186 lines
20 KiB
XML
186 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Crocidura leucodon" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="502" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="502" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870249" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870249" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41" lastPageNumber="502" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<heading pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<subSubSection box="[173,254,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[170,1346,1149,1271]" box="[173,254,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<figureCitation box="[173,254,1149,1191]" captionStart="Plate 21: Soricidae" captionStartId="95.[123,153,3098,3119]" captionTargetBox="[14,2740,16,3636]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="266. Phu Quoc White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura phuquocensis), 267. Taiwanese Gray White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lanakae), 268. Phan Luong White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura phanluong), 269. Sokolov White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sokolouvi), 270. Cranbrook’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura cranbrooki), 271. Hill's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hilliana), 272. Voracious White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura vorax), 273. Sa Pa White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sapaensis), 274. Annamite White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura annamitensis), 275. Vietnamese White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura guy), 276. Ke Go White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura kegoensis), 277. Andaman Spiny White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura hispida), 278. Andaman White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura andamanensis), 279. Jenkins’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura jenkinsi), 280. Nicobar White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura nicobarica), 281. Christmas Island White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura trichura), 282. Siberian White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura sibirica), 283. Shantung White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura shantungensts), 284. Guldenstadt’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura gueldenstaedtii), 285. Lesser White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura suaveolens), 286. Cyrenaica White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura aleksandrisi), 287. Zarudny’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura zarudnyi), 288. Greater Ryukyu White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura orii), 289. Batak White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura batakorum), 290. Mossy Forest White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura musseri), 291. Temboan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura rhoditis), 292. Lesser Black-footed White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura lea), 293. Sulawesi Tiny White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura levicula), 294. Elongated White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura elongata), 295. North African White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura pachyura), 296. Greater White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura russula), 297. Serezkaya White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura serezkyensis), 298. Whitaker's White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura whitakeri), 299. Flower’s White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura floweri), 300. Egyptian Pygmy White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura religiosa), 301. Bicolored White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura leucodon), 302. Saharan White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura tarfayensis), 303. Arabian White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura arabica), 304. Dhofar White-toothed Shrew (Crocidura dhofarensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871921/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">301.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[272,932,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[170,1346,1149,1271]" box="[272,932,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<vernacularName box="[272,932,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Bicolored White-toothed Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[986,1346,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[170,1346,1149,1271]" box="[986,1346,1149,1191]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[986,1346,1149,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucodon">
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<emphasis box="[986,1346,1149,1191]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Crocidura leucodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[170,1346,1149,1271]" box="[172,993,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,247,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[256,437,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Crocidure bicolore</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[459,549,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[558,700,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Feldspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[722,813,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[823,993,1209,1230]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Musarana bicolor</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[170,1346,1149,1271]" box="[171,593,1249,1270]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,418,1249,1270]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[428,593,1249,1270]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Bicolored Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[783,1373,1323,1348]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[778,1376,1323,1742]" box="[783,1373,1323,1348]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,938,1323,1348]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Hermann, 1780" authorityName="Hermann" authorityYear="1780" box="[951,1368,1323,1348]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucodon">Sorex leucodon Hermann, 1780</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[783,1341,1362,1387]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[778,1376,1323,1742]" box="[783,1341,1362,1387]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<materialsCitation box="[783,1341,1362,1387]" country="France" location="vicinity of Strasbourg" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" specimenCount="1">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41:B031AD99A042872EFC82AE151667FA92" box="[783,1081,1362,1387]" country="France" name="vicinity of Strasbourg" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">vicinity of Strasbourg</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A042872EFF20AF3A1B8DFE41:B031AD99A042872EFBC4AE151699FA92" box="[1097,1223,1362,1387]" country="France" name="Bas Rhin" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Bas Rhin</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1240,1338,1362,1387]" name="France" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">France</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[778,1376,1323,1742]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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Widely used subspecific name lasius has been changed for gender agreement, as this epithet is the latinized Greek adjective “lasios.” Evidence retrieved from DNA sequences classify C.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Hermann" authorityYear="1780" box="[1170,1279,1551,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucodon">leucodon</taxonomicName>
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in the Old World
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<taxonomicName box="[967,1090,1590,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocidura</taxonomicName>
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group. Subspecies persica is well differentiated and might be assigned a species rank after additional studies. Six subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871572" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871572" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871572/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" targetBox="[168,760,1329,1743]" targetPageId="106">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[172,572,1749,1782]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,572,1749,1782]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,1373,1796,1821]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Hermann, 1780" authorityName="Hermann" authorityYear="1780" baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[175,572,1796,1821]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="leucodon">C.l.leucodonHermann,1780—WesternandCentralEurope,WUkraine,andSRussia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,1196,1827,1860]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1919" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1919" box="[175,536,1827,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="judaica">C.l.judaicaThomas,1919—IsraelandadjacentcountriesinMiddleEast.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,963,1875,1900]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Sokolov & Tembotov, 1989" authorityName="Sokolov & Tembotov" authorityYear="1989" box="[175,735,1875,1900]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="kuzjakini">C.l.kuzjakiniSokolov&Tembotov,1989—ECiscaucasia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,941,1906,1939]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1906" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Hermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[175,501,1906,1939]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="lasia">C.l.lasiaThomas,1906—TurkeyandWTranscaucasia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,1078,1953,1978]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bolkay, 1925" authorityName="Bolkay" authorityYear="1925" box="[175,528,1953,1978]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="narentae">C.l.narentaeBolkay,1925—Italia,Austria,andBalkanPeninsula.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" box="[175,1229,1993,2018]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1907" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1907" box="[175,526,1993,2018]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leucodon" subSpecies="persica">C. l. persica Thomas, 1907</taxonomicName>
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— E Transcaucasia, N Iran, and SW Turkmenistan.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,419,2024,2057]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 59-72 mm,tail 31-41 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm; weight 5:9-11-1 g. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is medium-sized and heavily built. Pelage is usually sharply bicolored. Dorsum varies from light gray to brownish gray in juveniles and grayish brown to dark brown in adults. Dark color of dorsum does not extend to sides, producing distinct mantle. Venter and major parts ofsides are white or light gray. Sides are grayish and red-tinted, and mantle is indistinct in juveniles of some subspecies. Tail is bicolored, the same as dorsum and venter. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 56. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Ychromosome is small acrocentric. All 26 autosomes are metacentric or submetacentric.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,283,2378,2411]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Various open biotopes including semi-deserts, steppes, meadows, forest clearings, floodplains (with meadows and bushes alternating), gardens, field edges, rock outcrops, and haystacks. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew prefers virgin regions of mesoand xerophytic steppes with well-developed vegetation. Wet and forest habitats are avoided. In Iran and Turkey, it is also found in dry deciduous forests, being usually more abundant in localities where its more successful competitor Guldenstadt’s Whitetoothed Shrew (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[401,628,2619,2648]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gueldenstaedtii">C. gueldenstaedtii</taxonomicName>
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) is absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,432,2654,2687]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew includes beetles, March fly larvae (
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<taxonomicName box="[318,479,2693,2726]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="502" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bibionidae</taxonomicName>
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), millipedes, mollusks, and harvestmen. It is presumably capable of hunting larger beetles compared with other similarly sized shrews.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,307,2772,2805]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Nests of Bicolored White-toothed Shrews are constructed of dry grass and located on the ground in dense grass stands or bushes in the Caucasus. Breeding season lasts from early April to late September; numbers of embryos are 3-8/female (average six). Young-of-the-year often reproduce. Gestation lasts ¢.30 days. Two nests found in Westphalia (Germany) each had four young.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,409,2969,3002]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Daily activity of the Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is multiphasic, peaking at twilight after sunset and before sunrise. Activity is low at night and still lower during the day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[173,896,3087,3120]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Bicolored White-toothed Shrews commonly move 0-8-1 km; maximum documented movement was 2:5 km. In Dagestan, home range diameters were 40-120 m; they averaged 46 m at a density lower than ten shrews per hectare and 35 m at higher density.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[167,1379,1749,3474]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,515,3244,3277]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is rare throughout most ofits distribution. High abundance was observed on the Kerch Peninsula in Crimea and in south-eastern Dagestan. Even in these regions, however,it was the fifth most common in communities of small mammals, accounting for only 4-4% of captures. The Bicolored White-toothed Shrew is on the Red Lists of Ukraine and Moldova and regional Red List of Voronezh Region (Russia).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="106" pageNumber="502" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="106.[1445,2650,296,443]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1447,1599,296,321]" pageId="106" pageNumber="502">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Bolshakov et al. (1996), Bukhnikashvili (2004), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Ferguson & Menache (2002), Hutterer & Harrison (1988), Hutterer & Kock (2002), Karami et al. (2008), Kashtalian (2005), Krapp (1990), Krystufek & Vohralik (2001), Kuvikové (1987), Pucek & Raczynski (1983), Shchipanov & Oleinichenko (1993), Simak & Gileva (1993), Sokolov & Tembotov (1989), Zaitsev et al. (2014), Zima et al. (1998).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |