186 lines
20 KiB
XML
186 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Crocidura olivieri" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="534" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="534" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870456" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<heading pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<subSubSection box="[174,255,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[171,1376,634,753]" box="[174,255,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<figureCitation box="[174,255,634,676]" captionStart="Plate 24: Soricidae" captionStartId="134.[120,150,3141,3166]" captionTargetBox="[12,2738,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="133" captionText="386. Nimba Giant White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura maombasilvanus), 387. Doucet’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura douceti), 388. West African White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura muricauda), 389. Lamotte’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lamottei), 390. Greater Red White-toothed (Shrew Crociduraflavescens), 391. Lesser Red White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hirta), 392. Heather White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura erica), 393. Blackish White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura nigricans), 394. Goliath White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura goliath), 395. Somali White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura somalica), 396. African Giant White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura olivieri), 397. Savanna Path White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura viaria), 398. Savanna White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura fulvastra), 399. Ugandan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura mutesae), 400. Smallfooted White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura parvipes), 401. Cinderella White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura cinderella), 402. Voi White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura vor), 403. Yankari White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura yankariensis), 404. Kahuzi White-toothed Swamp Shrew (Crocidura stenocephala), 405. Tarella White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura tarella), 406. Jackson's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura jacksoni), 407. Kivu Long-haired White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lanosa), 408. Dramatic White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura ludia), 409. Long-tailed White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura dolichura), 410. Savanna White-toothed Swamp Shrew (Crocidura longipes), 411. Cameroon White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura picea), 412. Manenguba White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura manengubae), 413. Fisentraut’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura eisentraut), 414. Upemba White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura zimmer), 415. Misotshi-Kabogo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lwiroensis), 416. African Dusky White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura caliginea), 417. Congo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura congobelgica), 418. Latona’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura latona), 419. Polia’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura polia), 420. Ansell’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura ansellorum), 421. Pitman’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura pitmani), 422. Makwassie White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura maquassiensis), 423. Turbo White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura turba)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871929" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871929/files/figure.png" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">396.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[269,1002,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[171,1376,634,753]" box="[269,1002,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<vernacularName box="[269,1002,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">African Giant White-toothed Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1073,1375,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[171,1376,634,753]" box="[1073,1375,634,676]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lesson" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1073,1375,634,676]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivieri">
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<emphasis box="[1073,1375,634,676]" italics="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Crocidura olivieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[171,1376,634,753]" box="[173,1354,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,248,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[257,443,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Crocidure d'Olivier</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[463,553,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[562,959,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Afrikanische RiesenweiRzahnspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[979,1070,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1081,1354,693,714]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Musarana gigante de Africa</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="137.[171,1376,634,753]" box="[172,791,732,753]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,419,732,753]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[427,628,732,753]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">African Giant Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[641,791,732,753]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Olivier's Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[784,1374,805,834]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[783,1376,805,1227]" box="[784,1374,805,834]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[784,939,805,834]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Lesson, 1827" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[969,1369,805,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivieri">Sorex olivieri Lesson, 1827</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[783,1376,805,1227]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<materialsCitation country="Egypt" location="Sakkara" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" specimenCount="1">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0A187CDFF23A93D1BB9FE43:B031AD99A0A187CDFC9DA80F1121FC90" box="[784,895,840,873]" country="Egypt" name="Sakkara" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Sakkara</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[912,993,840,873]" name="Egypt" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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. Restricted by G. B. Corbet in 1978 to “
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<locationDeviation box="[956,1092,879,912]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">near Giza</locationDeviation>
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,” based on neotype selection.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[783,1376,805,1227]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<taxonomicName box="[787,911,963,992]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocidura</taxonomicName>
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olivier almost certainly represents a species complex. Genetic studies have found that C. olivier: seems to cluster into five major paraphyletic clades that also encompass
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" box="[1018,1166,1124,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="somalica">C. somalica</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1188,1303,1124,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viaria">C. viaria</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sundevall" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[786,939,1160,1189]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvastra">C. fulvastra</taxonomicName>
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. The most basal clade is from Malawi and Mozambique, followed by
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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those from Central African Republic and the Congo Basin, which are sister to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1895" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="somalica">C. somalica</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" box="[226,444,1281,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="goliath">Crocidura goliath</taxonomicName>
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is sister to the other three clades,
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[925,1036,1281,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viaria">C. viaria</taxonomicName>
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, and C. Julvastra. Northern and eastern African populations clustered together, while
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1043,1154,1312,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viaria">C. viaria</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sundevall" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1226,1375,1312,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="509" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvastra">C. fulvastra</taxonomicName>
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were sister to the last two clades, which were both in West Africa. Additional resolution of this clade is needed because there are probably many distinct species within it. Original description of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[448,573,1434,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivieri">C. olivieri</taxonomicName>
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was based on an embalmed shrew from Ancient Egypt, which still occurs in the region today. Because of this, G. B. Corbet in 1978 designated a neotype from living specimens near Giza. Twenty subspecies (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[1056,1146,1513,1542]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivieri">olivieri</taxonomicName>
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, anchietae, bueae, cara, cinereoaenea, darfurea, giffardi, guineensis, hansruppr, hedenborgiana, kivu, manni, martiensseni, nyansae, occidentalis, odorata, spurelli, sururae, toritensis, and zuleika) have been recognized but are not recognized here due to extreme taxonomic confusion in the clade. Subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871785" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871785" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871785/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="137" pageNumber="534" targetBox="[168,759,807,1220]" targetPageId="137">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,344,1705,1738]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Throughout sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal E to W Ethiopia, and S to Botswana, along with a few scattered localities in C & E Ethiopia and a disjunct population along the Nile in E Egypt.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,418,1828,1857]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 110-140 mm, tail 70-100 mm, ear 9-14 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 33-65 g. The African Giant White-toothed Shrew is very large and highly variable in size and color. Dorsal pelage ranges greatly from reddish brown to dark brown or blackish, and ventral pelage ranges from buffy brown to dark gray. Tail is 70-80% of head-body length, thick, dark, and covered with many short bristles. Flank glands are well developed and conspicuous, exuding a sweet and musky odor that is especially strong and pungent in the West African individuals. Females have six nipples: two inguinal pairs and one axillary pair or all three pairs equally spaced on stomach in some populations. Skull is large, heavy, and flat, with large rostrum and small cranium; braincase and maxilla are broad; interorbital constriction is long and narrow; and teeth are large and heavy, especially incisors. There are three unicuspids. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50 and FN = 66 (FNa = 62).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,278,2301,2330]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Very large variety of habitats, preferring well-vegetated and moist areas, such as lowland and montane evergreen forests, riverine and floodplain grasslands, and swamps, from sea level to elevations of nearly 4000 m (3300 m in the DR Congo and Kenya). The Giant White-toothed Shrew has also been recorded in scrub, burnt and overgrazed grasslands, pine plantations, and montane grasslands. It is a common commensal with humans through its distribution and is common in farmland and plantations and in and around houses and food stores.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,424,2576,2605]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The African Giant White-toothed Shrew eats a wide variety of invertebrates and possibly carrion. Arthropods make up the largest part of the diet, although diet probably varies largely by region and prey availability. In the DR Congo, major prey items included ants (20% by composition), beetles (16%), millipedes (16%), termites (12%), spiders (12%), and smaller amounts of grasshoppers and insect larvae. Length of prey size ranged from 3 mm to less than 30 mm, with most being less than 10 mm. Food energy consumption of captive individuals weighing 26-37 g was 2-2-6 kJ/g/day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,299,2848,2881]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Reproductive timing of the African Giant White-toothed Shrew varies among localities. In the DR Congo, pregnant females have been reported year-round, but breeding declined during the dry season. Pregnant females have been captured in dry and wet season in Zambia, but in Uganda, pregnant females have been reported in July, August, and December. Embryo counts throughout Africa are 1-5/females (mean four embryos in eastern Africa and two in central and western Africa).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,402,3088,3117]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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African Giant White-toothed Shrews are very adaptable. They are terrestrial and nearly completely nocturnal, with peaks of activity just before dawn. Molting individuals have been found in March, May, July, and August in Zambia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,888,3202,3235]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Giant White-toothed Shrews are generally solitary, but individuals will often live in fairly close proximity. They make loud shrieks and churls during aggressive encounters and when startled.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[163,1376,1237,3470]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,515,3324,3353]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Giant White-toothed Shrew is the most widespread species of African shrew and is considered common throughout most of its distribution. In some regions, it is somewhat commensal with humans and regarded as a pest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="137" pageNumber="534" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="137.[1448,2653,299,446]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1596,299,324]" pageId="137" pageNumber="534">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Aggundey & Schlitter (1986), Ansell & Dowsett (1988), Brosset (1988), Cassola (2016ba), Churchfield & Hutterer (2013a), Dieterlen & Heim de Balsac (1979), Dubey, Antonin et al. (2007), Dudu et al. (2005), Hutterer & Happold (1983), Hutterer, Van der Straeten & Verheyen (1987), Jacquet, Denys et al. (2015), Jacquet, Hutterer et al. (2013), Maddalena (1990), Meylan & Vogel (1982), Sheppe (1973), Vogel et al. (2013), Yalden et al. (1996).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |