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<document id="D2583DD9C953854118B243DC25326AC8" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6FF2CA0FF17FA861466F97F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Promyopias Santschi" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="131" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="129" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A67E6904FBE3AEB20CAD3CB7EF5E3FB4">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3A57425E81B5ED63C6708F4118782EFE" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3F37E73821B9A29C23EC8B47E632FEA3">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8D42CB1ABCFBB2ABB1713F2B98C3212">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5FA61DDE3C29A7777B214650B327E76D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9F0363A44944A6DC864C3E8A6C775849">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8D41BF1D017EE92D2B160DE60F09BD4F">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="613353768976DBC114F40B4B34E974EC" type="volume">
<mods:number id="F1AE5A19A5574060504D68D2D88C7523">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6FF2CA0FF17FA861466F97F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117520" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709894" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117520" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6FF2CA0FF17FA861466F97F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6FF2CA0FF17FA861466F97F" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6FF2CA2FF17FA8611F2FA80" box="[151,407,1376,1402]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF17FA8611F2FA80" blockId="128.[151,407,1376,1435]" box="[151,407,1376,1402]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6FF2CA2FF17FA8611F2FA80" bold="true" box="[151,407,1376,1402]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FA8611F2FA80" authority="Santschi" authorityName="Santschi" box="[151,407,1376,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FA8611F2FA80" bold="true" box="[151,407,1376,1402]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FA861143FA80" bold="true" box="[151,294,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
Santschi
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6FF2CA2FF17FA641083FA61" box="[151,230,1410,1435]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF17FA641083FA61" blockId="128.[151,407,1376,1435]" box="[151,230,1410,1435]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6FF2CA2FF17FA641083FA61" box="[151,230,1410,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="129.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1901]" captionTargetId="figure-174@129.[151,1436,481,1912]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="FIGURE 24. Worker caste of Promyopias silvestrii: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178751, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Promyopias." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120868/files/figure.png" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6FF2CA2FF17FA2D1295F992" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF17FA2D1391FA05" blockId="128.[151,1436,1482,1535]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6FF2CA2FF17FA2D1391FA05" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6FF2CA2FF17FA2D11B8FA1A" author="Santschi, F." box="[151,477,1482,1504]" page="323" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FA2D11B8FA1A" authority="Santschi, 1914: 323" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="323" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,477,1482,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FA2D1174FA1A" box="[151,273,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FE96FA2C11B8FA1A" author="Santschi, F." box="[278,477,1482,1504]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 323</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FD06FA2D12B8FA1A" ID-CoL="63D42" box="[646,733,1483,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FD06FA2D12B8FA1A" box="[646,733,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Type-species:
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6FF2CA2FC03FA2D15FDFA1A" author="Santschi, F." box="[899,1432,1482,1504]" page="324" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" year="1914">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FC03FA2D15FDFA1A" authority="Santschi, 1914: 324" authorityName="Santschi" authorityPageNumber="324" authorityYear="1914" box="[899,1432,1482,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii" subGenus="Promyopias">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FC03FA2D13BFFA1A" box="[899,986,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Myopias</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FC68FA2D1404FA1A" box="[1000,1121,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FBF0FA2C14A2FA1A" box="[1136,1223,1482,1504]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">silvestrii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FB4DFA2C15FDFA1A" author="Santschi, F." box="[1229,1432,1482,1504]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi, 1914: 324</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
; by monotypy.
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6FF2CA2FED8FA0F1209FA05" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6232587" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6232587" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[344,620,1513,1535]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AE8787FF99FFD4FF76F974E931FF40" page="28" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FED8FA0F1209FA05" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[344,620,1513,1535]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FF2CA2FED8FA0F11F8FA05" box="[344,413,1513,1535]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008c: 28
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FDFCFA0C1293FA05" box="[636,758,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FDFCFA0C1293FA05" box="[636,758,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revived status as genus).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF17F9CB1295F992" blockId="128.[151,1437,1580,2037]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17F9CB1178F9BE" box="[151,285,1581,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17F9CB1178F9BE" box="[151,285,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a monotypic genus restricted to western Africa. Nothing definite is known about its habits, but it is presumably hypogeic and may be a termite specialist.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6FF2CA0FF47F99211DDFE9F" lastPageId="130" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF47F992148BF857" blockId="128.[151,1437,1580,2037]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF47F9921124F977" bold="true" box="[199,321,1652,1677]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Workers of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE5BF9931204F976" box="[475,609,1653,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE5BF9931204F976" box="[475,609,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be identified by the following unique combination of characters: mandibles narrow and curved, anterior margin of clypeus with a blunt medial projection, eyes absent, metapleural gland orifice shielded laterally by a cuticular flap, traction setae present on mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi, and petiole articulating near the midheight of the first gastral segment. The flap lateral to the metapleural gland orifice is autapomorphic.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE47F8E31228F8E6" box="[455,589,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE47F8E31228F8E6" box="[455,589,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers may be confused with those of
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FBBFF8E21514F8E6" box="[1087,1393,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FBBFF8E21482F8E1" box="[1087,1255,1796,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FB78F8E31514F8E6" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1272,1393,1797,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Buniapone</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, or
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17F8CF1179F8BA" box="[151,284,1833,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17F8CF1179F8BA" box="[151,284,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Feroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as all four genera share traction setae on the legs, a relatively high helcium, and absent or tiny (in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17F8AB1175F89E" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,272,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17F8AB1175F89E" box="[151,272,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Buniapone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) eyes. None of these other genera have similarly narrow and curved mandibles, however, and only
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17F8961175F87D" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,272,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17F8961175F87D" box="[151,272,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Buniapone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a medial clypeal projection.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FD0FF8961370F87D" box="[655,789,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FD0FF8961370F87D" box="[655,789,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may also be confused with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FBDBF89614D9F87D" box="[1115,1212,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FBDBF89614D9F87D" box="[1115,1212,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FB79F896153CF87D" box="[1273,1369,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FB79F896153CF87D" box="[1273,1369,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks traction setae on the legs, usually has eyes, and has a low helcium (among many other differences).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA3FF47F85E14CEFE51" blockId="128.[151,1437,1580,2037]" lastBlockId="129.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="129" lastPageNumber="130" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF47F85E11A1F82B" bold="true" box="[199,452,1976,2001]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE4CF85E1247F82B" box="[460,546,1976,2001]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Worker.</emphasis>
Medium-sized (TL 6.0–
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6FF2CA2FCB8F85E13EAF82B" box="[824,911,1976,2001]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" unit="mm" value="6.3">6.3 mm</quantity>
) ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FAB6F85E15FDF82B" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1976,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles long and narrow, with at most a few small teeth and with a faint basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus with a short blunt medial projection. Frontal lobes moderately large. Scapes moderately flattened. Eyes absent. Metanotal groove absent to distinct dorsally. Propodeum moderately narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles ovoid. Metapleural gland orifice shielded laterally by a cuticular flap. Mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi armed with stout traction setae. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole nodiform, becoming wider posteriorly. Helcium projecting from near midheight of anterior face of A3. Gaster with a slight girdling constriction between A3 and A4. Head and body lightly sculptured (variously punctate, striate or smooth), with scattered pilosity and pubescence. Color dark orange.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FE2CA3FD85FE89124BFE72" box="[517,558,367,392]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">See</collectingRegion>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FE2CA3FDB6FE89132BFE72" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[566,846,367,392]" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FE2CA3FDB6FE8912E7FE72" box="[566,642,367,392]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008c)
</bibRefCitation>
for a more detailed description of worker structure, including a description of the lone autapomorphy of the genus: the unique shape of the prora.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6FE2CA3FF17F86B1457F838" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120868/files/figure.png" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" startId="129.[151,250,1933,1955]" targetBox="[151,1436,481,1901]" targetPageId="129">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FE2CA3FF17F86B1457F838" blockId="129.[151,1436,1933,1986]" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FE2CA3FF17F86B114CF859" bold="true" box="[151,297,1933,1955]" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FE2CA3FE7BF86812BEF859" baseAuthorityName="Santschi" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[507,731,1933,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FE2CA3FE7BF86812BEF859" box="[507,731,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Promyopias silvestrii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178751, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FE2CA3FC33F84B1449F838" box="[947,1068,1965,1986]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FE2CA3FC33F84B1449F838" box="[947,1068,1965,1986]" italics="true" pageId="129" pageNumber="130">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FF7E1089FF2F" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Queen.</emphasis>
Similar to worker but slightly larger, winged and with compound eyes and ocelli (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FB59FF711085FF2F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FB59FF711542FF4A" box="[1241,1319,151,176]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008c
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FF3911E0FF02" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" box="[199,389,223,248]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FF39116DFF02" box="[199,264,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FEE311DEFEE6" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" box="[199,443,260,285]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FEE31174FEE6" box="[199,273,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Larva.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FE98FEE21127FEE1" box="[280,322,260,283]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Not</collectingRegion>
described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FEC111DDFE9F" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FEC11191FEBA" bold="true" box="[199,500,295,320]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD80FECE12E3FEC5" box="[512,646,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FD80FECE12E3FEC5" box="[512,646,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation id="3BB6E24DA6FD2CA0FD13FEC111D1FE9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3325973306" location="western Africa" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bolton">
is known only from a handful of collections from
<location id="8E01BECBA6FD2CA0FB71FECE15F9FEBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6FF2CA0FF17FA861466F97F:8E01BECBA6FD2CA0FB71FECE15F9FEBA" box="[1265,1436,295,320]" name="western Africa" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" stateProvince="Bolton">western Africa</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FF1EFEAA11C9FE9F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[158,428,332,357]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FF1EFEAA1089FE9F" box="[158,236,332,357]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008c
</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6FD2CA0FF47FE891466F97F" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FE89129FFD32" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FE8911B5FE72" bold="true" box="[199,464,367,392]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Nothing is known about the habits of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC02FE96146DFE7D" box="[898,1032,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC02FE96146DFE7D" box="[898,1032,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though based on its morphological characteristics it is undoubtedly hypogeic.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FDFFFE7513FCFE56" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[639,921,403,428]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FDFFFE7512AEFE56" box="[639,715,403,428]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008c)
</bibRefCitation>
suggest that it most likely feeds on termites, though this has never been observed. Their hypothesis is apparently based on a presumed close relationship with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FF17FE3D1159FE08" box="[151,316,475,498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF17FE3D1159FE08" box="[151,316,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a termite specialist. However, the mandibular and clypeal structure of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FB38FE3D155BFE08" box="[1208,1342,475,498]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FB38FE3D155BFE08" box="[1208,1342,475,498]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much more similar to that of
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE39FE19132AFDEC" box="[441,847,509,534]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE39FE191279FDEC" box="[441,540,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myopias</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FDADFE1B12DBFDEC" box="[557,702,509,534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plectroctena</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD50FE19132AFDEC" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[720,847,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leptogenys</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC1AFE1B142AFDEC" box="[922,1103,509,534]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC1AFE1B142EFDEC" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[922,1099,509,534]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Psalidomyrmex</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which are to large degrees specialist predators of millipedes (
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FD99FDC41373FDC0" box="[537,790,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD99FDC41218FDC3" box="[537,637,546,569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myopias</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD08FDC71373FDC0" box="[648,790,545,570]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Plectroctena</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), isopods (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC13FDC41477FDC3" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[915,1042,546,569]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC13FDC41477FDC3" box="[915,1042,546,569]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or earthworms (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FB5DFDC715EEFDC0" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[1245,1419,545,570]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FB5DFDC715EEFDC0" box="[1245,1419,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Long curved mandibles and medial clypeal projections are apparently favored for the capture of round prey (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FF1EFD8E1110FD7B" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B." box="[158,373,616,641]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="981 - 996" refId="ref138317" refString="Dejean, A., Suzzoni, J. P. &amp; Schatz, B. (2001) Behavioral adaptations of an African ponerine ant in the capture of millipedes. Behavior, 138, 981 - 996. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 156853901753286524" type="journal article" year="2001">Déjean et al, 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and we hypothesize that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD25FD8F134EFD7A" box="[677,811,617,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FD25FD8F134EFD7A" box="[677,811,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
likewise feeds on some kind of hard round prey, most likely millipedes. On the other hand, both
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FDF2FD6D1365FD5E" box="[626,768,651,676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FDF2FD6D1365FD5E" box="[626,768,651,676]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FCB7FD6A13D3FD59" baseAuthorityName="Ito &amp; Ohkawara" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[823,950,652,675]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FCB7FD6A13D3FD59" box="[823,950,652,675]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Leptogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include species known to feed on termites, so termite predation by
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE21FD561242FD3D" box="[417,551,688,711]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE21FD561242FD3D" box="[417,551,688,711]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not improbable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FD3411CAFBFD" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF47FD3412BDFD11" bold="true" box="[199,728,722,747]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD60FD351303FD10" box="[736,870,723,746]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FD60FD351303FD10" box="[736,870,723,746]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FB34FD341503FD11" author="Santschi, F." box="[1204,1382,722,747]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="309 - 385" refId="ref161231" refString="Santschi, F. (1914) Formicides de l'Afrique occidentale et australe du voyage de Mr. le Professeur F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 8, 309 - 385." type="journal article" year="1914">Santschi (1914)</bibRefCitation>
as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FEACFD1111E9FCF4" box="[300,396,759,782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FEACFD1111E9FCF4" box="[300,396,759,782]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Myopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on similar mandibular and clypeal structure. Since that time the genus has had a complicated taxonomic history.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FD9BFCFC12A4FCC8" author="Emery, C." box="[539,705,793,818]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="3 - 26" refId="ref141372" refString="Emery, C. (1915) Formiche raccolte nell'Eritrea dal Prof. F. Silvestri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici, 10, 3 - 26" type="journal article" year="1915">Emery (1915)</bibRefCitation>
gave
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC97FCFC13F8FCCB" box="[791,925,794,817]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC97FCFC13F8FCCB" box="[791,925,794,817]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
full generic status, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FB54FCFF15F9FCC8" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1236,1436,793,818]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
considered it a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE7AFCDB12F9FCAC" box="[506,668,829,854]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE7AFCDB12F9FCAC" box="[506,668,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Wheeler’s association of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC67FCD81408FCAF" box="[999,1133,830,853]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC67FCD81408FCAF" box="[999,1133,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FB3FFCDB1504FCAC" box="[1215,1377,829,854]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FB3FFCDB1504FCAC" box="[1215,1377,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was apparently based on similarities in the mandibles and legs, though true
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC37FC86143CFC83" box="[951,1113,864,889]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC37FC86143CFC83" box="[951,1113,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks the characters referred to by Wheeler, and we can only presume that he was referencing
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC36FC6214B5FC67" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[950,1232,900,925]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amblyops">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC36FC6214B5FC67" box="[950,1232,900,925]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Pseudoponera amblyops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FAA3FC631167FC3A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FAA3FC631167FC3A" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Buniapone amblyops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FE9AFC4111A9FC3A" author="Santschi, F." box="[282,460,935,960]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="155 - 173" refId="ref161332" refString="Santschi, F. (1924) Revue du genre Plectroctena F. Smith. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 31, 155 - 173." type="journal article" year="1924">Santschi (1924)</bibRefCitation>
revived
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FDB0FC4E12D3FC45" box="[560,694,936,959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FDB0FC4E12D3FC45" box="[560,694,936,959]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to full genus status and placed it in subtribe
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FB36FC411530FC3A" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[1206,1365,935,960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Plectroctenini">Plectroctenini</taxonomicName>
, but it was later synonymized under
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE65FC2D12EFFC18" box="[485,650,971,994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE65FC2D12EFFC18" box="[485,650,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to the shared presence of spinose setae on the legs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FA81FC2D15F2FC1E" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1281,1431,971,996]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown, 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FF17FC0811C7FBFD" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[151,418,1006,1031]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FF17FC081086FBFD" box="[151,227,1006,1031]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008c
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FBF41397FB42" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
In their revision of African
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE7AFBF413A5FBD0" authority=", Bolton &amp; Fisher (2008 c)" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[506,960,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE7AFBF412C3FBD3" box="[506,678,1042,1065]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Centromyrmex,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FD2DFBF713A5FBD0" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[685,960,1041,1066]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref133646" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 c) Afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera Centromyrmex Mayr, Promyopias Santschi gen. rev. and Feroponera gen. n., with a revised key to genera of African Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 19, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2008">Bolton &amp; Fisher (2008c)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
revived
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FBA1FBF414C2FBD3" box="[1057,1191,1042,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FBA1FBF414C2FBD3" box="[1057,1191,1042,1065]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
once again to generic status, based on the unique structure of its helcium and the absence of the apomorphic metapleural gland orifice structure characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FE41FBBF1203FB8A" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[449,614,1113,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FE41FBBF1203FB8A" box="[449,614,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FDF6FBBE12A7FB8B" box="[630,706,1112,1137]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher did note the multiple similarities between the genera, such as the eyeless condition of the workers, the spinose legs, and the high helcium, and suggested that these characters may be synapomorphic for these genera (along with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FCDCFB471384FB42" box="[860,993,1185,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FCDCFB471384FB42" box="[860,993,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Feroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FB25136BFABC" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
However, recent preliminary molecular results (P.S. Ward, pers. comm.) suggest that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FB17FB221578FB21" box="[1175,1309,1220,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FB17FB221578FB21" box="[1175,1309,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FF41FB00110EFB05" box="[193,363,1254,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF41FB00110EFB05" box="[193,363,1254,1279]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and is only distantly related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FC99FB0113DBFB04" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[793,958,1255,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FC99FB0113DBFB04" box="[793,958,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These results suggest that the similarities noted above are convergent rather than being apomorphic. Additional study will be required to clarify the placement of this genus within the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD16FACB136FFABC" box="[662,778,1325,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FD2CA0FF47FAB71466F97F" blockId="130.[151,1437,151,1669]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FD2CA0FF47FAB711E0FA90" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[199,389,1361,1386]" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
apparently believed that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FD22FAB4134DFA93" box="[674,808,1362,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FD22FAB4134DFA93" box="[674,808,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FBA9FAB41570FA90" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1065,1301,1361,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FBA9FAB41570FA90" box="[1065,1301,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Buniapone amblyops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These taxa share a number of morphological apomorphies, including narrowed mandibles (though the details of mandibular structure differ between them), a median clypeal projection, moderately large frontal lobes, basally flattened scapes, absent or reduced eyes, reduced or vestigial metanotal groove, ovoid propodeal spiracle, a high helcium, and spinose setae on the mesotibiae and meso-/metabasitarsi. Most of these morphological apomorphies are adaptations to a hypogeic lifestyle, and may have been convergently evolved by these genera. Both genera also have cuticular flaps at the metapleural gland orifice, though the details of this character differ between the genera: in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FF36F9AC114AF99B" authorityName="Schmidt &amp; Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[182,303,1610,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF36F9AC114AF99B" box="[182,303,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Buniapone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the metapleural gland orifice has two flaps, one anterior and one posterior to the orifice, while in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FD2CA0FF17F98B1178F97E" box="[151,285,1645,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="130" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FD2CA0FF17F98B1178F97E" box="[151,285,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the flap is lateral and shields the orifice (B.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FD2CA0FC8EF98A1338F97F" box="[782,861,1644,1669]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="130" pageNumber="131">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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