16S sequences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFDB7FDAAFD7F1EDE" box="[520,648,633,658]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDB7FDAAFD7F1EDE" box="[520,648,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">P. tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“white”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFD4BFDAAFBCE1EDF" authority="Sinniger et al. (2005)" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[756,1081,633,659]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFD4BFDAAFCC21EDE" box="[756,821,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E53F42DFC83FDAAFBCE1EDF" box="[828,1081,633,659]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFC17FDAAFC141EDE" box="[936,995,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFBCBFDAAFB061EDE" box="[1140,1265,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">P. t u n i c a n s</emphasis>
|
||
or between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFA39FDAAFF0C1EF5" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFA39FDAAFF0C1EF5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">P. tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“black”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFEDDFD73FD531EF6" authority="Sinniger et al. (2005)" authorityName="Sinniger et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[354,676,672,698]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFEDDFD73FE541EF5" box="[354,419,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E53F42DFE14FD73FD531EF6" box="[427,676,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDAAFD73FDA71EF5" box="[533,592,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFD61FD73FC7A1EF5" box="[734,909,672,697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFD61FD73FC7A1EF5" box="[734,909,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E53F42AFF28FAD5FC3A1BA0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E53F42DFF28FAD5FC4C19E7" blockId="3.[151,1436,1286,1451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF28FAD5FEC81952" bold="true" box="[151,319,1286,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 2. A.</emphasis>
|
||
Cross-section of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFDBCFAD5FCEC1951" box="[515,795,1286,1309]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDBCFAD5FCEC1951" box="[515,795,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
polyp at the region of the actinopharynx (A) showing the dorsal directives (DD), siphonoglyph (S) and the macrocnemic (complete) fifth mesenteries (5th). Note the abundant lacunae (L) in the mesoglea and ectoderm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDD5FA9DFD74192A" bold="true" box="[618,643,1358,1382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Longitudinal section of contracted
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFBBBFA9DFAE21929" box="[1028,1301,1358,1381]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFBBBFA9DFAE21929" box="[1028,1301,1358,1381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
polyp at the region of the capitulum showing the endodermal sphincter muscle (ESM), actinopharynx (A), oral disk (OD) and tentacles (T). Note the abundant lacunae (L) in the mesoglea and ectoderm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF50B5AB8E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11" ID-Table-UUID="DF50B5AB8E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF50B5AB8E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[151,1436,1701,1980]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E53F42DFF28FA0BFCE61A11" blockId="3.[151,1436,1496,1681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF28FA0BFEFB19BC" bold="true" box="[151,268,1496,1520]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFDBDFA0AFCE019BC" box="[514,791,1497,1520]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFDBDFA0AFCE019BC" box="[514,791,1497,1520]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFCF2FA0AFBBF19BC" box="[845,1096,1497,1520]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFCF2FA0AFBBF19BC" box="[845,1096,1497,1520]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of nucleotide sequences of the first internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA nuclear gene (ITS1). Nucleotides that are identical to the first sequence are indicated by dots (·), missing data are indicated by question marks (?), and ambiguous nucleotides are indicated by standard letter code (M = A or C, K = G or T).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E53F42DFF20F9A9FC231ADD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1496,1681]" box="[159,980,1658,1681]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Species and collection location ITS1 nucleotide position and identity</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E53F42DFF20F903FA8F1BF0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<table id="F92F17838E530BD1FF28F976FA6B1BF0" box="[151,1436,1701,1980]" gridcols="15" gridrows="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E530BD1FF28F976FA6B1B5D" box="[151,1436,1701,1809]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FF28F976FDEA1B5D" box="[151,541,1701,1809]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F903FE631AAB" box="[159,404,1744,1767]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F903FE631AAB" box="[159,404,1744,1767]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Tobago
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F929FE631B5D" box="[159,404,1786,1809]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F929FE631B5D" box="[159,404,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dominica
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FDF9F976FD991B5D" box="[582,622,1701,1809]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">216 G ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD3AF976FD5A1B5D" box="[645,685,1701,1809]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">244 C ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD7CF976FD1C1B5D" box="[707,747,1701,1809]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">255 T ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCBFF976FCDF1B5D" box="[768,808,1701,1809]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">269 C ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC82F976FC921B5D" box="[829,869,1701,1809]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">273 G ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCC4F976FC541B5D" box="[891,931,1701,1809]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">280 T ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC07F976FC171B5D" box="[952,992,1701,1809]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">304 C ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC4AF976FBEA1B5D" box="[1013,1053,1701,1809]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">328 G ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB8CF976FBAC1B5D" box="[1075,1115,1701,1809]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">349 G ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FBCFF976FB6F1B5D" box="[1136,1176,1701,1809]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">356 T ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB11F976FB211B5D" box="[1198,1238,1701,1809]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">358 G ·</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB54F976FAE41B5D" box="[1259,1299,1701,1809]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">380 M T</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FA97F976FAA71B5D" box="[1320,1360,1701,1809]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">385 K A</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FAD9F976FA6B1B5D" box="[1382,1436,1701,1809]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">386 T?</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E530BD1FF28F8F6FA6B1BDD" box="[151,1436,1829,1937]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FF28F8F6FDEA1BDD" box="[151,541,1829,1937]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F8F6FE631B70" box="[159,404,1829,1852]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F8F6FE631B70" box="[159,404,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Curaçao
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F883FE591B2B" box="[159,430,1872,1895]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F883FE591B2B" box="[159,430,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dominica
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F8A9FE591BDD" box="[159,430,1914,1937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F8A9FE591BDD" box="[159,430,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Panamá
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FDF9F8F6FD991BDD" box="[582,622,1829,1937]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD3AF8F6FD5A1BDD" box="[645,685,1829,1937]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· T T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD7CF8F6FD1C1BDD" box="[707,747,1829,1937]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· G G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCBFF8F6FCDF1BDD" box="[768,808,1829,1937]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· T T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC82F8F6FC921BDD" box="[829,869,1829,1937]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCC4F8F6FC541BDD" box="[891,931,1829,1937]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">G · ·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC07F8F6FC171BDD" box="[952,992,1829,1937]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· T T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC4AF8F6FBEA1BDD" box="[1013,1053,1829,1937]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB8CF8F6FBAC1BDD" box="[1075,1115,1829,1937]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FBCFF8F6FB6F1BDD" box="[1136,1176,1829,1937]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB11F8F6FB211BDD" box="[1198,1238,1829,1937]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB54F8F6FAE41BDD" box="[1259,1299,1829,1937]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">G A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FA97F8F6FAA71BDD" box="[1320,1360,1829,1937]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A A A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FAD9F8F6FA6B1BDD" box="[1382,1436,1829,1937]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">· C C</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E530BD1FF28F876FA6B1BF0" box="[151,1436,1957,1980]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FF28F876FDEA1BF0" box="[151,541,1957,1980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E53F42DFF20F876FE591BF0" box="[159,430,1957,1980]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E53F42DFF20F876FE591BF0" box="[159,430,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Curaçao
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FDF9F876FD991BF0" box="[582,622,1957,1980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD3AF876FD5A1BF0" box="[645,685,1957,1980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FD7CF876FD1C1BF0" box="[707,747,1957,1980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCBFF876FCDF1BF0" box="[768,808,1957,1980]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC82F876FC921BF0" box="[829,869,1957,1980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FCC4F876FC541BF0" box="[891,931,1957,1980]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC07F876FC171BF0" box="[952,992,1957,1980]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FC4AF876FBEA1BF0" box="[1013,1053,1957,1980]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB8CF876FBAC1BF0" box="[1075,1115,1957,1980]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FBCFF876FB6F1BF0" box="[1136,1176,1957,1980]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB11F876FB211BF0" box="[1198,1238,1957,1980]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FB54F876FAE41BF0" box="[1259,1299,1957,1980]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FA97F876FAA71BF0" box="[1320,1360,1957,1980]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E530BD1FAD9F876FA6B1BF0" box="[1382,1436,1957,1980]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">C</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E54F42AFF28FF44FE101D6A" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF28FF44FEEC1CFD" bold="true" box="[151,283,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFD8EFF4BFC9D1CFD" box="[561,874,152,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFD8EFF4BFC9D1CFD" box="[561,874,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFC18FF4BFB341CFD" box="[935,1219,152,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFC18FF4BFB341CFD" box="[935,1219,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the nucleotide sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA mitochondrial gene (16S). Nucleotides that are identical to the first sequence are indicated by dots (·), missing data are indicated by question marks (?), and gaps in the alignment are indicated by dashes (—).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E54F42AFF20FE92FBC01D14" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,344]" box="[159,1079,321,344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Species and collection location 16S nucleotide position and identity</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E54F42AFD0AFEBFFA931E61" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<table id="F92F17838E540BD1FF28FEBFFA6B1E61" box="[151,1436,364,557]" gridcols="9" gridrows="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E540BD1FF28FEBFFA6B1DCF" box="[151,1436,364,387]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FD0AFEBFFD271DCF" box="[693,720,364,387]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">14</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCA2FEBFFCB21DCF" box="[797,837,364,387]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">194</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCC5FEBFFC551DCF" box="[890,930,364,387]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">358</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FC69FEBFFC091DCF" box="[982,1022,364,387]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">504</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB8CFEBFFBAC1DCF" box="[1075,1115,364,387]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">513</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB30FEBFFB401DCF" box="[1167,1207,364,387]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">515</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB53FEBFFAE31DCF" box="[1260,1300,364,387]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">538</th>
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FAF6FEBFFA6B1DCF" box="[1353,1436,364,387]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">625</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E540BD1FF28FE45FA6B1DE1" box="[151,1436,406,429]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FF28FE45FD991DE1" box="[151,622,406,429]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF20FE45FE631DE1" box="[159,404,406,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF20FE45FE631DE1" box="[159,404,406,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Tobago
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FD0AFE45FD271DE1" box="[693,720,406,429]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCA2FE45FCB21DE1" box="[797,837,406,429]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCC5FE45FC551DE1" box="[890,930,406,429]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FC69FE45FC091DE1" box="[982,1022,406,429]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB8CFE45FBAC1DE1" box="[1075,1115,406,429]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB30FE45FB401DE1" box="[1167,1207,406,429]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB53FE45FAE31DE1" box="[1260,1300,406,429]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FAF6FE45FA6B1DE1" box="[1353,1436,406,429]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">G</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E540BD1FF28FE12FA6B1D94" box="[151,1436,449,472]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FF28FE12FD991D94" box="[151,622,449,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF14FE12FE681D94" box="[171,415,449,472]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF14FE12FE681D94" box="[171,415,449,472]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘white’” Honduras
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FD0AFE12FD271D94" box="[693,720,449,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCA2FE12FCB21D94" box="[797,837,449,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCC5FE12FC551D94" box="[890,930,449,472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FC69FE12FC091D94" box="[982,1022,449,472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB8CFE12FBAC1D94" box="[1075,1115,449,472]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB30FE12FB401D94" box="[1167,1207,449,472]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB53FE12FAE31D94" box="[1260,1300,449,472]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FAF6FE12FA6B1D94" box="[1353,1436,449,472]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">·</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E540BD1FF28FE3FFA6B1E4F" box="[151,1436,492,515]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FF28FE3FFD991E4F" box="[151,622,492,515]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF14FE3FFE681E4F" box="[171,415,492,515]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF14FE3FFE681E4F" box="[171,415,492,515]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘black’” Honduras
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FD0AFE3FFD271E4F" box="[693,720,492,515]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">?</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCA2FE3FFCB21E4F" box="[797,837,492,515]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCC5FE3FFC551E4F" box="[890,930,492,515]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FC69FE3FFC091E4F" box="[982,1022,492,515]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB8CFE3FFBAC1E4F" box="[1075,1115,492,515]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB30FE3FFB401E4F" box="[1167,1207,492,515]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB53FE3FFAE31E4F" box="[1260,1300,492,515]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FAF6FE3FFA6B1E4F" box="[1353,1436,492,515]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351FE7618E540BD1FF28FDC5FA6B1E61" box="[151,1436,534,557]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<th id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FF28FDC5FD991E61" box="[151,622,534,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF20FDC5FE591E61" box="[159,430,534,557]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF20FDC5FE591E61" box="[159,430,534,557]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Panamá
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FD0AFDC5FD271E61" box="[693,720,534,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCA2FDC5FCB21E61" box="[797,837,534,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FCC5FDC5FC551E61" box="[890,930,534,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">C</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FC69FDC5FC091E61" box="[982,1022,534,557]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB8CFDC5FBAC1E61" box="[1075,1115,534,557]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">A</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB30FDC5FB401E61" box="[1167,1207,534,557]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">G</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FB53FDC5FAE31E61" box="[1260,1300,534,557]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">T</td>
|
||
<td id="76CE8E1D8E540BD1FAF6FDC5FA6B1E61" box="[1353,1436,534,557]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">—</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E54F42AFF7AFD8EFA821944" blockId="4.[151,1437,605,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF7AFD8EFE291E3B" bold="true" box="[197,478,605,631]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Other similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
Swain (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFDFAFD8EFD531E3A" box="[581,676,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">in press</emphasis>
|
||
) demonstrated a strong tendency for closely related zoanthids (regardless of current taxonomy) to form symbioses with closely related host species (phylogenetic conservatism) and presented morphological and genetic evidence for a transoceanic distribution of some species. Therefore, any macrocnemic zoanthid species that forms associations with hydroids representing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF28FD2BFEEF1F5D" box="[151,280,760,785]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF28FD2BFEEF1F5D" box="[151,280,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Dentitheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its relatives must be differentiated. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFC39FD2BFAAC1F5E" authority="Lwowsky 1913" authorityName="Lwowsky" authorityYear="1913" box="[902,1371,760,786]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFC39FD2BFB7C1F5D" box="[902,1163,760,785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFB25FD2BFAA41F5E" author="Lwowsky" box="[1178,1363,760,786]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Lwowsky, F. F. (1913) Revision der Gattung Sidisia Gray (Epizoanthus auct.). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zoanthiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 34, 557 - 613." type="journal article" year="1913">Lwowsky 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form associations with hydroids of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFDCEFCCCFD001F74" box="[625,759,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFDCEFCCCFD001F74" box="[625,759,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Plumularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFCB6FCCCFC511F74" box="[777,934,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFCB6FCCCFC511F74" box="[777,934,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was originally described as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFAB3FCCCFA651F74" box="[1292,1426,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFAB3FCCCFA651F74" box="[1292,1426,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Plumularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFF08FC96FF0B1F13" box="[183,252,837,863]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
but have tentacles numbering 36–42 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFD72FC96FC7C1F13" author="Lwowsky" box="[717,907,837,863]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Lwowsky, F. F. (1913) Revision der Gattung Sidisia Gray (Epizoanthus auct.). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zoanthiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 34, 557 - 613." type="journal article" year="1913">Lwowsky 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and distinct 16S and COI DNA sequences (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFF20FCBFFE731FCA" author="Reimer" box="[159,388,876,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFEBFFCBFFECB1FC9" box="[256,316,876,901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFD8DFCBFFB401FCA" authority="Haddon & Shackleton, 1891" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" box="[562,1207,876,902]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dichroicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFD8DFCBFFCAC1FC9" box="[562,859,876,901]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus dichroicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFCDBFCBFFB401FCA" author="Haddon" box="[868,1207,876,902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891 b) Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 673 - 701." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="b">Haddon & Shackleton, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
b have 18 capitular ridges and form associations with hydroids of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFC8CFC41FC4F1FE7" box="[819,952,914,939]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFC8CFC41FC4F1FE7" box="[819,952,914,939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Plumularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Torres Straits (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFB07FC41FAD01FE0" box="[1208,1319,914,940]" name="Australia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) but have polyps measuring 2.5 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E54F42AFE10FC6AFDFE1F9F" box="[431,521,953,979]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
that are dichromatic when contracted (capitulum yellow) and have a “dichroic effect" on preserving alcohol (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFE42FC33FCAC1FB6" author="Haddon" box="[509,859,992,1018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891 b) Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 673 - 701." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="b">Haddon & Shackleton 1891b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFBB7FC33FE96186C" authority="Haddon & Shackleton, 1891" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="douglasi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFBB7FC33FAEF1FB5" box="[1032,1304,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus douglasi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFA9FFC33FE96186C" author="Haddon" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891 b) Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 673 - 701." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="b">Haddon & Shackleton, 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
b form associations with hydroids in the Torres Straits but are uniform sandy brown in color, have indistinct capitular ridges, and are facultative symbionts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFC30FBFEFB03180B" author="Haddon" box="[911,1268,1069,1095]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Haddon, A. C. & Shackleton, A. M. (1891 b) Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 673 - 701." type="journal article" year="1891" yearSuffix="b">Haddon & Shackleton 1891b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF28FB87FD7D1822" authority="McMurrich, 1904" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,650,1108,1134]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="elongatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF28FB87FE441821" box="[151,435,1108,1133]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus elongatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFE05FB87FD7D1822" author="McMurrich" box="[442,650,1108,1134]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1904) The Actiniae of the Plate Collection. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 2, 215 - 306." type="journal article" year="1904">McMurrich, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form associations with hydroids in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFB93FB87FB9B1822" box="[1068,1132,1108,1134]" name="Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
but have a distinct cuticle and thick mesoglea, mesenteries numbering 28–32, and polyps measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E54F42AFBAFFBA9FB6718D8" box="[1040,1168,1146,1172]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFAADFBA9FF2018F7" author="McMurrich" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1904) The Actiniae of the Plate Collection. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 2, 215 - 306." type="journal article" year="1904">McMurrich 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFE3BFB72FC8D18F7" authority="Carlgren, 1899" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1899" box="[388,890,1185,1211]" class="Anthozoa" family="Epizoanthidae" genus="Epizoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="patagonichus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFE3BFB72FD4818F6" box="[388,703,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Epizoanthus patagonichus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFD77FB72FC8D18F7" author="Carlgren" box="[712,890,1185,1211]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Carlgren, O. (1899). Zoantharien. Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise, 1, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1899">Carlgren, 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form associations with hydroids in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFA96FB72FA9E18F7" box="[1321,1385,1185,1211]" name="Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFF28FB1BFEE718AE" box="[151,272,1224,1250]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFE9EFB1BFD9C18AE" author="Cutress" box="[289,619,1224,1250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Cutress, C. E. & Pequegnat, W. E. (1960) Three new species of Zoantharia from California. Pacific Science, 14, 89 - 100." type="journal article" year="1960">Cutress & Pequegnat 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and have polyps measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CD748C68E54F42AFC6CFB1BFBC018AE" box="[979,1079,1224,1250]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and 4.5–5.0 mm in diameter with 32 mesenteries but have rust-red tentacles and are facultative symbionts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E54F42AFB26FB3DFA9F1944" author="McMurrich" box="[1177,1384,1262,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1904) The Actiniae of the Plate Collection. Zoologische Jahrbucher, 2, 215 - 306." type="journal article" year="1904">McMurrich 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E54F42AFF28F87CFC3A1BA0" blockId="4.[151,1435,1967,2033]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF28F87CFEED1B8B" bold="true" box="[151,282,1967,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of tentacle numbers observed on polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFCC0F863FB781B8B" box="[895,1167,1968,1991]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFCC0F863FB781B8B" box="[895,1167,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Isozoanthus antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFB1FF863FB5A1B8B" box="[1184,1197,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 80,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFAA3F863FADE1B8B" box="[1308,1321,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 18) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E54F42AFF7BF806FE4D1BA0" box="[196,442,2005,2028]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFF7BF806FE4D1BA0" box="[196,442,2005,2028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Parazoanthus tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFE76F806FE211BA0" box="[457,470,2005,2028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">n</emphasis>
|
||
polyps = 112,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E54F42AFDF2F806FDAD1BA0" box="[589,602,2005,2028]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">n</emphasis>
|
||
colonies = 19) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFD51F806FCB41BA0" box="[750,835,2005,2028]" name="Panama" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Panamá</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E54F42AFCC9F806FC3E1BA0" box="[886,969,2005,2028]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C335B6A88E55F42BFF79FF44FB3019CB" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E55F42BFF79FF44FDD51E17" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFF79FF44FEB71CFD" bold="true" box="[198,320,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Symbiosis with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFDAAFF4BFD4F1CFD" box="[533,696,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFDAAFF4BFD4F1CFD" box="[533,696,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dominates the life history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFB8CFF4BFB101CFD" box="[1075,1255,152,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB8CFF4BFB101CFD" box="[1075,1255,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although the position of a symbiotic relationship along the parasitism–mutualism continuum cannot be decided on the basis of one-time observations, examination of many holobionts may provide clues (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFBFAFF36FB871CB2" box="[1093,1136,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFB3FFF36FAD91CB3" author="Beaulieu" box="[1152,1326,229,255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Beaulieu, S. E. (2001) Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea. Marine Biology, 138, 803 - 817." type="journal article" year="2001">Beaulieu 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that can help shape future experiments. Of more than 200 observed associations, in only one did an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFB56FEDFFA6B1D69" box="[1257,1436,268,293]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB56FEDFFA6B1D69" box="[1257,1436,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony completely cover a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFE53FEE1FD621D07" box="[492,661,306,331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFE53FEE1FD621D07" box="[492,661,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony. Usually the coenenchyme of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFBCFFEE1FADC1D07" box="[1136,1323,306,331]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFBCFFEE1FADC1D07" box="[1136,1323,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies envelops the central and secondary axial branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFC83FE8AFC121D3E" box="[828,997,345,370]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFC83FE8AFC121D3E" box="[828,997,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">D. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies but not the finest pinnate branches, where the hydroid zooids are located (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFD63FE53FC751DD6" author="Nutting" box="[732,898,384,410]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="5" pageNumber="47" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States Special Bulletin, 4, 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Repeated observations of associations with live hydroid colonies that do not cover the critical zooid supporting branches suggest that the
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB5CFE74FECC1DAA" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFB5CFE74FA651D8C" box="[1251,1426,423,448]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">I. antumbrosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFF28FE1EFECC1DAA" box="[151,315,461,486]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">D. dendritica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
symbiosis is not parasitic, but the definitive experiments have not yet been completed. By comparison,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFE8DFE27FE5B1E41" box="[306,428,500,525]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFE8DFE27FE5B1E41" box="[306,428,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies associated with hydroids in Izu,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F338A5B38E55F42BFC18FE27FC191E42" box="[935,1006,500,526]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, seem to be aggressive parasites, as five years of repeated photographs show hydroid zooids steadily disappearing beneath the coenenchyme of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFA39FDC9FF071E16" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFA39FDC9FF071E16" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. comm., J. Reimer).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E55F42BFF79FDBBFDF41FDC" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
In contrast to the Caribbean sponge-symbiotic zoanthids, which have largely nonoverlapping suites of host sponge species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFE31FD5DFD7D1EE4" author="Swain" box="[398,650,654,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Swain, T. D. & Wulff, J. L. (2007) Diversity and specificity of Caribbean sponge-zoanthid symbioses: a foundation for understanding the adaptive significance of symbioses and generating hypotheses about higher-order systematics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 695 - 711." type="journal article" year="2007">Swain & Wulff 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Caribbean hydroid-symbiotic zoanthids share the same single host species (Swain
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFE37FD66FE131E82" box="[392,484,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">in press</emphasis>
|
||
), and colonizations by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFD44FD66FC5C1E82" box="[763,939,693,718]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFD44FD66FC5C1E82" box="[763,939,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFC59FD66FB9F1E82" box="[998,1128,693,718]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tunicans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFC59FD66FB9F1E82" box="[998,1128,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">P. tunicans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are observed on the same individual host. Contact regions between the two species often include a bare zone of exposed hydroid axial skeleton and reduced, damaged, or contracted zoanthid polyps. Competition among sponge-symbiotic zoanthids has only been documented in a single study, and the outcome of that competitive bout was decidedly uncertain; different outcomes were observed at different times across different regions of the zoanthid colonies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFECCFCA5FE011FDC" author="West" box="[371,502,886,912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="West, D. A. (1979) Symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) of Puerto Rico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 29, 253 - 271." type="journal article" year="1979">West 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B90E5238E55F42BFF7AFC4EFB3019CB" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1415]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFEC6FC4EFDC71FFB" box="[377,560,925,951]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Macrocnemina">Macrocnemina</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently uncertain and include distinct subdivisions within genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFF20FC17FE671F92" author="Sinniger" box="[159,400,964,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFEB2FC17FEBD1F91" box="[269,330,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFE22FC17FD881F92" author="Reimer" box="[413,639,964,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFE42FC17FDCE1F91" box="[509,569,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Swain
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFD60FC17FCCC1F91" box="[735,827,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">in press</emphasis>
|
||
) and close evolutionary relationships among some species currently assigned to separate genera (Swain
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFCFEFC39FC52184F" box="[833,933,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">in press</emphasis>
|
||
). The morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFB7FFC39FA89184F" box="[1216,1406,1002,1027]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB7FFC39FA89184F" box="[1216,1406,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistent with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFE77FBC2FDA31866" box="[456,596,1041,1066]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFE77FBC2FDA31866" box="[456,596,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fifth mesentery complete, marginal sphincter muscle endodermal, and mesogloeal ring-sinus inconspicuous), but molecular phylogenetics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFC00FBEBFB5B181E" author="Sinniger" box="[959,1196,1080,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB93FBEBFB90181D" box="[1068,1127,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFB06FBEBFA60181E" author="Reimer" box="[1209,1431,1080,1106]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFAA8FBEBFAA5181D" box="[1303,1362,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Swain
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFF58FB8CFEB51834" box="[231,322,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">in press</emphasis>
|
||
) indicates that the closest known relatives are representatives of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFB0AFB8CFAAF1834" box="[1205,1368,1119,1144]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFB0AFB8CFAAF1834" box="[1205,1368,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fifth mesentery complete, marginal sphincter muscle endodermal, and mesogloeal ring-sinus conspicuous).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFF28FB7FFE57188A" box="[151,416,1196,1222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Sinniger, F., Montoya-Burgos, J. I., Chevaldonne, P., Pawlowski, J. (2005) Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosome genes. Marine Biology, 147, 1121 - 1128." type="journal article">
|
||
Sinniger
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFEB9FB7FFEB31889" box="[262,324,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFE11FB7FFD5E188A" box="[430,681,1196,1222]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFDB0FB7FFDBA1889" box="[527,589,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and Swain (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFCF6FB7FFC5F1889" box="[841,936,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">in press</emphasis>
|
||
) indicate that the clade of zoanthids that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFEBBFB00FE4D18A0" box="[260,442,1235,1260]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFEBBFB00FE4D18A0" box="[260,442,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct from the clade of zoanthids that includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54945B818E55F42BFBD5FB01FB6918A0" box="[1130,1182,1234,1260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFF28FB2AFEB5195E" box="[151,322,1273,1298]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFF28FB2AFEB5195E" box="[151,322,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFEEAFB2AFC52195F" authority="Reimer et al. 2008" authorityName="Reimer et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[341,933,1273,1299]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="sensu" subSpecies="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFEEAFB2AFD51195E" box="[341,678,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Parazoanthus
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A268844A8E55F42BFDB6FB2AFD51195E" box="[521,678,1273,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE98D28E55F42BFD08FB2AFC52195F" author="Reimer" box="[695,933,1273,1299]" pageId="5" pageNumber="48" refString="Reimer, J. D., Nonaka, M., Sinniger, F., Iwase F. (2008) Morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) associated with Japanese Red Coral. Coral Reefs, 27, 935 - 949." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Reimer
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFCA5FB2AFCAD195E" box="[794,858,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFBC0FB2AFACF195E" box="[1151,1336,1273,1298]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antumbrosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFBC0FB2AFACF195E" box="[1151,1336,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">I. antumbrosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not a representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFEDDFAF3FDF21975" box="[354,517,1312,1337]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFEDDFAF3FDF21975" box="[354,517,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Parazoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because the inconsistency between morphological and molecular data cannot be resolved with currently available data, I accept the morphological definition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F9EA08E55F42BFBDAFA94FB06192C" box="[1125,1265,1351,1376]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Isozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95B39318E55F42BFBDAFA94FB06192C" box="[1125,1265,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Isozoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here, with the stipulation that it will probably change to a different (not yet described) genus in the future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |