195 lines
20 KiB
XML
195 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sorex longirostris Bachman 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="415" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="415" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869706" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<heading pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<subSubSection box="[132,189,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[130,1159,2648,2737]" box="[132,189,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<figureCitation box="[132,189,2648,2694]" captionStart="Plate 15: Soricidae" captionStartId="2.[139,168,3219,3244]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="0. Radde’s Shrew (Sorex raddei), 1. Alpine Shrew (Sorex alpinus), 2. Ussuri Shrew (Sorex mwrabilis), 3. Chinese Highland Shrew (Sorex excelsus), 4. Greater Striped Shrew (Sorex cylindricauda), 5. Lesser Striped Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae), 7. Flat-skulled Shrew (Sorex roboratus), 8. Eurasian Least Shrew (Sorex munutissimus), 9. Azumi Shrew (Sorex hosonoi), 10. Slender Shrew (Sorex gracillimus), 11. Laxmann’s Shrew (Sorex caecutiens), 12. Shinto Shrew (Sorex shinto), 13. Taiga Shrew (Sorex isodon), 14. Long-clawed Shrew (Sorex unguiculatus), 15. Chinese Shrew (Sorex sinalis), 16. Common Shrew (Sorex araneus), 17. Iberian Shrew (Sorex granarius), 18. Valais Shrew (Sorex antinorn), 19. Crowned Shrew (Sorex coronatus), 20. Caucasian Shrew (Sorex satunin), 21. Siberian Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), 22. Gansu Shrew (Sorex cansulus), 23. Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis), 24. Tian Shan Shrew (Sorex asper), 25. Apennine Shrew (Sorex samniticus), 26. Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus), 27. Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis), 28. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus), 29. Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex volnuchini), 30. Buchara Shrew (Sorex buchariensis), 31. Tibetan Shrew (Sorex thibetanus), 32. Kashmir Shrew (Sorex planiceps), 33. Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgu), 34. Arizona Shrew (Sorex arizonae), 35. Merriam’s Shrew (Sorex merriami), 36. Alto Shrew (Sorex altoensis), 37. Jalisco Shrew (Sorex mediopua), 38. Saussure’s Shrew (Sorex saussurei), 39. San Cristobal Shrew (Sorex cristobalensis), 40. McCarthy's Shrew (Sorex mccarthyi), 41. Salvin’s Shrew (Sorex salvini), 42. Sclater’s Shrew (Sorex sclateri), 43. Pale-toothed Shrew (Sorex stizodon)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870999/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">60.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[207,634,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[130,1159,2648,2737]" box="[207,634,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<vernacularName box="[207,634,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">South-eastern Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[685,998,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[130,1159,2648,2737]" box="[685,998,2648,2694]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[685,998,2648,2694]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
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<emphasis box="[685,998,2648,2694]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Sorex longirostris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[132,1158,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[130,1159,2648,2737]" box="[132,1158,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,207,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[217,442,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Musaraigne a long nez</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[462,553,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[563,827,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Langschnauzen-Spitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[847,938,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[948,1158,2712,2733]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Musarana suroriental</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[743,1337,2782,3205]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[743,899,2782,2811]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Bachman" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[932,1327,2782,2811]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">Sorex longirostris Bachman</taxonomicName>
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, 1837,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[743,1337,2782,3205]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<materialsCitation location="Hume Plantation" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Carolina">
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“swamps of Santee [River],”
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<collectingRegion pageId="22" pageNumber="415">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
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. Restricted by H. H. T. Jackson in 1928 to “
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5:B031AD99A03E8752FC18A01F16D1F488" box="[917,1167,2904,2929]" name="Hume Plantation" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" stateProvince="South Carolina">Hume Plantation</location>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5:B031AD99A03E8752FB2EA01F1192F460" name="swamps of the Santee River" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" stateProvince="South Carolina">swamps of the Santee River</location>
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[
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A03E8752FF09A11F14BDF7A5:B031AD99A03E8752FC52A0C71631F460" box="[991,1135,2944,2969]" name="Cat Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" stateProvince="South Carolina">Cat Island</location>
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, mouth of the Santee River], S[outh]. C[arolina].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[743,1337,2782,3205]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[746,961,3018,3047]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">Sorex longirostris</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1103,1238,3018,3047]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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group and subgenus Otisorex. It seems to be closest to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[831,965,3096,3125]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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phylogenetically with one study finding that specimens of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">S. longirostris</taxonomicName>
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were nested within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[1095,1231,3176,3205]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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closest
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[132,1335,3211,3480]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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to specimens from eastern populations, although
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[838,971,3211,3244]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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might represent multiple species. Subspecies fisheri might be a distinct species based on its largersize, although additional studies are needed to validate this. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="synonymic_list">
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||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870991" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870991" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870991/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" targetBox="[130,720,2786,3200]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[132,1335,3211,3480]" box="[132,532,3334,3363]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[132,532,3334,3363]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[132,1335,3211,3480]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bachman, 1837" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[133,563,3368,3401]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="longirostris" subSpecies="longurostris">S.llongurostrisBachman,1837—fromEOklahomaEtoNMarylandandfromNIIlinoisandNIndianaStoNFlorida(EUSA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[132,1335,3211,3480]" box="[183,185,3368,3401]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[132,1335,3211,3480]" box="[134,875,3447,3480]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<taxonomicName authority=". A. Davis, 1957" authorityName=". A. Davis" authorityYear="1957" box="[134,492,3447,3480]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="longirostris" subSpecies="eionisJ">S.l.eionisJ.A.Davis,1957—N&CFlorida(SEUSA).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1895" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1895" box="[1402,1748,292,325]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="longirostris" subSpecies="fisheri">S. l. fisheri Merriam, 1895</taxonomicName>
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— Dismal Swamps of SE Virginia and NE North Carolina (EC USA).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1400,1651,375,404]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 44-57 mm, tail 39-44 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm; weight 2-6 g. The South-eastern Shrew is small, with short rostrum compared with most other congeners, despite its binomial name
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[1959,2095,450,483]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">longirostris</taxonomicName>
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meaning “long nosed.” Subspecies etonis and fisheri are ¢.20% larger than nominate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[2088,2225,489,522]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">longirostris</taxonomicName>
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. Dorsum is reddish brown, and venteris pale buffy gray. Tops of feet are pale. Tails are ¢.75-90% of head-body length, narrow, and bicolored, being dark above and lighter below. There are five unicuspids, gradually getting slightly smaller from first to fourth, with third usually a bit smaller than or equal to fourth and fifth minute compared with other four. Teeth are pigmented dark red, being lighter than in the Masked Shrew (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[2318,2457,686,719]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">S. cinereus</taxonomicName>
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), and skull is smaller and shorter with broader and shorter rostrum. Skull of fisher: is longer and relatively narrower than in nominate
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1837" box="[1925,2062,773,798]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">longirostris</taxonomicName>
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, and eionis is intermediate between the other two subspecies. Palate is broad and short.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1513,844,877]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Various moist habitats, including swamps, marshes, and bogs, and upland shrublands and woodlands, generally around rivers and other wet areas with dense ground cover, from sea level to elevations of c.762 m.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1402,1668,962,995]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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South-eastern Shrews primarily eat small invertebrates, especially spiders, caterpillars, slugs, snails, crickets, beetles, and centipedes. They also eat small amounts of vegetation. They forage epigeally, reflected by their diets by large proportions of epigeal prey (spiders, ground-dwelling insects, etc.). Most important food items seem to be spiders, lepidopteran larvae, crickets, adult beetles, and harvestmen, which is very similar to the diets of the Masked Shrew with which South-eastern Shrews might compete. In captivity, they have been reported feeding on flesh of a cotton rat (Sigmodon sp.) and a House Mouse (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1757,1947,1238,1271]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="musculus">Mus musculus</taxonomicName>
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); they might feed on carrion in the wild.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1402,1534,1278,1311]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Reproduction of the South-eastern Shrew seems to occur from March until early October, with most pregnant females encountered in April. Young generally start appearing in May. Litters generally have 1-6 young (average c.4 young), but subspecies fisheri apparently haslitters with 6-10 young and can produce two or more litters during a breeding season. Some females have been reported to breed within the season they were born. They can live c.18-19 months, generally not surviving more than one winter, although individuals born very late in the breeding season might survive two winters.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1637,1553,1586]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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South-eastern Shrews are active day and night but are most active at night. Nests are built under rotten logs and other large objects and are constructed with leaves and other vegetation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1403,2101,1672,1705]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The South-eastern Shrew is primarily solitary except when breeding and rearing young. Nevertheless, there are reports of several adults sharing a single nest outside the breeding season (November). Southeastern Shrews might show some level of sociality similar to that of the North American Least Shrew (
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<taxonomicName box="[1596,1711,1829,1862]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Cryptotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="22" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cryptotis</taxonomicName>
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parvus), although additional studies are needed. Echolocation frequency of the South-eastern Shrew was recorded at 22 kHz. Densities are 30-44 ind/ha in Alabama.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1750,1947,1980]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southeastern Shrew is common and widespread and faces no major threats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="415" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[1398,2608,292,2144]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1557,2035,2060]" pageId="22" pageNumber="415">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Cassola (2016n), Erdle & Pagels (1995), French (1980a, 1980b, 1984), Hope et al. (2012), Jackson (1928), Jones et al. (1991), Junge & Hoffmann (1981), Lucas & Hoffman (2015), Pagels et al. (1982), Rose (1980), Taylor & Wilkinson (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |