285 lines
42 KiB
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285 lines
42 KiB
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<document id="F59AE70BC4FA76722D209F9C4A48CAAF" ID-DOI="10.1206/3957.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5370642" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630269208487" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Engelman, Russell K., Flynn, John J., Wyss, André R. & Croft, Darin A." docDate="2020" docId="03E5D924536FFFA8D993C6EFFBE343C5" docLanguage="en" docName="N3957.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2020 (3957)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3957/3957.1/Eomakhaira-molossus-A-New-Saber-Toothed-Sparassodont-Metatheria--Thylacosmilinae/10.1206/3957.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Eomakhaira molossus Engelman & Flynn & Wyss & Croft 2020, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFDCA15C5368FFA1D821C27CFFDB421E" masterDocTitle="Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (? Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1699205881981" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="43E4F9B793644E8D97AA1854E68D5198">Eomakhaira molossus, A New Saber-Toothed Sparassodont (Metatheria: Thylacosmilinae) from the Early Oligocene (? Tinguirirican) Cachapoal Locality, Andean Main Range, Chile</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7CB86CA66E9774FF2613CB21F6B06089">Engelman, Russell K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="64E52E7FC884C1519A0A8289099029FC">Flynn, John J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AE2905A84BF5729B06AEF92E17282611">Wyss, André R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C2B2F5773CA79EC46C5D6FD333798AFC">Croft, Darin A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="AEEC821388668808B94D8EA708ABFE63">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1E5F6BB938E1ADC7D60CCC32F34E97E2">2020-07-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3852FEA1A722FAFC141977934D592E59">2020</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1A649305811848B39DD611B1EEDCD021">3957</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="8BF36832536FFFA6D993C6EFFCA346B1" blockId="7.[434,888,1171,1199]" box="[434,888,1171,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0BBDF5E536FFFA6D993C6EFFCA346B1" box="[434,888,1171,1199]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B938B420536FFFA6D993C6EFFD1B46B0" bold="true" box="[434,704,1171,1198]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B1536FFFA6D993C6EFFD6146B0" authority="Engelman & Flynn & Wyss & Croft, 2020" authorityName="Engelman & Flynn & Wyss & Croft" authorityYear="2020" box="[434,698,1171,1198]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Eomakhaira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B938B420536FFFA6D993C6EFFD6146B0" bold="true" box="[434,698,1171,1198]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Eomakhaira molossus</emphasis>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B095B536FFFA6DAE8C6E9FCA346B1" box="[713,888,1173,1199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3563BB9536FFFA6D9C9C6BBFC9B46FF" box="[488,832,1223,1249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF36832536FFFA6D9C9C6BBFC9B46FF" blockId="7.[488,832,1223,1249]" box="[488,832,1223,1249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="D0BBDF5E536FFFA6D9C9C6BBFC9B46FF" box="[488,832,1223,1249]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="137774B7536FFFA6D9C9C6BBFDAF46FF" box="[488,628,1223,1249]" captionStart-0="FIG 3" captionStart-1="FIG 4" captionStartId-0="10.[108,147,1439,1460]" captionStartId-1="11.[108,147,656,677]" captionTargetBox-0="[121,1196,231,1405]" captionTargetBox-1="[108,1192,224,630]" captionTargetId-0="figure-11@10.[108,1212,224,1411]" captionTargetId-1="figure-318@11.[75,679,198,652]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIG 3. A, C, Photographs and B, D, CT segmentation of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus, a partial skull of a senescent individual preserving the rostrum and the anterior portion of the mandible (SGOPV 3490) in left (A, B) and right (C, D) lateral views. In renderings of the CT segmentation, nasal in orange, facial process of the lacrimal in teal, palatine in blue, all other bones of the cranium (maxilla, jugal, frontal, etc.) in purple, teeth in yellow, and dentary in green. Anterior to left in A–B and to right in C–D. Scale = 30 mm." captionText-1="FIG 4. A, Photograph and B, line drawing of the exposed right upper canine and postcanine dentition of SGOPV 3490, showing their extreme wear. In B, enamel is denoted in dark grey, dentine in brown, and wear surfaces by light grey. The morphology of these teeth is not entirely visible, as much of the occluded upper and lower jaws of the specimen remain encased in matrix (compare with figs. 3 and 9). Scale = 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370646" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370648" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5370646/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5370648/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figures 3–4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137774B7536FFFA6DAA0C6BBFD6746FF" box="[641,700,1223,1249]" captionStart-0="FIG 6" captionStart-1="FIG 7" captionStart-10="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG 8" captionStart-3="FIG 9" captionStart-4="FIG 10" captionStart-5="FIG 11" captionStart-6="FIG 12" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStart-8="FIG" captionStart-9="FIG" captionStartId-0="14.[108,146,994,1015]" captionStartId-1="15.[109,148,1114,1135]" captionStartId-10="38.[108,150,1486,1507]" captionStartId-2="17.[108,147,1049,1070]" captionStartId-3="19.[108,147,1163,1184]" captionStartId-4="22.[109,148,994,1015]" captionStartId-5="26.[108,147,735,756]" captionStartId-6="29.[109,147,1457,1478]" captionStartId-7="31.[108,150,1258,1279]" captionStartId-8="33.[110,152,670,691]" captionStartId-9="35.[108,148,1420,1441]" captionTargetBox-0="[108,1213,228,967]" captionTargetBox-1="[108,1212,224,1086]" captionTargetBox-10="[113,1196,240,1460]" captionTargetBox-2="[108,1212,224,1022]" captionTargetBox-3="[119,1203,235,1123]" captionTargetBox-4="[108,1212,224,964]" captionTargetBox-5="[108,1212,225,709]" captionTargetBox-6="[108,1212,224,1428]" captionTargetBox-7="[376,937,229,1224]" captionTargetBox-8="[202,1118,224,643]" captionTargetBox-9="[126,1194,228,1390]" captionTargetId-0="figure-300@14.[108,1213,229,972]" captionTargetId-1="figure-201@15.[108,1212,224,1086]" captionTargetId-10="graphics-11@38.[113,948,245,1450]" captionTargetId-2="figure-290@17.[108,1212,224,1022]" captionTargetId-3="figure-184@19.[644,1203,676,1090]" captionTargetId-4="figure-199@22.[108,680,224,964]" captionTargetId-5="figure-370@26.[110,1212,224,708]" captionTargetId-6="figure-78@29.[108,1212,221,1428]" captionTargetId-7="figure-147@31.[374,946,224,1229]" captionTargetId-8="figure-388@33.[202,1118,224,643]" captionTargetId-9="figure-160@35.[108,1212,224,1394]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-10="38" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionTargetPageId-4="22" captionTargetPageId-5="26" captionTargetPageId-6="29" captionTargetPageId-7="31" captionTargetPageId-8="33" captionTargetPageId-9="35" captionText-0="FIG 6. Cranium of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490) in palatal view. Anterior to right. Colors of elements in this CT segmentation are the same as in figure 3. Abbreviations: mpps, medial postpalatine spine; pp, palatal pit; ptor, palatine torus; dental abbreviations as in Materials and Methods. Scale = 30 mm." captionText-1="FIG 7. Posterior palate of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490), in oblique anterior view. Anterior to lower left. Shows the paired palatine tori and broken border of the minor palatine foramen. Colors of elements in this CT segmentation are the same as in figure 3. Abbreviations: mpf, minor palatine foramen; ptor, palatine tori. Scale = 10 mm." captionText-10="FIG. 16. Results of parsimony phylogenetic analysis under equal weights, showing the strict consensus of 12 most parsimonious trees (MPTs).Eomakhaira molossus in bold. Numbers to upper left of each node represent Bremer supports/decay indices, numbers to lower left of each node represent bootstrap values. Support values not given for Dasyuromorphia, as this node was constrained a priori (see text)." captionText-2="FIG 8. Left orbital region of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490) in oblique posterolateral view. Anterior to left. Colors of elements in this CT segmentation are the same as in figure 3. Abbreviations: laf, lacrimal foramen, mpf, minor palatine foramen; spf, sphenopalatine foramen. Scale = 30 mm." captionText-3="FIG 9. Mandible of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490). Right dentary in A, labial and C, lingual views. Left dentary in B, labial and D, lingual views. Colors of elements are the same as in figure 3. Abbreviations:cor, coronoid process of dentary; sulc, lingual sulcus of the lower canine; menf, mental foramina; symph, mandibular symphysis. Scale = 50 mm." captionText-4="FIG 10. A, Photograph and B, C, CT images of the right upper canine of the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490). A, Lateral view, showing bluntness of canine apex and the absence of enamel, longitudinal ridges, and labial median canine sulcus. B, Transverse section of canine, slightly below alveolar border (actual point at alveolar border obscured by a crack), showing posterior keel. Anterior root of P1 (aP1) marked to show that the longitudinal ridge is not an artifact of postmortem damage. C, Transverse section of canine, at level of tooth row, showing presence of median labial keel and lingual median sulcus. Approximate location of sections in B, C denoted by arrows on A. Anterior to right in all images, and lingual to top in B, C. Abbreviations: aP1, anterior root of P1; mk, labial median keel; ms, lingual median sulcus; pr, posterior ridge. Scale = 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B, C)." captionText-5="FIG 11. Morphology of the left lower canine root in the holotype of Eomakhaira molossus (SGOPV 3490). A, CT reconstruction in oblique lateral view, showing prominent depression on proximal end of canine and its connection to the pulp cavity. Connection to pulp cavity has been artificially darkened for contrast.B, Oblique lateral CT image slice of SGOPV 3490, showing flared, smooth distal end of left lower canine (denoted by arrow). Scale = 10 mm." captionText-6="FIG 12. Oblique lateral CT image slice of SGOPV 3490 along the postcanine tooth row, showing position of lower molars and depth of horizontal ramus. Note how worn surfaces of P3 and m1 closely match one another. Scale = 30 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 13. Left M3–4 of SGOPV 3490 in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views (C rotated upside down for easier comparison with A, B). Anterior to left in all CT segmentation images. Scale = 3 mm." captionText-8="FIG. 14. Cross-sectional CT image of left M4 of SGOPV 3490 in A, oblique occlusal and B, posterior views. Shows presence of three roots. Scale bars = 5 mm." captionText-9="FIG. 15. Lower right dentition of SGOPV 3490 in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views. Colors of elements in this CT segmentation are the same as in figure 3. Anterior to right in A, B and to left in C. Scale = 30 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370652" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370654" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370672" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370656" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370658" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370660" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370662" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370664" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370666" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370668" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5370670" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5370652/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5370654/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/5370672/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5370656/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5370658/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5370660/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5370662/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5370664/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5370666/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5370668/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5370670/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">6–16</figureCitation>
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; tables 1–2
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3563BB9536FFFA6D8BDC68BFED947D5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF36832536FFFA6D8BDC68BFED947D5" blockId="7.[108,1215,1271,1745]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<materialsCitation id="3B24626F536FFFA6D8BDC68BFED947D5" collectionCode="SGOPV" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" specimenCode="SGOPV 3490" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54F7D690536FFFA6D8BDC68BFEC7470F" box="[156,284,1271,1297]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DBEAC049536FFFA6D90BC68BFE10470F" box="[298,459,1271,1297]" collectionCode="SGOPV" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SGOPV 3490</specimenCode>
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, a partial rostrum of a senescent individual preserving the right maxilla with C-P3, alveoli and partial roots of M1–2, and part of M3; left maxilla with C-P3, anterior root of M1, and M3–4; left and right horizontal rami of the mandible, including both lower canines and most of the postcanine dentition, as well as parts of the coronoid processes; the entire left and parts of the right nasal; parts of the palatine; and the orbital process of the left lacrimal.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3563BB9536FFFA9D8BDC7ABFDDE41DF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF36832536FFFA9D8BDC7ABFDDE41DF" blockId="7.[108,1215,1271,1745]" lastBlockId="8.[108,1214,225,1745]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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DIAGNOSIS: A member of Borhyaenoidea based on its short, robust rostrum, presence of lingual median canine sulci, extremely small protocone, small and unicuspid talonid on m4. Differs from all other borhyaenoid sparassodonts in the following combination of features: small size (smaller than most other borhyaenoids; length of m1–4 =
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<quantity id="4CB4C5D7536FFFA6DBBAC43BFBDD447F" box="[923,1030,1607,1633]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7299999999999995" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="37.3">37.3 mm</quantity>
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, comparable to
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B1536FFFA6D84FC410FE944498" authorityName="Shockey & Anaya" authorityYear="2008" box="[110,335,1644,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Fredszalaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hunteri">
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<emphasis id="B938B420536FFFA6D84FC410FE944498" box="[110,335,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fredszalaya hunteri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or the extant dasyuromorphian
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B1536FFFA6DAE6C410FC7F4498" baseAuthorityName="Boitard" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[711,932,1644,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasyuridae" genus="Sarcophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harrisii">
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<emphasis id="B938B420536FFFA6DAE6C410FC7F4498" box="[711,932,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sarcophilus harrisii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
); maxilla very deep and maxillary “cheeks” absent; mandibular symphysis unfused and anteroposteriorly narrow; two mental foramina present; length/width ratio of palate>1.5; palate extending to level of M4; presence of postpalatine tori (shared only with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DA87C29DFC8342E5" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[678,856,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DA87C29DFC8342E5" box="[678,856,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DBDEC29DFBB942E5" box="[1023,1122,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DBDEC29DFBB942E5" box="[1023,1122,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Callistoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among borhyaenoids); absence of postpalatine torus foramen; sphenorbital foramen opening dorsal to M4; large canines; absence of longitudinal striations on the canine roots (shared only with other thylacosmilines and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DA2BC32EFD074375" box="[522,732,338,363]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Lycopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viverensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DA2BC32EFD074375" box="[522,732,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lycopsis viverensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); median keel on the labial face of upper canines; medial sulcus on lingual face of upper and lower canines; short lower canine roots; presence of three premolars with no diastemata between them; premolars large and robust but not globular; asymmetric protoconid of P1 (shared only with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DB18C3BDFC3043C5" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[825,1003,449,475]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DB18C3BDFC3043C5" box="[825,1003,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DC05C3BDFB5D43C5" box="[1060,1158,449,475]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DC05C3BDFB5D43C5" box="[1060,1158,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Callistoe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); P3 significantly longer than p3 (possibly autapomorphic for this taxon); bulbous roots only on p3; preparacingulum absent; M3 with narrow stylar shelf and prominent ectoflexus; M4 extremely narrow anteroposteriorly (only comparable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DAA8C04DFCFB4055" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi and Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[649,800,561,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DAA8C04DFCFB4055" box="[649,800,561,587]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among borhyaenoids), subequal or greater in width to M3, and with three roots; protocone vestigial (at least on M4); absence of an anteriorly projecting ventral keel of paraconid (which only occurs in proborhyaenids among sparassodonts); protoconid of m4 posteriorly salient; metaconid absent on m4 and probably m2–3; posterolabial cingulid present; talonid of m4 almost absent; and p1–3 short relative to m1–4 (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D975C090FDD84118" authorityName="Hoffstetter & Petter" authorityYear="1983" box="[340,515,748,774]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Paraborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D975C090FDD84118" box="[340,515,748,774]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paraborhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among borhyaenoids with three premolars). Canines more mediolaterally compressed than in borhyaenoids other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DB1DC16DFC0A4135" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi and Carlini" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[828,977,785,811]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Patagosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DB1DC16DFC0A4135" box="[828,977,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Patagosmilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DBC1C16DFB5A4135" box="[992,1153,785,811]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacosmilidae" genus="Thylacosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DBC1C16DFB5A4135" box="[992,1153,785,811]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thylacosmilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D8F2C14BFEAF414F" box="[211,372,823,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Proborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D8F2C14BFEAF414F" box="[211,372,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proborhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. P/p3 labiolingually narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DB18C14BFC1B414F" authorityName="Shockey & Anaya" authorityYear="2008" box="[825,960,823,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Fredszalaya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DB18C14BFC1B414F" box="[825,960,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fredszalaya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DBEFC14BFBE7414F" authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1903" box="[974,1084,823,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Plesiofelis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DBEFC14BFBE7414F" box="[974,1084,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Plesiofelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DC6BC14BFB6E414F" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[1098,1205,823,849]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Acrocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DC6BC14BFB6E414F" box="[1098,1205,823,849]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Acrocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D84DC120FF324168" baseAuthorityName="Forasiepi" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[108,233,860,886]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Arctodictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D84DC120FF324168" box="[108,233,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arctodictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D8DBC120FE6B4168" box="[250,432,860,886]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Australohyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Marsupialia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D8DBC120FE6B4168" box="[250,432,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Australohyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D9E3C120FDE44168" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[450,575,860,886]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Borhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D9E3C120FDE44168" box="[450,575,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Borhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DAA9C120FD294168" box="[648,754,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DAA9C120FD344168" box="[648,751,860,886]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Callistoe" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Callistoe</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but wider than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DBC1C120FB5E4168" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1891" box="[992,1157,860,886]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Prothylacynus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DBC1C120FB5E4168" box="[992,1157,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Prothylacynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and some individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D94CC1FDFDD54185" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[365,526,897,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Borhyaenidae" genus="Pharsophorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D94CC1FDFDD54185" box="[365,526,897,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pharsophorus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, comparable in relative proportions to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9DC21C1FDFB6E4185" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1902" box="[1024,1205,897,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Arminiheringia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9DC21C1FDFB6E4185" box="[1024,1205,897,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Arminiheringia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D84DC1DBFEC141DF" authorityName="Hoffstetter & Petter" authorityYear="1983" box="[108,282,935,961]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Paraborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D84DC1DBFEC141DF" box="[108,282,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paraborhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D97FC1DBFE2641DF" box="[350,509,935,961]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Proborhyaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D97FC1DBFE2641DF" box="[350,509,935,961]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proborhyaena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3563BB95360FFA9D8BDC1B1FBBA470F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF368325360FFA9D8BDC1B1FB474615" blockId="8.[108,1214,225,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5DF0F75360FFA9D8BDC1B1FE8641F8" box="[156,349,972,999]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
|
||
: Cachapoal locality, west side of Estero Los Llanos of the upper Río Cachapoal drainage,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4988A6D05360FFA9D945C18DFC404615" box="[356,923,1009,1035]" country="Chile" name="Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins Region</collectingRegion>
|
||
, central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B28A25360FFA9DC21C18DFBE44615" box="[1024,1087,1009,1035]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
(fig. 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF368325360FFA9D8BDC66BFBBA470F" blockId="8.[108,1214,225,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B24626F5360FFA9D8BDC66BFB86470F" collectionCode="SGOPV" county="Within" elevation="1500" location="Estero Los Llanos" municipality="Cachapoal region" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="SGOPV 3490" specimenCount="1">
|
||
STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE: Abanico Formation. Most specimens from
|
||
<location id="8E933EE95360FFA9DBD3C66BFB66462F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5D924536FFFA8D993C6EFFBE343C5:8E933EE95360FFA9DBD3C66BFB66462F" box="[1010,1213,1047,1073]" county="Within" municipality="Cachapoal region" name="Estero Los Llanos" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Estero Los Llanos</location>
|
||
were recovered from talus cones at the SE nose of a roughly N-S running ridge of ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4C5D75360FFA9DC39C640FBAD4649" box="[1048,1142,1084,1111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1500.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00618F015360FFA9DC39C640FBAD4649" box="[1048,1142,1084,1111]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1500.0">1,500 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
relief.
|
||
<location id="8E933EE95360FFA9D84DC61DFF454665" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5D924536FFFA8D993C6EFFBE343C5:8E933EE95360FFA9D84DC61DFF454665" box="[108,158,1121,1147]" county="Within" municipality="Cachapoal region" name="This" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">This</location>
|
||
ridge roughly parallels the strike of the steeply west-dipping beds.
|
||
<location id="8E933EE95360FFA9DBE8C61DFC2E4665" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5D924536FFFA8D993C6EFFBE343C5:8E933EE95360FFA9DBE8C61DFC2E4665" box="[969,1013,1121,1147]" county="Within" municipality="Cachapoal region" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">The</location>
|
||
thickness of the
|
||
<location id="8E933EE95360FFA9D84DC6FBFE9546BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E5D924536FFFA8D993C6EFFBE343C5:8E933EE95360FFA9D84DC6FBFE9546BF" box="[108,334,1159,1185]" county="Within" municipality="Cachapoal region" name="Abanico Formation" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Abanico Formation</location>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B97F2485360FFA9D9BEC6FBFDB246BF" box="[415,617,1159,1185]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cachapoal region</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
has not been measured in detail but is on the order of
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4C5D75360FFA9D8AAC6D0FEF746D9" box="[139,300,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="3000.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="2000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="00618F015360FFA9D8AAC6D0FEF746D9" box="[139,300,1196,1223]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="3000.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000–4000 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629210BE5360FFA9D916C6D0FE5246D8" box="[311,393,1196,1222]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Within</collectingCounty>
|
||
this thick succession, the exact horizon that produced
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBEAC0495360FFA9DC26C6D0FB7946D8" box="[1031,1186,1196,1222]" collectionCode="SGOPV" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">SGOPV 3490</specimenCode>
|
||
is not known, as the specimen was collected from talus. For additional geological context of the Cachpaoal locality see Flynn and Wyss (2004), Hitz et al. (2006), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD15C35360FFA9DBB1C68BFB86470F" author="West, A. R." box="[912,1117,1271,1297]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="254" refId="ref40788" refString="West, A. R., et al. 2014. New high-precision 40 Ar / 39 Ar geochronology of fossil-bearing strata of the Cachapoal Valley, Andean Main Range, Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, SVP Program and Abstracts 2014: 254." type="journal article" year="2014">West et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3563BB95360FFA8D8BCC760FCB9433F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF368325360FFA8D8BCC760FCB9433F" blockId="8.[108,1214,225,1745]" lastBlockId="9.[108,1212,225,476]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
AGE: Probably early Oligocene,?Tinguirirican SALMA. Fossils from the Cachapoal locality are likely at least 29.3 ± 0.1 million years old (at least in part), based on an unpublished date for a volcanic tuff that is thought to either correlate with or overlie the fossil-producing horizons at Los Llanos (Charrier et al., 1997; Flynn and Wyss, 2004). It must be cautioned, however, that this date is from ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CB4C5D75360FFA9D95BC7CDFE6C47D5" box="[378,439,1457,1484]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
to the south, in the neighboring Las Leñas drainage, and that the units involved have not been traced directly between the two locations due to precipitous intervening topography. The only radioisotopic date for the Cachapoal Valley itself is an
|
||
<superScript id="7C39C57A5360FFA9D84DC45CFFA4442F" attach="right" box="[108,127,1568,1585]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">40</superScript>
|
||
Ar/
|
||
<superScript id="7C39C57A5360FFA9D886C45CFF61442F" attach="right" box="[167,186,1568,1585]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">39</superScript>
|
||
Ar date of 11.1 ± 1.8 Ma reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD15C35360FFA9DA5DC45EFCD04425" author="West, A. R." box="[636,779,1569,1596]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref40726" refString="West, A. R. 2017. Multidisciplinary investigations on the origins and evolution of the extinct ungulate order Notoungulata (Mammalia: Placentalia) and the extinct muskox genus Bootherium (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, 353 pp." type="book" year="2017">West (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from levels far above the fossil-producing strata, which does little to precisely constrain the age of the fossils. The presence of the polydolopid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D928C410FE7F4498" box="[265,420,1644,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Polydolopidae" genus="Kramadolops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D928C410FE7F4498" box="[265,420,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kramadolops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D99DC410FDE34498" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1897" box="[444,568,1644,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Polydolopidae" genus="Polydolops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paucituberculata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D99DC410FDE34498" box="[444,568,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polydolops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Flynn and Wyss, 2004) and the archaeohyracid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D84DC4EDFD9344B5" authority="(Croft et al., 2008 a)" baseAuthorityName="Croft" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[108,584,1681,1708]" class="Mammalia" family="Oldfieldthomasiidae" genus="Archaeotypotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D84DC4EDFE8344B5" box="[108,344,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Archaeotypotherium</emphasis>
|
||
(Croft et al., 2008a)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest a pre-Deseadan age, and the presence of the interathere
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15360FFA9D8D5C4CBFE6E44CF" box="[244,437,1719,1745]" class="Mammalia" family="Interatheriidae" genus="Johnbell" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hatcheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205360FFA9D8D5C4CBFE6E44CF" box="[244,437,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Johnbell hatcheri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, otherwise known only from the Tinguirirican
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7D6905360FFA9DBC6C4CBFBC144CF" box="[999,1050,1719,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (Hitz et al., 2006), suggests that fossils from the Cachapoal locality are probably similar in age to those of the Tinguiririca Fauna (~33–32 Ma; Flynn et al., 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3563BB95361FFA8D8BDC350FBE343C5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF368325361FFA8D8BDC350FBE343C5" blockId="9.[108,1212,225,476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
ETYMOLOGY: The name of the genus derives from the Greek root
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205361FFA8DB9BC351FC034358" box="[954,984,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Eo</emphasis>
|
||
s, meaning “dawn,” and
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205361FFA8D8BFC32DFED64375" box="[158,269,337,363]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">makhaira</emphasis>
|
||
, a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F7D6905361FFA8D90FC32EFEBB4372" box="[302,352,338,364]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of short sword or large knife (often translated as “carving knife”), in reference to the bladelike canines of thylacosmilines. The specific epithet comes from the Greek
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C13B15361FFA8D84DC3E0FF0943A8" authorityName="Engelman & Flynn & Wyss & Croft" authorityYear="2020" box="[108,210,412,438]" class="Mammalia" family="Proborhyaenidae" genus="Eomakhaira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sparassodonta" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938B4205361FFA8D84DC3E0FF0943A8" box="[108,210,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">molossus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a term used to refer to short-snouted, robust-skulled dog breeds such as mastiffs and bulldogs and refers to the short, robust snout of this species. Gender is masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |