417 lines
54 KiB
XML
417 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="F27279A9CD7EC22737DB4CB83E8FC04D" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6E42CBFFF17FD76110DFBC9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Simopelta Mann" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="158" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="156" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="AB65BDE11E0481ACD8297FEE7F78E413">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F6FA14C3043D2E5A4E08DC9926CBDBAB">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8B60D2B7A9E744E26F9A0D39456747F9">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BC5E82D3BBB25592BF9EF1983BF081D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8A1B83AF9C8FB27143183174B5C57085">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="825B6EC827D78A9FDE308F62E097AC3F">
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<mods:date id="61C18402C950DE5F79BFA02576E874DE">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B2CB5C5AE3DB88E67151E8CE5EB54042">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C11E803C0E6803344BD9B7E64BEB69B6">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6E42CBFFF17FD76110DFBC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117560" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6E42CBFFF17FD76110DFBC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6E42CBFFF17FD76110DFBC9" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E42CB9FF17FD761104FD50" box="[151,353,656,682]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF17FD761104FD50" blockId="155.[151,353,656,715]" box="[151,353,656,682]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6E42CB9FF17FD761104FD50" bold="true" box="[151,353,656,682]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FF17FD761104FD50" ID-CoL="644QC" ID-ENA="411723" authority="Mann" authorityName="Mann" box="[151,353,656,682]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF17FD761104FD50" bold="true" box="[151,353,656,682]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF17FD76116AFD50" bold="true" box="[151,271,656,682]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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Mann
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E42CB9FF17FD541083FD31" box="[151,230,690,715]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF17FD541083FD31" blockId="155.[151,353,656,715]" box="[151,230,690,715]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6E42CB9FF17FD541083FD31" box="[151,230,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="156.[151,250,1519,1541]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-254@156.[151,1436,193,1498]" captionTargetPageId="156" captionText="FIGURE 32. Worker caste of Simopolta pergandei: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178701, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Simopolta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120884/files/figure.png" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E42CB9FF17FD1C1229FC47" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF17FD1C11FDFCD5" blockId="155.[151,1436,762,815]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6E42CB9FF17FD1C11FDFCD5" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6E42CB9FF17FD1C11C0FCEA" author="Mann, W. M." box="[151,421,762,784]" page="10" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" year="1922">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FF17FD1C11C0FCEA" ID-CoL="644QC" authority="Mann, 1922: 10" authorityName="Mann" authorityPageNumber="10" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,421,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF17FD1C1099FCEA" box="[151,252,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FE83FD1D11C0FCEA" author="Mann, W. M." box="[259,421,762,784]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref153070" refString="Mann, W. M. (1922) Ants from Honduras and Guatemala. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61, 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2434.1" type="journal article" year="1922">Mann, 1922: 10</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FDD4FD1C12ABFCEA" ID-CoL="39CY" box="[596,718,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FDD4FD1C12ABFCEA" box="[596,718,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6E42CB9FCF6FD1C1512FCEA" author="Mann, W. M." box="[886,1399,762,784]" page="415" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" year="1916">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FCF6FD1C1512FCEA" authority="Mann, 1916: 415" authorityName="Mann" authorityPageNumber="415" authorityYear="1916" box="[886,1399,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeckylli" subGenus="Simopelta">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FCF6FD1C1394FCEA" box="[886,1009,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FB80FD1C1400FCEA" box="[1024,1125,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FBF4FD1C14D8FCEA" box="[1140,1213,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">jeckylli</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FB45FD1D1512FCEA" author="Mann, W. M." box="[1221,1399,762,784]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="399 - 490" refId="ref152997" refString="Mann, W. M. (1916) The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The ants of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 60, 399 - 490." type="journal article" year="1916">Mann, 1916: 415</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF17FCBA1229FC47" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FF17FCBA1162FC8F" ID-CoL="644QC" box="[151,263,860,885]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF17FCBA1162FC8F" box="[151,263,860,885]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a moderate-sized genus (21 described species) restricted to the Neotropics. These ants are notable for their army ant-like lifestyles, including apparently obligate group predation on other ants, reproduction by dichthadiiform queens, and nomadism.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E42CB9FF47FC21123FF80F" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47FC211456FB6F" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47FC211124FC1A" bold="true" box="[199,321,967,992]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FED2FC2111A7FC1A" box="[338,450,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FED2FC2111A7FC1A" box="[338,450,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers can be readily diagnosed by the following combination of characters: subtriangular mandibles, raised clypeal rostrum, eyes small and often consisting of only a single enlarged ommatidium, metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped lip, usually an absence of stout traction setae on the middle and hind legs, and presence of prominent arolia. The clypeal rostrum is autapomorphic within
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FAB6FBD215FCFBB7" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1433,1076,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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. Some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FF5EFBB111C2FB8A" box="[222,423,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF5EFBB1112BFB8A" box="[222,334,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FE38FBBE1223FB8A" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[440,582,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FE38FBBE1223FB8A" box="[440,582,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">S. pergandei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its relatives) superficially resemble
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FB91FBBF14F0FB8A" box="[1041,1173,1113,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FB91FBBF14F0FB8A" box="[1041,1173,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Feroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FA91FBBE15F0FB95" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[1297,1429,1112,1135]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FA91FBBE15F0FB95" box="[1297,1429,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but differ from them in lacking traction setae on the legs, among other differences.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47FB7913FDF94A" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47FB7911A1FB42" bold="true" box="[199,452,1183,1208]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FE4CFB791246FB42" box="[460,547,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Worker.</emphasis>
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Small (TL
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<quantity id="4C2645F5A6E42CB9FD28FB791354FB42" box="[680,817,1183,1208]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="2.1">2.1–4.9 mm</quantity>
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) slender ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FAB6FB7915FDFB42" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1183,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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. Mandibles subtriangular, with a weak basal angle, a pair of apical teeth and variable dentition proximally, and no basal groove. Median portion of clypeus forming a raised triangular rostrum which projects past the anterior margin of the clypeus, sometimes with a short medial tooth. Frontal lobes small and closely approximated. Eyes small, often reduced to a single enlarged ommatidium, located on the sides of the head anterior of the head midline. Metanotal groove usually only shallowly impressed, though the mesosomal profile is often distinctly discontinuous due to a gradual posterior depression of the mesonotum. Mesonotum and propodeum much narrower than the pronotum, but the propodeum itself not narrowing significantly dorsally. Propodeal spiracles small and round. Metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip and a lateral groove. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Arolia prominent. Petiole nodiform to nearly squamiform. Gaster with a weak to strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head, mesosoma and petiole usually heavily punctate, striate, or rugoreticulate, the gaster shiny or lightly punctate. Head and body with sparse to scattered pilosity and fairly light pubescence. Color variable, orange to black. Note: An undescribed hypogeic
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FB8DF9A914B2F992" box="[1037,1239,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FB8DF9A91418F992" box="[1037,1149,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FAA0F9A915F9F992" box="[1312,1436,1615,1640]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FF1FF992112FF977" author="Longino, J. T." box="[159,330,1652,1677]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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) differs from this general description in its testaceous coloration, clubbed antennae, presence of stout traction setae on the mesotibiae, and complete absence of eyes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47F95A108CF8E7" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47F95A1172F929" box="[199,279,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Queen.</emphasis>
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Wingless and dichthadiiform, generally morphologically simplified relative to conspecific workers but with an enlarged petiole and gaster.
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<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6E42CB9FDB9F9391207F902" box="[569,610,1759,1784]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">See</collectingRegion>
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more detailed descriptions in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FC40F93914EEF902" author="Borgmeier, T." box="[960,1163,1759,1784]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="369 - 380" refId="ref133967" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1950) A femea dichthadiiforme e os estadios evolutivos de Simopelta pergandei (Forel), e a descrica ~ o de S. bicolor, n. sp. (Hym. Formicidae). Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro), 21, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1950">Borgmeier (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FB47F9391081F8E7" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47F8C111E0F8BA" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" box="[199,389,1831,1856]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47F8C1116DF8BA" box="[199,264,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47F8AB155FF87D" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47F8AB1174F89E" box="[199,273,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FE3BF8AA12ECF89F" author="Borgmeier, T." box="[443,649,1868,1893]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="369 - 380" refId="ref133967" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1950) A femea dichthadiiforme e os estadios evolutivos de Simopelta pergandei (Forel), e a descrica ~ o de S. bicolor, n. sp. (Hym. Formicidae). Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro), 21, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1950">Borgmeier (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FD17F8AA13A9F89F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[663,972,1868,1893]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref167011" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1957) The larva of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 59, 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="1957">Wheeler & Wheeler (1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FC59F8AA1446F89F" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[985,1059,1868,1893]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref167374" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1986 b) Supplementary studies of ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 112, 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="1986">1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FBEBF8AA15FDF89F" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1131,1432,1868,1893]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FF17F88911AFF872" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[151,458,1903,1928]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref167011" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1957) The larva of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 59, 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="1957">Wheeler & Wheeler (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describe the young larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FC95F88913E0F872" box="[789,901,1903,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FC95F88913E0F872" box="[789,901,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as among the most unusual of any ant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E42CB9FF47F872123FF80F" blockId="155.[151,1437,860,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FF47F872118BF857" bold="true" box="[199,494,1940,1965]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E42CB9FE74F8721201F857" box="[500,612,1940,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E42CB9FE74F8721201F857" box="[500,612,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to central and northern South America, including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FA9BF87215FDF857" box="[1307,1432,1940,1965]" name="Guatemala" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FF17F85E117CF82B" box="[151,281,1976,2001]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FEA9F85E1115F82B" box="[297,368,1976,2001]" name="Brazil" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FE01F85F11D2F82A" box="[385,439,1977,2000]" name="Peru" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E42CB9FE7DF85E123FF82B" box="[509,602,1976,2001]" name="Ecuador" pageId="155" pageNumber="156">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FDEEF85E13FCF82B" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[622,921,1976,2001]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FC2AF85E143CF82B" author="Longino, J. T." box="[938,1113,1976,2001]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It primarily inhabits midelevation moist forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E42CB9FE23F83A122AF80F" author="Longino, J. T." box="[419,591,2012,2037]" pageId="155" pageNumber="156" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6E32CBEFF17FA09147AF9DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120884" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120884/files/figure.png" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" startId="156.[151,250,1519,1541]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1486]" targetPageId="156">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E32CBEFF17FA09147AF9DE" blockId="156.[151,1436,1519,1572]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFF17FA09114CF9FE" bold="true" box="[151,297,1519,1541]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFE7CFA0912BDF9FF" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[508,728,1519,1541]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopolta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFE7CFA0912BDF9FF" box="[508,728,1519,1541]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopolta pergandei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178701, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFC33F9E8147FF9DE" box="[947,1050,1550,1572]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopolta</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E32CBFFF47F9AD110DFBC9" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E32CBEFF47F9AD152AF8E2" blockId="156.[151,1437,1611,2032]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFF47F9AD11AAF99E" bold="true" box="[199,463,1611,1636]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Little to no focused research has been performed on the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFB34F9AD1541F99E" box="[1204,1316,1611,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFB34F9AD1541F99E" box="[1204,1316,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but based on morphology and on anecdotal observations it appears that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFCCEF98913DBF972" box="[846,958,1647,1672]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFCCEF98913DBF972" box="[846,958,1647,1672]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has converged extensively on a true army ant lifestyle, much more so than have the mass termite raiders
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFCD5F9721381F951" box="[853,996,1684,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFCD5F9721381F951" box="[853,996,1684,1707]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Megaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFB9CF9721521F956" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[1052,1348,1683,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptogenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="processionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFB9CF9721521F956" box="[1052,1348,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Leptogenys processionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFECBF95E125EF92A" authorityName="Mackay & Mackay" authorityYear="2008" box="[331,571,1719,1744]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFECBF95E125EF92A" box="[331,571,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Neoponera laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Morphologically, the reduced eyes of the workers and the dichthadiiform queens (wingless and with greatly distended gasters) are both convergent with ecitonine army ants, and the behavior of individual workers is reportedly much like that of army ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E32CBEFBA6F9191527F8E2" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1062,1346,1791,1816]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E32CBFFF47F8C511AEFE57" blockId="156.[151,1437,1611,2032]" lastBlockId="157.[151,1436,151,1077]" lastPageId="157" lastPageNumber="158" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">
|
||
The additional similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFDD6F8C512A3F8C6" box="[598,710,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFDD6F8C512A3F8C6" box="[598,710,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and army ants are striking.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFC7CF8C51409F8C6" box="[1020,1132,1827,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFC7CF8C51409F8C6" box="[1020,1132,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies are fairly large by ponerine standards, with estimates of 1,000 to 2,000 workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E32CBEFCDEF8A1141AF89A" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[862,1151,1863,1888]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Foraging occurs during the day, usually on the ground and arboreally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E32CBEFD3BF88D130CF87E" author="Longino, J. T." box="[699,873,1899,1924]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though the morphological structure of a newly discovered Costa Rican species suggests that it is purely hypogeic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E32CBEFC0FF869145EF852" author="Longino, J. T." box="[911,1083,1935,1960]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E32CBEFBCDF86914D8F852" box="[1101,1213,1935,1960]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E32CBEFBCDF86914D8F852" box="[1101,1213,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="156" pageNumber="157">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers form large raiding columns of up to several hundred individuals, at least, and these raiding workers apparently follow an odor trail (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E32CBEFF52F8311188F80A" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[210,493,2007,2032]" pageId="156" pageNumber="157" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anecdotal accounts suggest that they are specialist predators of both the adults and brood of other ants, particularly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFD92FF711213FF4A" box="[530,630,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFD92FF711213FF4A" box="[530,630,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFD08FF7113CBFF4A" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[648,942,151,176]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFC3CFF71140CFF4A" author="Longino, J. T." box="[956,1129,151,176]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFBFFFF71148AFF4A" box="[1151,1263,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFBFFFF71148AFF4A" box="[1151,1263,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
construct both temporary nests and long-term nests, which together with the dichthadiiform nature of the queens, the uniform age of the brood (indicating pulses of reproduction), and observations of colony emigrations suggest a nomadic lifestyle with an alternation between migratory and stationary colony phases, as in army ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFB54FEE215F2FEE7" author="Borgmeier, T." box="[1236,1431,260,285]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="369 - 380" refId="ref133967" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1950) A femea dichthadiiforme e os estadios evolutivos de Simopelta pergandei (Forel), e a descrica ~ o de S. bicolor, n. sp. (Hym. Formicidae). Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro), 21, 369 - 380." type="journal article" year="1950">Borgmeier, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFF17FEC111D7FEBA" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[151,434,295,320]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFE3EFEC1122FFEBA" author="Brady, S. G." box="[446,586,295,320]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="6575 - 6579" refId="ref134048" refString="Brady, S. G. (2003) Evolution of the army ant syndrome: The origin and long-term evolutionary stasis of a complex of behavioral and reproductive adaptations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 100 (11), 6575 - 6579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 1137809100" type="journal article" year="2003">Brady, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFDD7FEC11364FEBA" author="Longino, J. T." box="[599,769,295,320]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colony reproduction apparently occurs via budding, as in army ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFE92FEAA1248FE9F" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[274,557,332,357]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, males have never been observed, suggesting the possibility that these ants may be parthenogenetic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFDAAFE8912B3FE72" author="Longino, J. T." box="[554,726,367,392]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFD69FE8913FEFE72" author="Longino, J. T." box="[745,923,367,392]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref152255" refString="Longino, J. T. (2013) Ants of Costa Rica. Available from: http: // academic. evergreen. edu / projects / ants / AntsofCostaRica. html (accessed 10 November 2013)" type="url" year="2013">Longino (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides numerous interesting field accounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF35FE721140FE57" box="[181,293,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF35FE721140FE57" box="[181,293,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E22CBFFEC9FE7211A2FE57" box="[329,455,404,429]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E22CBFFF47FE5114D6FD0A" blockId="157.[151,1436,151,1077]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF47FE511286FE2A" bold="true" box="[199,739,439,464]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFD70FE511305FE2A" box="[752,864,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFD70FE511305FE2A" box="[752,864,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFBACFE5E14A0FE2A" author="Mann, W. M." box="[1068,1221,439,464]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref153070" refString="Mann, W. M. (1922) Ants from Honduras and Guatemala. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 61, 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.61 - 2434.1" type="journal article" year="1922">Mann (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF17FE3A117BFE0F" box="[151,286,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF17FE3A117BFE0F" box="[151,286,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and since then it has variously been considered a subgenus or junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFB53FE3A153FFE0F" box="[1235,1370,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFB53FE3A153FFE0F" box="[1235,1370,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFAECFE3B15FEFE0E" box="[1388,1435,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFF17FE19111EFDE2" author="Donisthorpe, H." box="[151,379,511,536]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="721 - 737" refId="ref139733" refString="Donisthorpe, H. (1943 c) A list of the type-species of the genera and subgenera of the Formicidae. [concl.]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (10), 721 - 737." type="journal article" year="1943">Donisthorpe, 1943c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFE0AFE19121CFDE2" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[394,633,511,536]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or a separate genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFC00FDE713CAFDE2" box="[896,943,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFC3AFE191401FDE2" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[954,1124,511,536]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="8 - 19" refId="ref168067" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1935) Ants of the genera Belonopelta Mayr and Simopelta Mann. Revista de Entomologia (Rio de Janeiro), 5, 8 - 19." type="journal article" year="1935">Wheeler, 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFBF3FE1915F2FDE2" author="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[1139,1431,511,536]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="261 - 277" refId="ref144514" refString="Gotwald, W. H. Jr. & Brown, W. L. Jr. (1967) [1966] The ant genus Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 73, 261 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1966 / 69869" type="journal article" year="1967">Gotwald & Brown, 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFF17FDC21156FDC7" author="Bolton, B." box="[151,307,548,573]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6E22CBFFF17FDC21083FDC7" box="[151,230,548,573]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the one hand the morphological argument for a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFB77FDC21502FDC7" box="[1271,1383,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFB77FDC21502FDC7" box="[1271,1383,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF17FDA1117BFD9A" box="[151,286,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF17FDA1117BFD9A" box="[151,286,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a weak one, as they are quite distinct and their similarities seem to be of the sort that are frequently evolved by small or cryptobiotic ponerines. On the other hand, though
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFC32FD8A1407FD7F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[946,1122,620,645]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not sample
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFA94FD8A15FEFD7F" box="[1300,1435,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFA94FD8A15FEFD7F" box="[1300,1435,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFD9CFD69136CFD52" authority=", P. S. Ward" authorityName="P. S. Ward" box="[540,777,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae, P.S. Ward</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. comm.) found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFBB1FD6914DDFD52" box="[1073,1208,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFBB1FD6914DDFD52" box="[1073,1208,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF17FD521104FD37" box="[151,353,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF17FD521104FD37" box="[151,353,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Schmidt found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFDCAFD521371FD37" box="[586,788,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFDCAFD521371FD37" box="[586,788,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFC35FD521440FD37" box="[949,1061,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFC35FD521440FD37" box="[949,1061,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These findings support the close relationship of these three genera, although their exact relationships will require further study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E22CBFFF47FD1A110DFBC9" blockId="157.[151,1436,151,1077]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E22CBFFF47FD1A11EDFCEF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,392,764,789]" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
phylogeny places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFDE1FD1A12B4FCEF" box="[609,721,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFDE1FD1A12B4FCEF" box="[609,721,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with strong support as a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFB2CFD1A152FFCEF" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1196,1354,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFB2CFD1A152FFCEF" box="[1196,1354,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and resolves it as sister to the remainder of that group, though other possible placements receive some support from Bayesian analyses, including sister relationships with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFCA7FCA21394FCA7" box="[807,1009,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFCA7FCA21394FCA7" box="[807,1009,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFBEBFCA314D8FCA6" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1131,1213,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFBEBFCA314D8FCA6" box="[1131,1213,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFAA5FCA215F0FCA7" box="[1317,1429,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFAA5FCA215F0FCA7" box="[1317,1429,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF17FC81117BFC7A" box="[151,286,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF17FC81117BFC7A" box="[151,286,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFED9FC811246FC7A" box="[345,547,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFED9FC811246FC7A" box="[345,547,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both differ from other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFC6DFC8114E9FC7A" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1005,1164,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFC6DFC8114E9FC7A" box="[1005,1164,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group in having only a single metatibial spur. This could be a synapomorphy for these genera, could be independently evolved, or could represent the plesiomorphic condition within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFD63FC4913E7FC32" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[739,898,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFD63FC4913E7FC32" box="[739,898,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group, though the latter hypothesis is unlikely because it implies the re-evolution of a second spur. For now, the molecular data suggest most strongly that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF52FC111127FBEA" box="[210,322,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF52FC111127FBEA" box="[210,322,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to the rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFD37FC111333FBEA" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[695,854,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFD37FC111333FBEA" box="[695,854,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFB5BFC111507FBEA" box="[1243,1378,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFB5BFC111507FBEA" box="[1243,1378,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E22CBFFF17FBFA1104FBCF" box="[151,353,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="157" pageNumber="158" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E22CBFFF17FBFA1104FBCF" box="[151,353,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="157" pageNumber="158">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |