264 lines
38 KiB
XML
264 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="33D6E112281A05206CBEF2E3407EEA93" ID-CLB-Dataset="22331" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ddb62273-2007-405c-968b-ebd41b334d22" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3814013" ID-ZooBank="FA9664B5-0439-44E0-BDFA-485CF1C2CCEF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588834819207" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="James, Helen F." docDate="2020" docId="03B6CA67FFF3FFE2FF3FFB177A53FB49" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4772.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4772 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Meleagridinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="116" masterDocId="FF8FB21FFFF7FFE7FFA8FF967F47FFEA" masterDocTitle="The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland" masterLastPageNumber="131" masterPageNumber="111" pageNumber="115" updateTime="1698838858463" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="05A43EBDA4147A39CFBD7BD037310E6C">The Irvingtonian Avifauna of Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="64FC387C919EB45479D847C603E554B1">James, Helen F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8A3F88C1F92072FD28DF59BCA672CD39">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C630A770D1A8B282A7D59E65BB6B53C7">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="CC54E52DC3E6D1C03ADD2256836DE149" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B6CA67FFF3FFE2FF3FFB177A53FB49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3815444" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163975536" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3815444" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6CA67FFF3FFE2FF3FFB177A53FB49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6CA67FFF3FFE2FF3FFB177A53FB49" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF3FFE3FF3FFB177EEAFB09" box="[151,429,1153,1251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF3FFB177E0BFB71" blockId="4.[151,332,1153,1179]" box="[151,332,1153,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0E8CC1DFFF3FFE3FF3FFB177E0BFB71" bold="true" box="[151,332,1153,1179]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FF3FFB177E0BFB71" ID-CoL="JVW" box="[151,332,1153,1179]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Meleagridinae">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF3FFB177E0BFB71" bold="true" box="[151,332,1153,1179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Meleagridinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF3FFB5E7EEAFB09" blockId="4.[151,429,1224,1251]" box="[151,429,1224,1251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF3FFB5E7E7CFB09" bold="true" box="[151,315,1224,1251]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FF3FFB5E7E57FB09" box="[151,272,1224,1251]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF3FFB5E7E57FB09" bold="true" box="[151,272,1224,1251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Meleagris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.
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</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF3FFE3FF3FFA867EFEF865" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF3FFA867BACFAA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF3FFA867E41FAC1" bold="true" box="[151,262,1296,1323]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Material.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF3FFE3FEA5FA877BA0FAA5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671310" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" specimenCode="PAL 641967" specimenCount="1">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FEA5FA877E19FAC1" box="[269,350,1297,1323]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF3FFE3FECCFA877EB5FAC1" box="[356,498,1297,1323]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">PAL 641967</specimenCode>
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, l humerus: proximal half missing the deltopectoral and bicipital crests and a portion of the shaft below the head, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF3FFE3FDE8FAA37DEAFAA5" box="[576,685,1333,1359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="2002-07">
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<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF3FFE3FDE8FAA37DEAFAA5" box="[576,685,1333,1359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="2002-07">July 2002</collectingDate>
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</date>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFF3FFE3FD14FAA37C4AFAA5" box="[700,781,1333,1359]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Fig 1C</figureCitation>
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). The bone appears to be from a full adult
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF6FFACF7C34F9E9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF3FFE3FF6FFACF7C28F9E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671311" collectingDate="1999-10-08" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" specimenCode="PAL 641969" specimenCount="1">
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<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FF6FFACF7E5FFA99" box="[199,280,1369,1395]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF3FFE3FE89FACF7EF5FA99" box="[289,434,1369,1395]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">PAL 641969</specimenCode>
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, l humerus: nearly complete shaft missing articular surfaces of both ends and the crista bicipitalis, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF3FFE3FE2CFAEB7D7AFA7D" box="[388,573,1405,1431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">
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<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF3FFE3FE2CFAEB7D7AFA7D" box="[388,573,1405,1431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">October 8, 1999</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFF3FFE3FDE7FAEB7DEDFA7D" box="[591,682,1405,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). On the caudal surface of the shaft, near the distal end, there are four distinct circular perforations and several similar lesions that do not fully perforate the bone (
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<figureCitation id="132467F4FFF3FFE3FB41FA377A03FA51" box="[1257,1348,1441,1467]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1507,1532]" captionTargetBox="[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[353,1234,164,1479]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave compared with modern taxa.A) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641969, caudal aspect; B) left humerus of Meleagris gallopavo, USNM BIRDS 556334 f, caudal aspect; C) fossil left humerus of Meleagris sp., USNM PAL 641067, caudal aspect; D) fossil right femur of Coragyps atratus, USNM PAL 641790, cranial aspect; E) right femur of C. atratus, USNM BIRDS 647499 m, cranial aspect; F) fossil proximal right carpometacarpus of fossil Branta dickeyi, USNM PAL 641972, ventral aspect; G) proximal right carpometacarpus of B. canadensis, USNM BIRDS 488182 m, ventral aspect; H) left tarsometatarsus of Falcipennis canadensis, USNM BIRDS 557527 f, plantar aspect; I) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Bonasa umbellus, USNM PAL 641979, plantar aspect; J) left tarsometatarsus of B. umbellus, USNM BIRDS 600360 f imm., plantar aspect; K) fossil left tarsometatarsus of Ectopistes migratorius, USNM PAL 769090, plantar aspect; L) tarsometatarsus of E. migratorius, USNM BIRDS 292904 (captive), plantar aspect; M) fossil left femur of Megascops guildayi, USNM PAL 769089, caudal aspect; N) left femur of Megascops asio, USNM 623630 f, caudal aspect; O) fossil right ulna of M. guildayi, USNM PAL 641984, ventral aspect; P) right ulna of M. asio, USNM BIRDS 623630 f, ventral aspect; Q) right tarsometatarsus of Perisoreus canadensis, USNM BIRDS 639077 f, dorsal aspect; R) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Perisoreus/Cyanocitta), CM 24274, dorsal aspect; S) fossil right tarsometatarsus of a species of jay (Corvidae, aff. Cyanocitta/Perisoreus), USNM PAL 641989, dorsal aspect; T) right tarsometatarsus of Cyanocitta cyanea, USNM BIRDS 499504 f, dorsal aspect. Scale bar 1, for images A–G, = 2 cm. Scale bar 2, for images H–N, = 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814015" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814015/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
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). These are likely to be carnivore tooth punctures, resulting from an act of predation or scavenging. They show no sign of healing so they likely occurred at the time of death or afterwards
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF6FF99B7DA0F9A1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF3FFE3FF6FF99B7DA5F9A1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671307" collectingDate="1999-10-08" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" specimenCode="PAL 641971" specimenCount="1">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FF6FF99B7E5FF9CD" box="[199,280,1549,1575]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF3FFE3FEB6F99B7EEBF9CD" box="[286,428,1549,1575]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">PAL 641971</specimenCode>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FE1EF99B7DC0F9CD" box="[438,647,1549,1575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="carpometacarpus">r carpometacarpus</taxonomicName>
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||
: severely abraded proximal end and the proximal 1/3 of the shaft, missing the minor metacarpal, collected
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<date id="FFA15DB1FFF3FFE3FD82F9A77DA5F9A1" box="[554,738,1585,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF3FFE3FD82F9A77DA5F9A1" box="[554,738,1585,1611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">October 8, 1999</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF6FF9C37BEEF985" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" box="[199,1193,1621,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FF6FF9C37FB4F985" box="[199,243,1621,1647]" country="China" name="Chongqing Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">CM</collectionCode>
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34028, l coracoid: dorsal portion, reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF3FFE3FD55F9C37BE3F985" author="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C." box="[765,1188,1621,1647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" pagination="39 - 43" refId="ref12403" refString="Brodkorb, P. & Mourer-Chauvire, C. (1984) Pleistocene Birds from Cumberland Cave, Maryland. In: Genoways, H. H. & Dawson, M. R. (Eds.), Contributions in Quaternary Vertebrate Paleontology: A Volume in Memorial to John E. Guilday. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 8, pp. 39 - 43." type="book chapter" year="1984">Brodkorb & Mourer-Chauviré (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF6FF9EF7B57F95D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B77712CFFF3FFE3FF6FF9EF7B4BF95D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610671317" collectingDate="1999-10-08" collectionCode="USNM" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" specimenCode="PAL 641968" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FF6FF9EF7E5FF979" box="[199,280,1657,1683]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBB9D30AFFF3FFE3FEB6F9EF7EEAF979" box="[286,429,1657,1683]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">PAL 641968</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FE1FF9EF7D49F979" box="[439,526,1657,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="femur">r femur</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the shaft and the abraded head are preserved; collected
|
||
<date id="FFA15DB1FFF3FFE3FBD6F9EF7A73F979" box="[1150,1332,1657,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFE5A459FFF3FFE3FBD6F9EF7A73F979" box="[1150,1332,1657,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" value="1999-10-08">October 8, 1999</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, by Trent Spielman. The bone is immature as indicated by pits and striations on the shaft
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE3FF6FF9577EFEF865" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF6FF9577E36F930" box="[199,369,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
The following bone measurements correspond with measurements reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF3FFE3FB7FF9577ADFF931" author="Steadman, D. W." box="[1239,1432,1729,1755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" pagination="131 - 207" refId="ref14128" refString="Steadman, D. W. (1980) A review of the osteology and paleontology of turkeys (Aves: Meleagrinidae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330, 131 - 207." type="journal article" year="1980">Steadman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. I have repeated Steadman’s letter designations and wording for ease of comparison with his extensive statistical tables.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FF41F89F7E7DF8C9" box="[233,314,1801,1827]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 641969, humerus measurement C (width of midshaft) 12.5, humerus measurement D (depth of midshaft) 10.4.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FEC4F8BB7EFAF8AD" box="[364,445,1837,1863]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 641971, carpometacarpus measurement B (proximal depth) 15.9, measurement C (length of metacarpal one) 10.3.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED0EE3B4FFF3FFE3FDACF8C77D12F881" box="[516,597,1873,1899]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
PAL 641968, femur measurement D (width of midshaft) 9.4, measurement E (depth of midshaft) 7.3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF3FFE2FF6FF80E7C03FE45" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF3FFE2FF6FF80E7C03FE45" blockId="4.[151,1437,1296,2043]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,1187]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FF6FF80E7E1EF859" bold="true" box="[199,345,1944,1971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Bones of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FDE8F80F7DF5F859" box="[576,690,1945,1971]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FDE8F80F7DF5F859" box="[576,690,1945,1971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinguished by very large size in the context of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FAA7F80F7ADEF859" authorityName="Horsfield" authorityYear="1821" box="[1295,1433,1945,1971]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phasianidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The bones listed above are assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF3FFE3FDF8F82B7D85F83D" box="[592,706,1981,2007]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF3FFE3FDF8F82B7D85F83D" box="[592,706,1981,2007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="115">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on size and morphological agreement. The bone measurements from fossils can be compared with Steadman’s summary statistics for approximately
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D19B0F8FFF3FFE3FB25F8777A63F811" box="[1165,1316,2017,2043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="115" type="generic">70 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FF3FFF0C7E69FF59" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,302,153,179]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FF3FFF0C7E69FF59" box="[151,302,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Measurements of humerus USNM PAL 641969 fall below the reported range for males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FAE0FF0C7FA4FF3D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FAE0FF0C7FA4FF3D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The width of midshaft of the humerus is near the mean for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FCD4FF287B57FF3D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[892,1040,189,215]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FCD4FF287B57FF3D" box="[892,1040,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, whereas the depth of midshaft is
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7D694FFF2FFE2FF44FF777E07FF11" box="[236,320,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
greater than the range for females. The proximal depth of the carpometacarpus, USNM PAL 641971, falls below the reported range for males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FCA6FE907CE4FEF5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[782,931,261,287]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FCA6FE907CE4FEF5" box="[782,931,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7D694FFF2FFE2FC67FE937B60FEF5" box="[975,1063,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and its length of metacarpal one falls within the range for both male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FD06FEBC7C03FEA9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[686,836,297,323]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FD06FEBC7C03FEA9" box="[686,836,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Measurements of the femur USNM PAL 641968, an immature bone, fall below the range for males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FD10FED87C0BFE8D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[696,844,333,359]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FD10FED87C0BFE8D" box="[696,844,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Its width of midshaft is within the range for females, and depth of midshaft is below the reported range for females by
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7D694FFF2FFE2FCC1FEE77C86FE61" box="[873,961,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Published measurements for the coracoid, CM 34028, are within the range for females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FD00FE007C7AFE45" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[680,829,405,431]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FD00FE007C7AFE45" box="[680,829,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30528FAFFF2FFE2FF6FFE2F7A53FB49" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF2FFE2FF6FFE2F7BF6FC4D" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1187]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FF6FFE2F7E7CFE39" bold="true" box="[199,315,441,467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The comparative osteology and fossil record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FCE7FE2F7C86FE39" box="[847,961,441,467]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FCE7FE2F7C86FE39" box="[847,961,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been extensively studied (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF2FFE2FAFDFE2F7E4DFE1D" author="Steadman, D. W." pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="131 - 207" refId="ref14128" refString="Steadman, D. W. (1980) A review of the osteology and paleontology of turkeys (Aves: Meleagrinidae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330, 131 - 207." type="journal article" year="1980">Steadman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF2FFE2FEBEFE4B7D26FE12" author="Bochenski, Z. M. & Campbell, K. E." box="[278,609,477,504]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref12150" refString="Bochenski, Z. M. & Campbell, K. E. (2006) The extinct California turkey, Meleagris californica, from Rancho La Brea: Comparative Osteology and Systematics. Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 509, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2006">Bocheński & Campbell 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The two extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FC32FE4B7B4BFE1D" box="[922,1036,477,503]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FC32FE4B7B4BFE1D" box="[922,1036,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show few fixed osteological differences and considerable intra-specific variation, including pronounced sexual size dimorphism. Only Pleistocene sites with large numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FE7EFDB37D0FFDD5" box="[470,584,549,575]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FE7EFDB37D0FFDD5" box="[470,584,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bones provide an adequate basis for taxonomic assessment taking into account variability. The detailed study by Bocheński & Campbell confirmed that the abundant bones from the Rancho La Brea tar pits (Los Angeles,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF2FFE2FE54FDFB7D28FD62" box="[508,623,621,648]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
) can be diagnosed as a distinct species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FBEBFDF87ADFFD6D" authority="(Miller 1909 a)" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1091,1432,621,647]" class="Aves" family="Corvidae" genus="Aphelocoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FBEBFDF87BA1FD6D" box="[1091,1254,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. californica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF2FFE2FB5EFDFB7AD7FD6D" author="Miller, L. H." box="[1270,1424,621,647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref13605" refString="Miller, L. H. (1909 a) Pavo californicus, a fossil peacock from the Quaternary asphalt beds of Rancho La Brea. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 5 (19), 285 - 289." type="journal article" year="1909">Miller 1909a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FEC1FD047D45FD41" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[361,514,657,683]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FEC1FD047D45FD41" box="[361,514,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Steadman studied the Pleistocene fossil record before the Rancholabrean land mammal age, including larger samples from an Irvingtonian (Coleman 2A, University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF2FFE2FB2FFD237B9FFD25" box="[1159,1240,693,719]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Vertebrate Fossil Locality SM001) and a late Blancan (Inglis 1A, University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF2FFE2FCF3FD4F7C8AFD19" box="[859,973,729,755]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Vertebrate Fossil Locality CI001) site in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBB593FFF2FFE2FF3FFD6B7FABFCFD" box="[151,236,765,791]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The Irvingtonian turkeys tended to be larger than those from the late Blancan, and the late Blancan birds lacked a pneumatized scapula which is present in later time periods. Steadman considered it likely that one or more successive fossil species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FE65FCD37D78FCB5" box="[461,575,837,863]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FE65FCD37D78FCB5" box="[461,575,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had a very broad distribution in North America (similar to that of modern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FAD6FCD07E40FC69" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FAD6FCD07E40FC69" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and had geographically variable morphology during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. He posited that most known Blancan and Irvingtonian fossil turkeys represent archaic forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FBBDFC187BEDFC4D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1045,1194,909,935]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FBBDFC187BEDFC4D" box="[1045,1194,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">M. gallopavo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA07B71FFF2FFE2FF6FFC277A53FB49" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,1187]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF2FFE2FF6FFC277ECEFC21" author="Steadman, D. W." box="[199,393,945,971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="131 - 207" refId="ref14128" refString="Steadman, D. W. (1980) A review of the osteology and paleontology of turkeys (Aves: Meleagrinidae). Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330, 131 - 207." type="journal article" year="1980">Steadman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E0680FFF2FFE2FE6BFC277C67FC26" author="Bochenski, Z. M. & Campbell, K. E." box="[451,800,945,972]" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" pagination="1 - 92" refId="ref12150" refString="Bochenski, Z. M. & Campbell, K. E. (2006) The extinct California turkey, Meleagris californica, from Rancho La Brea: Comparative Osteology and Systematics. Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 509, 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="2006">Bocheński & Campbell (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
both reported osteological character states that differ at least in prevalence among various named taxa and local fossil assemblages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FBBCFC437BC1FC05" box="[1044,1158,981,1007]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FBBCFC437BC1FC05" box="[1044,1158,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but unfortunately, none of them can be observed in the fossils from Cumberland Bone Cave. Considering their lack of diagnostic specieslevel traits, I have refrained from assigning the fossils a species-level identification, while recognizing that the combined evidence of morphology and biogeography suggests that they represent an archaic form of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FAA8FBD47ADBFBB1" box="[1280,1436,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FAA8FBD47ADFFBB1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1280,1432,1089,1115]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">M. gallopavo</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as envisioned by Steadman. This small collection of mid-Pleistocene turkey bones provides no evidence to refute Steadman’s finding that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F00F2FFF2FFE2FE00FB1F7D5DFB49" box="[424,538,1161,1187]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="116" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BA763FFF2FFE2FE00FB1F7D5DFB49" box="[424,538,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="116">Meleagris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America has increased in body size since the late Blancan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |