479 lines
59 KiB
XML
479 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="605C28CB7C6B16DCA10043C9BB6136DC" ID-CLB-Dataset="5872" ID-DOI="10.1206/3764.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3a661272-251f-4ad1-9912-ed55f59750c9" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598002" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615480508225" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sparks, John S. & Chakrabarty, Prosanta" docDate="2012" docId="D7714D57FFBA8500FE3A47731A1CA523" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2012.3764.1-28.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2012 (3764)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3764.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Typhleotris mararybe Sparks & Chakrabarty 2012, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="2B48352FFFB58516FFEA43681E52A175" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Endemic Malagasy Cavefish Genus Typhleotris (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Milyeringidae), with Discussion of its Phylogenetic Placement and Description of a New Species" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698934629658" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6AFD8C08C59BAB6286347716AFF05A2D">Revision of the Endemic Malagasy Cavefish Genus Typhleotris (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Milyeringidae), with Discussion of its Phylogenetic Placement and Description of a New Species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7482C9D0D0FC9E81085ABCCD04A9BEE2">Sparks, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="300296674460ADBB959F78A3CE4C674E">Chakrabarty, Prosanta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7C6BEEBE6533C94F09170B393C2A15B8">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="36C05594AC1168701E815E40FE6EFD31">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FD356F172CFDB3324D09D07DBE0FFBB1">2012</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="20D60415AF4E4BCB1F15E8ABB2DDDF77">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3764.2</mods:url>
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<treatment id="D7714D57FFBA8500FE3A47731A1CA523" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055997" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183231632" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5055997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D7714D57FFBA8500FE3A47731A1CA523" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D7714D57FFBA8500FE3A47731A1CA523" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFBA8519FE3A47731D60A52E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
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<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFBA8519FE3A47731D3DA540" box="[464,879,1051,1078]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFBA8519FE3A47731D3DA540" blockId="15.[120,1225,1051,1750]" box="[464,879,1051,1078]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFBA8519FE3A47731C8EA543" bold="true" box="[464,732,1051,1078]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFBA8519FE3A47731C85A543" ID-CoL="7DB8H" authority="Sparks & Chakrabarty, 2012" authorityName="Sparks & Chakrabarty" authorityYear="2012" box="[464,727,1051,1078]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe" status="sp. nov.">Typhleotris mararybe</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="769F9D28FFBA8519FD0E47741D3DA540" box="[740,879,1051,1078]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFBA8519FDE747291D60A52E" box="[525,818,1089,1115]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFBA8519FDE747291D60A52E" blockId="15.[120,1225,1051,1750]" box="[525,818,1089,1115]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<figureCitation id="C7E3E0C4FFBA8519FDE747291CDDA52E" box="[525,655,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[696,782,1313,1334]" captionTargetBox="[696,1224,224,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-386@16.[696,1224,224,1287]" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the head in the three described species of Typhleotris: A. T. madagascariensis, AMNH 245603; B. T. pauliani, AMNH 245651; C. T. mararybe, AMNH 245601, holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5055195/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figures 7C</figureCitation>
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, 9–10; table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFBA8519FF42470E1DD0A44E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFBA8519FF42470E1AEDA460" blockId="15.[120,1225,1051,1750]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="EFB0F61CFFBA8519FF42470E1AEDA460" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312830302" accessionNumber="JQ619660, JQ619665, JQ619670" collectingDate="2008-06-05" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName=" J. S. Sparks & P. W & Willink & P. Chakrabarty & S. B. Holtz GenBank" country="Madagascar" county="Mahafaly Plateau" latitude="-24.701973" location="Grotte de Vitane" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="43.964252" municipality="Itampolo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="AMNH 245601" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="806342E3FFBA8519FF42470E1F74A5F5" box="[168,294,1126,1152]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="0F7E543AFFBA8519FEDB470E1FB7A5F4" box="[305,485,1126,1153]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">AMNH 245601</specimenCode>
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,
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<quantity id="982051A4FFBA8519FE1B470E1C05A5F4" box="[497,599,1126,1153]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.42" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="44.2">44.2 mm</quantity>
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SL;
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<location id="5A07AA9AFFBA8519FD61470E1D1AA5F5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D7714D57FFBA8500FE3A47731A1CA523:5A07AA9AFFBA8519FD61470E1D1AA5F5" box="[651,840,1126,1152]" country="Madagascar" county="Mahafaly Plateau" latitude="-24.701973" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="43.964252" municipality="Itampolo" name="Grotte de Vitane" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Grotte
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FD36470E1D1AA5F5" box="[732,840,1126,1152]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">de Vitane</collectorName>
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</location>
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(Vitany), sinkhole near
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<collectingMunicipality id="BF03663BFFBA8519FBB7470E1A96A5F5" box="[1117,1220,1126,1152]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Itampolo</collectingMunicipality>
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, coastal plain below and to west of
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<collectingCounty id="B60684CDFFBA8519FDF447E31CBAA5D0" box="[542,744,1163,1189]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mahafaly Plateau</collectingCounty>
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, southwestern
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<collectingCountry id="27CFBCD1FFBA8519FC7047E31A71A5D0" box="[922,1059,1163,1189]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3AEC9A86FFBA8519FBD847E31A96A5D0" box="[1074,1220,1162,1189]" degrees="24" direction="south" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" seconds="07.1" value="-24.701973">24°42′07.1″S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="3AEC9A86FFBA8519FF9247D81F44A5BE" box="[120,278,1200,1227]" degrees="043" direction="east" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="1" seconds="51.3" value="43.964252">043°57′51.3″E</geoCoordinate>
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||
, MAD-1-2008, coll.
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FE1547D91C27A5BE" box="[511,629,1201,1227]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">J.S. Sparks</collectorName>
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, P.W.
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FD5347D91D79A5BE" box="[697,811,1201,1227]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Willink, P</collectorName>
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. Chakrabarty, and
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FBEB47D91A21A5BE" box="[1025,1139,1201,1227]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S.B. Holtz</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="2B66DA81FFBA8519FB9547D81EE3A585" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-06-05">
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<collectingDate id="3B222369FFBA8519FB9547D81EE3A585" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2008-06-05">5 June 2008</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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.
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FF5147BE1F33A585" box="[187,353,1238,1264]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hologenetypes</collectorName>
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CytB, COI, and ND1 (following the nomenclature of
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<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFBA8519FC5647BE1ACAA585" author="Chakrabarty, P." box="[956,1176,1238,1264]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="67 - 68" refId="ref13209" refString="Chakrabarty, P. 2010 a. Genetypes: a concept to help integrate molecular systematics and traditional taxonomy. Zootaxa 2632: 67 - 68." type="journal article" year="2010">Chakrabarty, 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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||
) are available on
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<collectorName id="F22D9997FFBA8519FEE847931F3EA460" box="[258,364,1275,1301]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">GenBank</collectorName>
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under accession numbers
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<accessionNumber id="408B61A2FFBA8519FD7C47931D55A460" box="[662,775,1275,1301]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ619660" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">JQ619660</accessionNumber>
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,
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<accessionNumber id="408B61A2FFBA8519FCFB47931DD3A463" box="[785,897,1275,1302]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ619665" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">JQ619665</accessionNumber>
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, and
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<accessionNumber id="408B61A2FFBA8519FC5747931A7CA460" box="[957,1070,1275,1301]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/JQ619670" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">JQ619670</accessionNumber>
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, respectively.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFBA8519FF4246491DD0A44E" blockId="15.[120,1225,1051,1750]" box="[168,898,1312,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<materialsCitation id="EFB0F61CFFBA8519FF4246491D2CA44E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3312830332" accessionNumber="JQ619660, JQ619665, JQ619670" box="[168,894,1312,1339]" collectingDate="2008-06-05" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName=" J. S. Sparks & P. W & Willink & P. Chakrabarty & S. B. Holtz " country="Madagascar" county="Mahafaly Plateau" latitude="-24.701973" location="Grotte de Vitane" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="43.964252" municipality="Itampolo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCode="AMNH 245602" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="806342E3FFBA8519FF4246491F71A44E" box="[168,291,1313,1339]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="0F7E543AFFBA8519FEC746491FB5A44E" box="[301,487,1312,1339]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">AMNH 245602</specimenCode>
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,
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<quantity id="982051A4FFBA8519FE1946491C0EA44E" box="[499,604,1313,1339]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.79" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="37.9">37.9 mm</quantity>
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SL, data as for holotype
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFBA8506FF42462E1EB4A352" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFBA8506FF42462E1EB4A352" blockId="15.[120,1225,1051,1750]" lastBlockId="16.[120,675,225,1372]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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DIAGNOSIS: The new species is characterized by uniformly dark brown pigmentation throughout the body, and extending onto the fins for 1/3 of their length; only the distal 2/3 of each fin lacks pigment, apart from the dorsal fins, which are dark brown (vs. an all white body and fins in both congeners). In addition,
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFBA8519FE0F46DF1C3FA4A5" authorityName="Sparks & Chakrabarty" authorityYear="2012" box="[485,621,1462,1488]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFBA8519FE0F46DF1C3FA4A5" box="[485,621,1462,1488]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. mararybe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from congeners by the presence of prominent and protruding anterior skeletal elements. Protruding lateral ethmoid, sphenotic, and pterotic projections, in combination with a strongly sunken and concave orbital region, lend the head a sculpted and angled bony appearance (vs. relatively smooth and more or less fleshy in congeners), particularly in dorsal view (figs. 7C, 9), a shorter pectoral fin not reaching a vertical through the anus when adpressed (vs. pectoral fin extending to anus in congeners), and an elevated vertebral count (26 vs. 25 or fewer in congeners). The new species is further distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFBA8519FF5345D41FCFA7A0" box="[185,413,1723,1749]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFBA8519FF5345D41FCFA7A0" box="[185,413,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the absence of scales fully covering the head (vs. head fully scaled in
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FF7C438A1F24A18E" box="[150,374,225,251]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FF7C438A1F24A18E" box="[150,374,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and a longer second predorsal length (64.9%–69.0% vs. 56.2%–64.1% in
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FF9242451F09A033" box="[120,347,300,326]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FF9242451F09A033" box="[120,347,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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), and from
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FE0042451C34A033" box="[490,614,300,326]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FE0042451C34A033" box="[490,614,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. pauliani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by a shorter prepelvic length (33.0%–33.9% vs. 34.1%–40.4% in
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<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FED242101FE3A0E4" box="[312,433,375,401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
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<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FED242101FE3A0E4" box="[312,433,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. pauliani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), a pelvic formula of I, 5 (vs. I,
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA58506FF0742F41F49A0C3" box="[237,283,412,438]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FEC842F51FCEA0C3" box="[290,412,412,438]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FEC842F51FCEA0C3" box="[290,412,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the absence of a single leading spine in both the second dorsal and anal fins (vs. leading spines present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FD6042801E87A353" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FD6042801E87A353" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA58506FF42415A1DF6A714" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA58506FF42415A1F2DA429" blockId="16.[120,675,225,1372]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: Selected proportional measurements and meristic data presented in table 1. Based on the specimens available, a small (<
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA58506FD6941141EFAA3C9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL), elongate (BD <25% SL) and overall thin gobioid. Body wide anteriorly and head dorsoventrally compressed, particularly rostrally. Head bony, and sculpted in appearance, not fleshy, rounded, and smooth. Toothed margins of both upper and lower jaws visible externally when mouth closed. Inside of mouth white. Mouth large, and gape wide. No eyes. Snout and anterior portion of head elongate and shovellike, with a bony, armored appearance, creating a duck-billed appearance. Body becoming progressively laterally compressed posteriorly. Caudal peduncle laterally compressed, shallow, and elongate. Anterior nostril small, tubular, located near upper lip; posterior nostril short, somewhat slitlike and fleshy, but opening more or less oval. Numerous deep canals present on dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces of head; canals lined with numerous small pores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0BA7ACC9FFA58506FD5246491D4AA4D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055195" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5055195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5055195/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[696,782,1313,1334]" targetBox="[696,1224,224,1287]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA58506FD5246491D4AA4D8" blockId="16.[696,1224,1311,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the
|
||
<superScript id="A8AD5109FFA58506FD5246551A9AA420" attach="right" box="[696,1224,1341,1365]" fontSize="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
head in the three described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FBDC46551AF6A420" authorityName="Petit" authorityYear="1933" box="[1078,1188,1341,1365]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FBDC46551AF6A420" box="[1078,1188,1341,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Typhleotris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FB5A46551A9AA420" bold="true" box="[1200,1224,1341,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A.</emphasis>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FD5246331D89A407" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[696,987,1370,1394]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FD5246331DD2A407" box="[696,896,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
, AMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
245603;
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FBD246321A1DA407" bold="true" box="[1080,1103,1370,1394]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FBBC46331A90A407" box="[1110,1218,1370,1394]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FBBC46331A90A407" box="[1110,1218,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, AMNH 245651;
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FC86461F1DD6A4FA" bold="true" box="[876,900,1399,1423]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA58506FC6546101A3FA4E5" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[911,1133,1399,1424]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA58506FC6546101A5CA4FA" box="[911,1038,1399,1423]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
, AMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
245601,
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA58506FD5246FD1D46A4D8" box="[696,788,1429,1453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA58506FF42460F1DF6A714" blockId="16.[120,672,1383,1484]" lastBlockId="16.[120,1225,1495,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Oral jaw teeth small, recurved, and conical; teeth numerous and arranged in six or seven closely set and irregular rows anteriorly in both upper and lower jaws. Teeth tapering to fewer rows of somewhat smaller teeth posteriorly, as well as medially proximal to synthesis, where tooth rows become noticeably reduced in number and constricted, in both upper and lower jaws. Teeth present along full length of premaxillary arcade and dentary. Porelike structures present on basihyal (tongue).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA58502FF4245041EACA3E2" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA58506FF4245041F6DA7A4" blockId="16.[120,1225,1495,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Nine or 11 thin, elongate, triangular, and medially denticulate gill rakers arrayed along lower limb of first arch. Epibranchial rakers on first arch of similar morphology, numbering four in
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA58506FF3B45DF1F69A7A4" box="[209,315,1719,1745]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0BA7ACC9FFA48507FF92451D1CA2A797" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598017" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598017" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598017/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[120,206,1653,1674]" targetBox="[145,1200,224,1603]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA48507FF92451D1CA2A797" blockId="17.[120,1224,1651,1763]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
FIGURE 8. Dorsal view of head of cleared-and-stained individuals of:
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA48507FCD8451B1D19A7FE" bold="true" box="[818,843,1651,1675]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA48507FCBA451B1A9AA7FE" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[848,1224,1651,1675]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA48507FCBA451B1A3DA7FE" box="[848,1135,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Typhleotris madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
, AMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
245610, 39.0 mm SL; Mitoho Cave.
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA48507FE0445F81C56A7DD" bold="true" box="[494,516,1680,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA48507FDE645F81D63A7DD" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[524,817,1680,1704]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA48507FDE645F81C87A7DD" box="[524,725,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Typhleotris pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
, AMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
245659, 39.7 mm SL; Anona “shallow” cave, Andalambezo. Showing morphology (elongation) of anterior portion of head, snout, and jaws, and anterior extent of squamation on head in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA48507FDC845A41CB8A796" box="[546,746,1739,1763]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA48507FDC845A41CB8A796" box="[546,746,1739,1763]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0BA7ACC9FFA78504FF9247F21F1BA47D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598019/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[120,206,1178,1199]" targetBox="[192,1136,224,1155]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA78504FF9247F21F1BA47D" blockId="18.[120,1224,1176,1288]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
FIGURE 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA78504FF0447F01F91A5C5" box="[238,451,1176,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA78504FF0447F01F91A5C5" box="[238,451,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Typhleotris mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
photographed in field immediately after collection:
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA78504FC3F47F01DBCA5C5" bold="true" box="[981,1006,1176,1200]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of holotype, AMNH 245601, 44.2 mm SL; Grotte de Vitane (Vitany), sinkhole to the east of Itampolo, southwestern coastal Madagascar.
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA78504FEA047BB1F33A59E" bold="true" box="[330,353,1235,1259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of holotype.
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA78504FD9E47BB1CD9A59E" bold="true" box="[628,651,1235,1259]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of paratype, AMNH 245602, 37.9 mm SL; data as for holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0BA7ACC9FFA78504FF9245B81A63A793" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598021" box="[120,1073,1742,1766]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598021/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[120,206,1744,1765]" targetBox="[120,1224,1309,1718]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA78504FF9245B81A63A793" blockId="18.[120,1073,1742,1766]" box="[120,1073,1742,1766]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
FIGURE 10. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA78504FE9145A61CF8A793" authority=", AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[379,682,1742,1766]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA78504FE9145A61C02A793" box="[379,592,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Typhleotris mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
, AMNH
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
245601, 44.2 mm SL. In preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0BA7ACC9FFA68505FF9245C21D34A7AB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4598023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4598023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4598023/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[120,206,1706,1727]" targetBox="[197,1156,224,1679]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA68505FF9245C21D34A7AB" blockId="19.[120,1224,1704,1758]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
FIGURE 11.
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA68505FF1245C01F43A7B5" bold="true" box="[248,273,1704,1728]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A.</emphasis>
|
||
Type locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA68505FE2B45C01DF0A7B5" authority=", Grotte de Vitane" authorityName="Grotte de Vitane" box="[449,930,1704,1728]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA68505FE2B45C01CC7A7B5" box="[449,661,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Typhleotris mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
, Grotte de Vitane (Vitany)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near Itampolo, southwestern coastal Madagascar.
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA68505FEA345AE1F0DA7AB" bold="true" box="[329,351,1734,1758]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Snorkeling for the new species in Vitany sinkhole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18502FF4243891EACA3E2" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Head asquamate, except scales extending anteriorly onto roof of neurocranium and also covering operculum (note: in
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA18502FE0D426F1C1DA054" box="[487,591,263,289]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
ctenoid scales extend onto the cheek and comprise about 4–6 columns; no scales extending onto cheek in
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA18502FCE242441D21A033" box="[776,883,300,326]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, i.e., anteriorly terminate on operculum). Although scales on top of head do not extend nearly as far forward as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA18502FB5B423A1F14A0E4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FB5B423A1F14A0E4" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, squamation does extend to anterior margin of neurocranium, but scales do not extend anteriorly onto snout (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA18502FD9B42F51D09A0C3" box="[625,859,412,438]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FD9B42F51D09A0C3" box="[625,859,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Otherwise, body fully scaled to the caudal fin, including chest region anterior to the pelvic fin and inner margin of pectoral fin. Cycloid scales present ventrally on chest and belly. Scales cycloid on body, except operculum, which is covered with strongly ctenoid scales. All other scales on body appear to be cycloid. Scales arranged in irregular rows, uneven in size, with smallest on roof of head and largest on operculum. Fleshy pectoral base covered with ctenoid scales. Pectoral-fin axil asquamate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA18502FF4241CA1A9AA50E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18502FF4241CA1A27A2B4" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Two dorsal fins. First dorsal fin with five spines and second dorsal fin with eight rays. Anal fin with eight rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical through origin of pectoral fin and slightly anterior to vertical through distal margin of opercle. Pectoral fin with 14 or 15 rays. Anus located anterior to vertical through anterior insertion of second dorsal fin. First dorsal fin small, spines feeble, and located posterior to vertical through pectoral-fin origin. Urogenital papilla small, not reaching anal fin when adducted. Pelvic fin short. Pectoral fin elongate, but not reaching level of urogenital papilla when adducted. In congeners pectoral fin extends well posterior of urogenital papilla when adducted. Caudal fin short and slightly rounded distally. Vertebral count 26.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18502FF4240A41A9AA50E" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">COLORATION AND PIGMENTATION PATTERN IN LIFE AND ALCOHOL (figs. 9, 10): Body uniformly dark brown. All fins dark brown proximal to base, whereas distal 2/3 of caudal, pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins depigmented and white. First and second dorsal fins more or less dark brown. In alcohol, the white coloration on the distal portion of the fins becomes an opaque off-white, whereas the dark brown base coloration of the body remains more or less unchanged.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA18502FF4247EF1FB0A464" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18502FF4247EF1FB0A464" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
ETYMOLOGY: From the Malagasy
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FDC547E01CD6A5D4" box="[559,644,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">marary</emphasis>
|
||
(“ill or sick”), and
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FC8B47EF1D29A5D4" box="[865,891,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">be</emphasis>
|
||
(“big”), meaning “very sick” or “big sickness” in reference to the strange debilitating viral illness or “sinkhole fever” members of our team contracted after snorkeling in Grotte de Vitane. The specific epithet,
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FBB947B91A9AA59E" box="[1107,1224,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA18502FBB947B91A96A59E" box="[1107,1220,1233,1259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">mararybe</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is to be treated as an adjective.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA18503FF4246741D2FA019" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18502FF4246741FE0A717" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT (figs. 1, 11): The
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA18502FD3E46751D55A442" box="[724,775,1309,1335]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and only known habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA18502FB5846751EB5A429" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA18502FB5846751EB5A429" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Grotte de Vitane (S: 24°42′07.1″; E: 043°57′51.3″), which is a sinkhole located near the town of Itampolo on the coastal plain below and to the west of the extensive, more or less north-south running, Mahafaly Plateau. Grotte de Vitane (fig. 11) is a karst formation with nearly vertical walls, whose water level at the time of our survey was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA18502FB8A46D91A9AA4B9" box="[1120,1224,1457,1484]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
|
||
below the rim. The diameter of the sinkhole was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA18502FC8E46BF1DFFA487" box="[868,941,1495,1522]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
across at its widest, and
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA18502FF9246941EE4A762" box="[120,182,1532,1559]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
|
||
at its narrowest, with more or less shear walls. The height of the sinkhole walls to the water level was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA18502FE3545491C48A749" box="[479,538,1569,1596]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
|
||
on its southern end, and much shallower on the northern end (approximately
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA18502FE8F452F1FF7A717" box="[357,421,1607,1634]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA18503FF4245051D2FA019" blockId="20.[120,1227,225,1746]" lastBlockId="21.[120,1225,225,1746]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
A chain ladder was used to climb down into the sinkhole to access the water where approximately five specimens of the new species were observed (fig. 11B).
|
||
<collectorName id="F22D9997FFA18502FC6F45FA1DCDA7D9" box="[901,927,1682,1708]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">In</collectorName>
|
||
a nearly four-hour effort, two of these fish (the
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA18502FE9745DF1FB6A7A4" box="[381,484,1719,1745]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA18502FDC845D01CD8A7A7" box="[546,650,1720,1746]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
) were captured by the first author using a
|
||
<collectingMethod id="86998456FFA18503FB6345DF1E8DA189" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">small hand net</collectingMethod>
|
||
while snorkeling.
|
||
<collectorName id="F22D9997FFA08503FE5843891F8CA18E" box="[434,478,225,251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">The</collectorName>
|
||
two specimens were collected at or near the surface of the water, and dove straight down when approached.
|
||
<collectorName id="F22D9997FFA08503FD9B426F1C86A054" box="[625,724,263,289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Another</collectorName>
|
||
member of our group (
|
||
<collectorName id="F22D9997FFA08503FC03426F1A32A054" box="[1001,1120,263,289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. Willink</collectorName>
|
||
, FMNH, now at Shedd Aquarium) was able to observe additional individuals while snorkeling, but no additional specimens could be collected at the time of the survey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17C2AFCAFFA08500FF42421F1A1CA523" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA08503FF42421F1AD7A394" blockId="21.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Interestingly, in contrast to most other collection localities for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FC75421F1A4CA0E4" authorityName="Petit" authorityYear="1933" box="[927,1054,375,401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FC75421F1A4CA0E4" box="[927,1054,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Typhleotris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the water is generally quite shallow, the water in Grotte de Vitane was uniformly deep. At the time of collection (early June), the water was relatively clear, deep, and warm. Via several dives to inspect the substrate for fishes by the first author, it is estimated that the water level in the sinkhole was about
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA08503FE8A41641F9FA352" box="[352,461,524,551]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="8.75" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.5">7.5–10 m</quantity>
|
||
deep on average. Although the water was clear, much suspended large particulate material was present in the water column. Apart from the new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF92413F1EA5A304" authorityName="Petit" authorityYear="1933" box="[120,247,599,625]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FF92413F1EA5A304" box="[120,247,599,625]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Typhleotris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sinkhole water included an abundance of aquatic invertebrates, including water scorpions (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF1741141F34A3E2" box="[253,358,636,663]" class="Insecta" family="Nepidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nepidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shrimp, and water spiders. It is also interesting to note that all of the specimens observed, including those collected, were swimming in open water within
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA08503FB8241C91A9AA3C9" box="[1128,1224,673,700]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
of the surface. Upon being chased, all individuals immediately dove toward the bottom.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA08503FF4241841D90A293" blockId="21.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
A portion of Grotte de Vitane is exposed to full sunlight, and there is a short (
|
||
<quantity id="982051A4FFA08503FBD141841A3BA272" box="[1083,1129,748,775]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
) undercut shelf along the otherwise sheer walls that was not directly exposed; however, the dark, subterranean portion of this particular system extended much further than one could snorkel on a breath of air, and remains unknown. Although we only encountered a few individuals in the sinkhole, all were darkly pigmented and blind. Given that portions of the sinkhole receive direct sunlight, possession of uniformly dark brown body coloration may function to camouflage individuals from predators or offer protection from UV radiation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA08503FF42409A1D83A4F4" blockId="21.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
REMARKS AND COMPARISONS:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FDF240991D42A57E" box="[536,784,1009,1035]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FDF240991D42A57E" box="[536,784,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Typhleotris mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FBB6409A1EADA544" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FBB6409A1EADA544" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the absence of scales on the anterior part of the head (compare figs. 2, 6A, and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C7E3E0C4FFA08503FF9247541EC8A523" box="[120,154,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[696,782,1313,1334]" captionTargetBox="[696,1224,224,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-386@16.[696,1224,224,1287]" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the head in the three described species of Typhleotris: A. T. madagascariensis, AMNH 245603; B. T. pauliani, AMNH 245651; C. T. mararybe, AMNH 245601, holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5055195/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="C7E3E0C4FFA08503FF0A47541F6EA523" box="[224,316,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[696,782,1313,1334]" captionTargetBox="[696,1224,224,1287]" captionTargetId="figure-386@16.[696,1224,224,1287]" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal view of the anterior portion of the head in the three described species of Typhleotris: A. T. madagascariensis, AMNH 245603; B. T. pauliani, AMNH 245651; C. T. mararybe, AMNH 245601, holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5055195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5055195/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">figs. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 9–10). Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FDF947551CC3A523" box="[531,657,1084,1110]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FDF947551CC3A523" box="[531,657,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FD2547551D0FA523" box="[719,861,1084,1110]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FD2547551D0FA523" box="[719,861,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have scales extending only up to the roof of the neurocranium, not fully covering the cheek and orbital region (the
|
||
<typeStatus id="806342E3FFA08503FB88470A1A9AA509" box="[1122,1224,1122,1148]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF7D47E01F77A5D4" box="[151,293,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FF7D47E01F77A5D4" box="[151,293,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a single individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FD8847E01C8DA5D4" box="[610,735,1159,1185]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FD8847E01C8DA5D4" box="[610,735,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed to possess a few scales on the cheek anterior of the operculum, with scales covering only the posteriormost portion of the cheek), or extending onto the anterior portions of head (i.e., anterior half of frontals or snout);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF3F47901FEDA464" box="[213,447,1271,1297]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FF3F47901FEDA464" box="[213,447,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a fully scaled head. Although all three described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF9246741EA5A443" authorityName="Petit" authorityYear="1933" box="[120,247,1308,1334]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FF9246741EA5A443" box="[120,247,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Typhleotris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are scaled along the ventrum anterior to the pelvic fin, these scales are both weakly ossified, compared to other body scales, and highly embedded in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FC5A462A1AC4A429" box="[944,1174,1346,1372]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FC5A462A1AC4A429" box="[944,1174,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FF9246001EA7A4F4" box="[120,245,1383,1409]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FF9246001EA7A4F4" box="[120,245,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, making them quite difficult to discern in preserved material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA08500FF4246E51D07A0E4" blockId="21.[120,1225,225,1746]" lastBlockId="22.[120,1225,225,1111]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
It is possible that the initial mention of the new species described herein was a consequence of a hydrological survey of the southwestern region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="27CFBCD1FFA08503FD0546DA1D2BA4B9" box="[751,889,1458,1484]" name="Madagascar" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFA08503FC6246DA1A49A4B9" author="Guyot, L." box="[904,1051,1458,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13406" refString="Guyot, L. 2002. Reconnaissance hydrogeologique pour l'alimentation en eau d'une plaine littorale en milieu semi-aride: Sud Ouest de Madagascar. These de doctorat, Universite de Nantes." type="book" year="2002">Guyot, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFA08503FBC446DA1A9AA4B9" author="Guyot, L." box="[1070,1224,1458,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13406" refString="Guyot, L. 2002. Reconnaissance hydrogeologique pour l'alimentation en eau d'une plaine littorale en milieu semi-aride: Sud Ouest de Madagascar. These de doctorat, Universite de Nantes." type="book" year="2002">Guyot (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
notes that he encountered small blind fish, which he determined to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA08503FC7E46BF1EC1A763" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA08503FC7E46BF1EC1A763" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Typhleotris madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, at several locations on the Mahafaly Plateau. In reference to the locality named “F16” in his dissertation and referred to as Vintany sinkhole,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFA08503FD4C454A1D6AA749" author="Guyot, L." box="[678,824,1570,1596]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref13406" refString="Guyot, L. 2002. Reconnaissance hydrogeologique pour l'alimentation en eau d'une plaine littorale en milieu semi-aride: Sud Ouest de Madagascar. These de doctorat, Universite de Nantes." type="book" year="2002">Guyot (2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. IV-2 and table IV-2) mentions that the fish appeared within the fluid expelled through drilling efforts. No further mention was made regarding the fish, nor was any description presented. According to information available to us through our guides, however, Vintany sinkhole (S: 24°02′37.6″; E: 043°45′19.6″) is located in the vicinity of Mitoho Cave, near Lake Tsimanampetsotsa and within Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. Vintany sinkhole did indeed yield depigmented and blind specimens referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FF92426F1F0BA054" box="[120,345,263,289]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FF92426F1F0BA054" box="[120,345,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(table 1). The sinkhole near Itampolo where we collected the new pigmented species is called Grotte de Vitane (Vitany) (S: 24°42′07.1″; E: 043°57′51.3″), which seems to better match the placement of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFA38500FE72423A1C10A019" author="Guyot, L." box="[408,578,338,364]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refId="ref13406" refString="Guyot, L. 2002. Reconnaissance hydrogeologique pour l'alimentation en eau d'une plaine littorale en milieu semi-aride: Sud Ouest de Madagascar. These de doctorat, Universite de Nantes." type="book" year="2002">Guyot’s (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Vintany sinkhole, according to his rather vague maps; however, given the limited data provided, we cannot be certain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA38500FF4242F41AF0A272" blockId="22.[120,1225,225,1111]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
As discussed above, Grotte de Vitane is connected to an underground system of water via subterranean passages, but it is unclear whether the new species survives there. The dark brown pigmentation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FED042801F96A374" box="[314,452,487,513]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FED042801F96A374" box="[314,452,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
makes them inconspicuous against the similarly dark background of the sinkhole walls and appears to provide effective camouflage. We hypothesize that the presence of a darkly pigmented blind species in an environment with significant exposure to direct sunlight is the result of this species being derived from a subterranean blind species that invaded this new habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B4981B0FFA38500FE4441141C87A3E3" author="Chakrabarty, P. & M. P. Davis & J. S. Sparks" box="[430,725,636,663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="44083" refId="ref13279" refString="Chakrabarty, P., M. P. Davis, and J. S. Sparks. 2012. The first record of a trans-oceanic sister-group relationship between obligate vertebrate troglobites. PLoS One 7 (8): e 44083. [doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0044083]" type="journal article" year="2012">Chakrabarty et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FC7C41141A47A3E3" authorityName="Petit" authorityYear="1933" box="[918,1045,636,662]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FC7C41141A47A3E3" box="[918,1045,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Typhleotris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, individuals of the new species are relatively slow swimmers, but reacted quickly, diving toward the bottom when chased by our nets. It should be noted that individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FC9C41A01DA7A394" box="[886,1013,711,737]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FC9C41A01DA7A394" box="[886,1013,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were observed to move away from an approaching object with much more energy than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FC5E41851AC9A273" box="[948,1179,748,774]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FC5E41851AC9A273" box="[948,1179,748,774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA38500FF4240791A9BA2B4" blockId="22.[120,1225,225,1111]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Notably, Grotte de Vitane is regarded as a sacred site frequented by locals for prayer; the locals are apparently unaware that fish inhabit the sinkhole. Some locals are capable of using tree roots to lower themselves in and out of the sinkhole, but seemingly do this infrequently. For all of the other localities we sampled with cavefishes, local villagers were generally aware of the existence of these populations, which include all known blind fish localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="27CFBCD1FFA38500FC8F40CF1DBFA2B4" box="[869,1005,935,961]" name="Madagascar" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
discovered to date.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5F67FC41FFA38500FF4240A41A1CA523" blockId="22.[120,1225,225,1111]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FF0D40A51F9AA293" box="[231,456,972,998]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FF0D40A51F9AA293" box="[231,456,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. madagascariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FDEB40A51C28A293" box="[513,634,972,998]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pauliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FDEB40A51C28A293" box="[513,634,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. pauliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed as “Endangered” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Loiselle et al., 2004). Accordingly, given the extremely circumscribed distribution of the new species, a single small sinkhole that is easily accessible, coupled with its rarity in that fragile habitat, we believe that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="98D887C2FFA38500FDC147551CE7A523" box="[555,693,1084,1110]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Typhleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mararybe">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DAC2053FFA38500FDC147551CE7A523" box="[555,693,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T. mararybe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should also be listed as threatened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |