445 lines
52 KiB
XML
445 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="53DED76BA3735A4C91EA80D346122343" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis supraciliaris" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1707484022520" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="8E97ABDA11ADD9B75D121BC0B13654EA">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E892BE2FDEEFC10B19CB5D06930B3892">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="88B2BA11DFF3933AF26E8C62E9571B0F">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3347817105E38721FB273F06597C93F1">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7ED2BA9FB7A63340CE17CCCDA6E93356">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA2D2AD8C305015C638F35258D55D54F">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="6DC45740333549830805DB447A3739D2">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="65B379CF93DE1A7B439B17103E812F80">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F98F3A1C9DECF8260073C4612CA92964">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="91C6C02A8C396A7C9B8E08898CE5646A">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1C7F67F9198B0914732BFD18A95371F9">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F1AC3F26C57CA20BABD132582A3B83AD">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C1BE760269C306EACA09F72DFF6390C0">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="542FB4CA09D47672FDD06DA6C2FD4C4A">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="02A3B891C2BE70C53C24A3F65C0FF87F">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F2708CC5D3264F54A0F56190C27A2495">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="03ED2FF3B4A2E600EAD4A3D6FC13728C">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="53DED76BA3735A4C91EA80D346122343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:53DED76BA3735A4C91EA80D346122343" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/53DED76BA3735A4C91EA80D346122343" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="6E4A66B248969C14D7FDB00C9300E902" ID-CoL="MN2P" LSID="53DED76B-A373-5A4C-91EA-80D346122343" authority="(Taylor, 1954)" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">Bothriechis supraciliaris (Taylor, 1954)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="43FB4B65BC032D809AC2FDEFFC499842" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis supraciliaris KU 31997 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Hannah Som." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981695" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 9</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="E70B28E588D2543D0B568A7B48F96F7C" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis supraciliaris in life. a, d, e. From Reptilandia, Costa Rica; and b, c. From a private collection in Costa Rica. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981696" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="4A0E99DE2E257653A99BBBEC361429D3" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis supraciliaris in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. UTA R- 35246 from Jardin Botanico Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica; b. UTA R- 35192 from Jardin Botanico Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica. Photos by Eric N. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981697" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 11</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8DB442EA5ACB0F5BF663641C03687DAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="D62D897849015BF918D1D8DD253333A1" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrops schlegelii subsp. supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="schlegelii" subSpecies="supraciliaris">Bothrops schlegelii supraciliaris</taxonomicName>
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Taylor, 1954: 791. Holotype KU 31997 (Fig.
|
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<figureCitation id="4616509DDB99C228E335294B6C156BF3" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis supraciliaris KU 31997 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Hannah Som." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981695" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">9</figureCitation>
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), an adult female from mountains near San Isidro del General, San
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province, Costa Rica.
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<paragraph id="9F4FFB6D60F18D623AB1C21564EDF25E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="B6E7E333D858ABCC8D9036D4620B9FF4" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">Bothriechis supraciliaris</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="276AB4E88F5049A2DA0426F5ACE18B7D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="453 - 462" refId="B101" refString="Solorzano, A, Gomez, LD, Monge-Najera, J, Crother, BI, 1998. Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46: 453 - 462, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" title="Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" volume="46" year="1998">
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<normalizedToken id="D9DCEAFA936F45B1092C994519E78E71" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
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et al., 1998
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: 453-462.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DD7AEF85F611A4BCB15FF1FC38A675F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="referred specimens">
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<paragraph id="983BDAA906FCA26E3838FBFEFD40BB5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="382E126B2A9DDE1D113771258F87B6EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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all labeled
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<taxonomicName id="40D31F667EE275E3E8B7CA754349D064" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
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<emphasis id="4F5131AA90723755697E8D88042A7CC8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Suppl. material 1.
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<subSubSection id="21F9DBA1787B30F95997F10483336891" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="standard english name">
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<paragraph id="748DA3957C6785EB5743C31076B06CA5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Standard English name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C9195716A372C136347BCC6BE98ACF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Blotched Eyelash-Pitviper.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0684C71E754848107171728DDEC1599D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Standard Spanish name.</paragraph>
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||
<normalizedToken id="EE70C092B96C9F4673D2C7EAAE366B5A" originalValue="Bocaracá">Bocaraca</normalizedToken>
|
||
manchada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="185DFA7888E6BC2AAB6CDF9F45171846" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="CE6C4CEC15C62270389037FA5E6DFB20" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8101116C7204964599B5C77072AD3CED" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63329DA4FF1BB592BDA2E81954244909" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="A3301D02F0E8E992F3F3BC8DD17701B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) two or three raised and spinelike supraciliary scales; (2) anterior dorsal head scales smooth or barely keeled; (3) gular scales much smaller than chinshields; (4) 7-24 interoculolabials; (5) 4-5 canthals, most of which have raised triangular projections; (6) loreal in contact with preocular; (7)
|
||
<emphasis id="7AF6A1790C849913BD205716B6DADED9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">oropel</emphasis>
|
||
morph extremely rare and with noticeably dark dorsal blotches on a yellowish background, rather than uniform golden-yellow; (8) reddish-brown irregular oval blotches or bands on dorsum; (9) opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks absent; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces usually absent or faint; (12) ventral surfaces not entirely white but yellowish anteriorly and light bluish-green posteriorly; (13) iris straw yellow with fine black speckles; (14) 21-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 144-150 ventrals in males, 139-148 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 382 mm, in females 583 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="04A51C0D0CD2C8D8DAF9785CCF6E1D67" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="8DE13A46C08CE581C0102E1419B8C400" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9C586F3B76DDD99856273DA97D800F39" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="527F142796A6588046A3442C30D23317" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="05DCA762E0B84F0B28D90B06C1ED7F98" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs near and is most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41019DDEA4DABFAB1852B09FA68DAEB0" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0830B952F873302E4E48C1103EA1361A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It can be identified from this other much more variable and widely distributed viper species primarily by having fewer ventral scales (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="E9D2F03118CA7AD8E64BEA4E4597D568" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
), loreal in contact with preocular, anterior head scales smooth or barely keeled (vs keeled in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B225816D294D5D3CB92B18D4392EBDBE" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC24D7AED37035C4E79BD8DB326C6FF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and by having reddish dorsal blotches or bands (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="49DE08C03338CF2CD05877CE4A01330D" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis supraciliaris in life. a, d, e. From Reptilandia, Costa Rica; and b, c. From a private collection in Costa Rica. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981696" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="965D933EF99B80FD2A466E146EBF769A" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B58" refString="Lotzkat, S, 2014. Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama. PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" title="Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama." year="2014">Lotzkat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
accurately pointed out that the two species differ in the dorsal pattern of the snout in contrastingly marked specimens. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D5A32179024B3EAFFC844B12CD06818" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBC0F0EE6BB34FE91FD9F7A4B0ACBA5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there is a single anteriormost dorsal blotch centrally on the snout (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="ADA5FA68D97D07CCBA6BB7A6C05282B2" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis supraciliaris KU 31997 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Hannah Som." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981695" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">9a</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="81E1A73348537903EBAB935D9636013A" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis supraciliaris in life. a, d, e. From Reptilandia, Costa Rica; and b, c. From a private collection in Costa Rica. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981696" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">10b-e</figureCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC9AA21281B8D1F183F36C69B19E31DF" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8357183B6F1FDD187C3DE1D47D984091" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are two paramedian blotches that may touch each other or be fused to form a short transverse band, but nevertheless remain discernible.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F39A934CC90671411E5FF3777527332" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B58" refString="Lotzkat, S, 2014. Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama. PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" title="Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama." year="2014">Lotzkat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also brings attention to the fact that specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60884A2408F75972F026EDF60A16A7E4" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F08DBB88E512BB26A05889AFC793B94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have very little or no dark pigmentation on the ventral surfaces at least anteriorly in adult specimens (vs. extensive dark pigmentation throughout the venter which are not of the
|
||
<emphasis id="DE93D9D923483691FE2823B9FAED136E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">oropel</emphasis>
|
||
morph in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D2D7110A288E25303E32F7FB1AFECCC9" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="343EBEDEC3B2533C332D8198D0ABE910" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BD05D5C1BE427C265AEC20AE1C826F92" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981695" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA3A32BEBD058BE3950E3760F015237E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="B074840822AF7EA67B87D0307F06129A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08E95DCDC22EF5EF6DC86837C7337682" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="45AB8CEC6354B0C5F003E7CD44C98BD1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
KU 31997 in
|
||
<emphasis id="178D765FA3E49465B4B658E1F550D59D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="708105E41720BA3B6761412101FC91F0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Photos by Hannah Som.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="ECF4622055D761015D2CD43751E19249" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981696" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="AA3E8745A59AD56C5E2039B92CE28896" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="933ABF0079697C90E9BAF219FB920425" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of some specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56864C2A30DFE23B00DF7CA3E560DA41" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9C3834248169F1826C3B779B23425E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life.
|
||
<emphasis id="BDBE9A292C264C7A0DA02229A920FF84" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a, d, e.</emphasis>
|
||
From Reptilandia, Costa Rica; and
|
||
<emphasis id="C127F3CEAEA9DEE00CBBD0F4AEFE6576" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b, c.</emphasis>
|
||
From a private collection in Costa Rica. Photos by Jose Vieira.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1C4D8ED6920729BD07AE08F76B6883F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="40CD406069D1BD53F8E0F1037C2D1F55" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8694297698D4ED219557F7E4923452DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(n = 2, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="43637B61AB9499D3634EDFD1AC365CB0" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis supraciliaris in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. UTA R- 35246 from Jardin Botanico Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica; b. UTA R- 35192 from Jardin Botanico Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica. Photos by Eric N. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981697" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, calyculate and semicapitate; hemipenial lobes cylindrical and with minimal separation between them; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with densely packed spinules; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls weakly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal one third of each hemipenal lobe densely ornamented by calyces with strongly defined spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface nude medially, but with enlarged and strongly calcified lateral spines followed by 1-2 rows of smaller obliquely-arranged mesial spines that become gradually smaller towards each
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CDFABE72FAE3B290ABE671EE25C48895" originalValue="lobe’s">lobe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
capitulum; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with 1-2 mesial spines and 3-4 lateral spines, all about half the size of the larger lateral spines at the base of the hemipenial body; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with strongly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body and lobes with rows of spines, but otherwise smooth; distal 1/4 strongly calyculate. In asulcate view, the center of hemipenial body is nude except for a pair of large lateral spines; hemipenial lobes ornamented with 3-4 rows of smaller spines that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2734C0BB751F7F34E7BD031C01769877" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981697" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph id="CCDC55C47F1F2742221AA428C6B6716E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="69342E3F46A0ACC3C2CF32604EC7B197" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenial architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4BFC3EA890A2155B99D85B61252642E" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="AC233F7D1F066F96219C6AF81D798BCB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views.
|
||
<emphasis id="F8FE8DF76100A119A73BE23BA2226B0C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
UTA R-35246 from Jardin
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4A4DB137F375B967A52A8118D1D59661" originalValue="Botánico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica;
|
||
<emphasis id="9820235C87882C1B5F6A9DDBDD835A81" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
UTA R-35192 from Jardin
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5BB5FA2290B22DAC7217D6756B782F3C" originalValue="Botánico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
Las Cruces, Puntarenas province, Costa Rica. Photos by Eric N. Smith.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C68FA27BFAD1726E77E6007B170A6CB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F408C3A68FF3C9A42B121E1C2602FE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B8392CBE70F5272ED66E3DF9DA687F2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CCED4B4480D7F805A05EA60B67E3283" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="A5BDE1486F2526FAE75731C1D7143637" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lower-montane forests, cloud forests, clearings with coffee and banana plantations, edges of farm fields, and rural gardens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A02D6B0BD14C7041A3393043FC7EC0E6" author="Campbell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B20" refString="Campbell, JA, Lamar, WW, 2004. The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere. Cornell University Press, Ithaca" title="The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere." year="2004">Campbell and Lamar 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DEE54DB92B2033AFC93A499278F3B7B7" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B58" refString="Lotzkat, S, 2014. Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama. PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" title="Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama." year="2014">Lotzkat 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="69A16CCF0FDB8A29F60F503CDFC78DAF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" author="Leenders, T" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B54" refString="Leenders, T, 2019. Reptiles of Costa Rica: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" title="Reptiles of Costa Rica: a field guide." url="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" year="2019">Leenders 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8556A7841DAD0B1557E331085D95F272" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B102" refString="Solorzano, A, Porras, LW, Chaves, G, Acosta Chaves, V, 2021. Bothriechis supraciliaris. The IUCN red list of threatened species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" title="Bothriechis supraciliaris. The IUCN red list of threatened species." url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1E1E9878C13F81960C64AC5CE2EF6C82" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D024A050CD55B5D0F74E6BA54A209D36" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="453 - 462" refId="B101" refString="Solorzano, A, Gomez, LD, Monge-Najera, J, Crother, BI, 1998. Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46: 453 - 462, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" title="Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" volume="46" year="1998">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BEE50F1F59DE23FFA80F4C15F90CB173" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="79A6FC80AA7863B1202A137BCCD45CA4" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B100" refString="Solorzano, A, 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" title="Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural." year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B39606ADF78CBF59EB499EFB88B39BFB" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="333C8B86E9E136905B55D828ECB42FA8" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B1B84A9798CDB81BBED657B609C1D52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are crepuscular, nocturnal, and tend to spend more time on the ground than other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F68E908DA79563C279FC1B56A2C038F2" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7B11A953434C57B5EF363B87585F327" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: they found 22 out of 25 individuals on the forest floor. However, all individuals seen by CLBA (n=10) were on bushes from 30 cm to 2 m above the ground. Another naturalist, Norberto Solano, with more than 80 sighting of the species, only found one on the ground (Norberto Solano, pers. comm. to CLBA). During the day, individuals have been found resting on the ground or at the base of trees and shrubs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D3DD93C6C4E79CE42C8E6D0722B8D065" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B100" refString="Solorzano, A, 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" title="Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural." year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="980BB529B5E20D498FE49FF43AEFE9BD" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A54947FA4142CB209595D816D484F277" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B58" refString="Lotzkat, S, 2014. Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama. PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" title="Diversity, taxonomy, and biogeography of the reptiles inhabiting the highlands of the Cordillera Central (Serrania de Talamanca and Serrania de Tabasara) in western Panama." year="2014">Lotzkat (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A163AC9D4B49D00B08FD9DCE467F8E5" author="Batista, A" journalOrPublisher="Herpetology Notes" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="219 - 229" refId="B9" refString="Batista, A, Hertz, A, Ponce, M, Lotzkat, S, 2020. Notes on amphibians and reptiles from western Panama. Herpetology Notes 13: 219 - 229" title="Notes on amphibians and reptiles from western Panama." volume="13" year="2020">Batista et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found individuals on low understory vegetation 0.5-2 m above the ground, either in ambush posture, crawling, or hanging from the tail. These authors also report that SMF 89764 was in the process of swallowing a comparatively large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCE83BDC5508011A1EF51F5EF610B5E3" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Amphibia" family="Brachycephalidae" genus="Craugastor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craugastor fitzingeri" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fitzingeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="2F285C4509C22E9A6B0FDD077F77E5AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Craugastor fitzingeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D541B936B0146DE3B97031A82482DAC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="453 - 462" refId="B101" refString="Solorzano, A, Gomez, LD, Monge-Najera, J, Crother, BI, 1998. Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46: 453 - 462, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" title="Redescription and validation of Bothriechis supraciliaris (Serpentes: Viperidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v46i2.19701" volume="46" year="1998">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A0BF2633696C2BF52524978E7C54A728" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found mostly small forest-floor rodents in the stomach contents of four dissected specimens. They also report that specimens found in resting positions were curled in a loose circle and mostly on horizontal, wide surfaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1CFC292E527BA01BF4412C9ED64E480" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="86453A7F0FA8181BD5791C2B82BE8E4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE9E6C7FBD763E1899E095A7ADCBD688" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9D1DEEA42F5FDFB24CD356E7E75877CA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" author="Lomonte, B" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="592 - 599" refId="B57" refString="Lomonte, B, Tsai, WC, Bonilla, F, Solorzano, A, Solano, G, Angulo, Y, Gutierrez, JM, Calvete, JJ, 2012. Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica. Toxicon 59: 592 - 599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" title="Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" volume="59" year="2012">Lomonte et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the venom of this species in Costa Rica and found that it has a potent hemorrhagic action, moderate myotoxicity, and very weak procoagulant activity. These authors estimated its lethal activity at LD50 6.04 mg/kg and found that the equine polyvalent (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF6175A5D0CBB662D496276F3B4906CA" class="Amphibia" family="Viperidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) antivenom from Instituto Clodomiro Picado was able to neutralize the lethal effect of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73415704484EFA5D1568D36550742032" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="02DE7BC787FED4012E021E7B4B4D16F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venom. The antivenom tested was produced from the plasma of equines immunized with a mixture of the venoms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8668B34228ACC85FE90FF7084BAEE127" baseAuthorityName="Garman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrops asper" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asper">
|
||
<emphasis id="AADD12944E5E45E5661A03BAD4D8B09F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothrops asper</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="996359093DD6641C54F5257F0B8A2C4C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" class="Lepidosauria" family="Viperidae" genus="Crotalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crotalus simus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A61EACA1ED7D12FA82A04F849A31F2E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Crotalus simus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E70C43759BB2684551F6E6A2032F0F3" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachesis stenophrys" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenophrys">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CE7331FD6B5C1DDBA35C1C4E35E3414" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Lachesis stenophrys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9E47FF8F22A8900425C1E6AD1E98CD5F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" author="Lomonte, B" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="592 - 599" refId="B57" refString="Lomonte, B, Tsai, WC, Bonilla, F, Solorzano, A, Solano, G, Angulo, Y, Gutierrez, JM, Calvete, JJ, 2012. Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica. Toxicon 59: 592 - 599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" title="Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" volume="59" year="2012">Lomonte et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="737F5AF98DEE19BFE2CB3914B1A84F63" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="A4E02178CA0F04328E74F4F30E1DA132" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5DBE01E15D406B20F740408E89F1CC66" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="976C46E6F7B608D65BD15531BAF7B924" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B713539D75101E226597F22FEF3DE3F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from at least 24 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the Pacific slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca in southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama. The species occurs over an area of approximately 3,568 km2 and has been recorded at elevations 734-1,506 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1EDC5FA319599917F97E0779DC37EF9" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). We found that 100% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2766597CA25675DD44174E91DE4346CB" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="6849E31AFD24AC5E4309F094C668FE48" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included in the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B30CF8CF9E501D2F1BD14F65510E8CDA" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5A9E3F4A7B1F741FD9A6F1E9AAB0C7B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="19A637E5647E6DC211A13872C923FE74" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="342A23B4CC3115CFEC4066A804912AF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="222E48125E47D996119C0C8F0EB79F9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="B4126AFD3847B0EF8D54C70528722B36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
, which comes from the Latin words
|
||
<emphasis id="4098A32A5212C879591140BF4CE99FEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">supra</emphasis>
|
||
(meaning
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A4507758ADB31D86E31D5A35EE932DAE" originalValue="“above”">"above"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="1CA233D103BC533AB5EC603EE016EB89" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">cilium</emphasis>
|
||
(meaning
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5D69FDB07F0BFD80C2FA75363D844D55" originalValue="“eyelash”">"eyelash"</normalizedToken>
|
||
), refers to the prominent spinelike scales above the eye.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0AC60DF5BDB79009D6C180E314CD861E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="2D7A57A970CAA5E4105A47478F00A30E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DCE5134383BC75A9BE97AE69EB2B7F45" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B7263207490E01DF2B04A2A648C0CE4" baseAuthorityName="Taylor" baseAuthorityYear="1954" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis supraciliaris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1F8FA1845CAF22D20FE3604F401DBF07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be included in the Endangered category (instead of Least Concern; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="62BBE4419116B4C9AF582F36EBD1A980" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B102" refString="Solorzano, A, Porras, LW, Chaves, G, Acosta Chaves, V, 2021. Bothriechis supraciliaris. The IUCN red list of threatened species. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" title="Bothriechis supraciliaris. The IUCN red list of threatened species." url="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T203661A15875283.en" year="2021">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ACA8132B488D82D659C7549733087D3B" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) following the IUCN criteria B1a, b (i, iii, iv) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="43E8747E097C023396B73CB807B27F77" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5036FB1B46B198EA45B5F0ED217B15CC" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 5,000 km2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DAC70C31BFB27741CC9F446343DE73AC" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="992E87E7F09E620B684C0A87AB7C3D20" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="730595CF1395E7058A4188BA06107343" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in three protected areas (
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BD10E6DADF7634E157E581B440A766BE" originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8455A4A719130FF3072805E86575F213" originalValue="Biológica">Biologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
Las Cruces, Las Nubes Biological Reserve, and Parque Binacional La Amistad), the remaining localities where the species has been recorded (Suppl. material 3) are in forest patches surrounded by a matrix of pastures and small settlements. Based on the species distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="553371186C7594F455B05D446EDD1C41" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Central America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="86A4F71F64E42F2727277AFFFFF321C1" author="Castoe, TA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B23" refString="CATHALAC (2011) Mapa Centroamericano de cobertura y uso de la tierra, cambios de cobertura y uso de la tierra 1980-1990-2000-2010.Programa Regional para la Reduccion de la Vulnerabilidad y Degradacion Ambiental, Ciudad de Panama, 166 pp." year="2009">CATHALAC 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that nearly 37% of the forest cover throughout the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F4FCEC0DA8939AA7224F31C790B234B1" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
potential distribution area has been destroyed, mostly due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |