255 lines
33 KiB
XML
255 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="96A43ADAD95E39F5091F56EB60B12714">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B76A36536E22B1375ACDF7E69F19C9C9">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="54F52DDD26DBCAD01AB4B65773C60A0D">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="BEB44A6FEEFDAA71E82A86C88137ABB2">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="93A34296730D60368A610AF29DA1D72F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="245987DDB5B596BD6B601C431E7F6E66" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056127" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:245987DDB5B596BD6B601C431E7F6E66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/245987DDB5B596BD6B601C431E7F6E66" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="BB2AA66E7A7822B36B3C9FEB3E7AB950" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="0D3E3249BFBB6A22C8CE1CB92876C662" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AA97E768611F116B9FF147E1B1F34A3C" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F793EB24B42389EE072C133324F2E88D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="DB0BACB98E49BE8DEC21AA12EB58A265" ID-CoL="8J6XG" authority="Bechstein, 1805" authorityName="Bechstein" authorityYear="1805" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali (Bechstein, 1805)</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 10
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7E653EACAA14120B561203C7BC578E55" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="75ECDC4EDA64C323DAF4177A7C4D3662" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="77D8EB27A0E6D5F92490CD0086255D61" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Bostrichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bostrichus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Bostrichus mali</taxonomicName>
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Bechstein, 1805: 882.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="117BFC20EBBB870B6BD0FA000C381803" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="81179205E2EAAEC5B125ACB19200A8B4" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
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(Bechstein, 1805):
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<bibRefCitation id="9173A54F17BE33ABCEC4CFAD34858C57" author="Eichhoff, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Fuer Forstleute, Baumzuechter und Entomologen, Julius Springer, Berlin" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="Die Europaeischen Borkenkaefer." year="1881">Eichhoff 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 41.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="82529041ECE751D84502EA615505841A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="D65E81CEC350CCB1A6A7B24F15C23464" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus sulcatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">Scolytus sulcatus</taxonomicName>
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LeConte, 1868: 167.
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<bibRefCitation id="697073E7497F79976DC4C067E49D5031" author="Brown, WJ" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="197 - 205" title="The extralimital distribution of some species of Coleoptera." url="10.4039/Ent82197-10" volume="82" year="1950">Brown 1950</bibRefCitation>
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: 203.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="99DFBF404E1BD581646A93171B7D8EAC" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="E099A7B3198616A81CD5021861994890" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
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For complete taxonomic history see
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<bibRefCitation id="418D887E8D621865F9C6A0F059E9FF7B" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1553" title="A catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera), Part 2: Taxonomic Index." volume="13" year="1992">Wood and Bright (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBEF969FC7A905FA285A84A9A3E8BA09" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="4B229A2BF5D48C5AA95612F0745CB9E9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="06943E8FD8BB8324125CDF3EA79DF57D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Both sexes of
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<taxonomicName id="0BB03B089DFE718FF0B5332FAA43656B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
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are distinguished by having ventrite 2 at an oblique angle to ventrite 1, by the aciculate frons, with most setae found just above the epistoma and on the lateral epistomal margins, by the smooth, shining appearance of the pronotum and elytra, and by the weakly rounded and smooth elytral apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69CA0E4A3C0F29FD2B1C86E58E084E3B" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="D8A998690118D09168F2851AD03848DA" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85186A45C21E4973D28AC4812DC7A8A6" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">3.2-4.1 mm long (mean = 3.7 mm; n = 10); 2.1-2.5 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, legs and antennae light brown, elytra brown to red-brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C6DD06F47E3F3AEC22B8F896150AC484" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Head. Epistoma weakly, broadly emarginate; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, moderately transversely impressed just above epistoma, longitudinally impressed near median line; densely, finely longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; sparsely covered by long, fine, erect, yellow hair-like setae, these as long as width of midpoint of eye, more abundant along epistoma. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3FC74B662DDD7E1215118B0E518D853E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="34301174F960F797093429273F2A432E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to weakly rounded, smooth apex; apex weakly emarginate at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing small, fine punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae, bearing sparse, long, semi-erect yellow hair-like setae (may be abraded); striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron greater than half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5643E6B7D9E36D9C3B3B8B503194AF83" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly at an oblique angle to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface convex, unarmed; setae erect, short, about half of ventrite 3 length; lateral margins of ventrites 2-3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 unarmed; length of ventrite 5 equal to combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch absent; median depression present.</paragraph>
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<caption id="18E2743E08DBC7A2466AB4241556D61C" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<paragraph id="DF547410E3B3658BE70723B98F4684F0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Figure 10.
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<taxonomicName id="9E93518628537AAE3074BC401F6DA60E" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="ACC4DB6EA9D769D9B6F70BC45F307F6F" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">
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<paragraph id="15F809C66B78FEFD672AD8FE938A62A9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C704FA5CC407277DFC303F1AE39B786A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">3.0-4.2 mm long (mean = 3.7 mm; n = 10); 2.0-2.5 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, frons more strongly convex when viewed laterally, weakly aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="90D60C1CD7670EA484DDFEB606F92BB3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="133064DE308CE6FE7B4A6430096BC5D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DF9CFC62F9A5BA09108B4AEC3D7B30F4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">111.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B1E971EDA3BD1040996B6E51F66E26C" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Type material. Syntypes
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<taxonomicName id="C3904DDFE04C23CBE25C419F2D95F96A" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Bostrichus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bostrichus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Bostrichus mali</taxonomicName>
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Bechstein (location unknown). Holotype
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<taxonomicName id="564BDE892558C3077E093CADFFF12657" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus sulcatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">Scolytus sulcatus</taxonomicName>
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LeConte: male, labeled "[pink disc = Middle States (Md., Del., N.Y., N.J., Pa., Conn.?, R.I.?)]; type 969" (MCZC).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="598AF21C005537C4756844BA17876FBF" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Non-type material.CANADA:ONTARIO: Hamilton, 14-21.VI.1981, M. Sanborne (CNCI-2), 23.VII.1980, ex. malaise trap (CNCI-1). Owen Sound, 27.V.[19]65, K.E. Stewart, ex. elm [=
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<taxonomicName id="9B10E3C1B58AEA9FCE7F66FD72AC845C" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CNCI-1). Vineland Station, 8.VI.1949, W.L. Putnam, ex. apple [=
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<taxonomicName id="E3487EEC5CA301FBC370F9F7A79A03AC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CNCI-2). QUEBEC: Cantic, 11.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown, ex. apple [=
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<taxonomicName id="5317B188255D84D27CBF25E3278C2501" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (CNCI-2). Cap-Saint-Ignace, VII.1970 (CNCI-1). Dunham, 2.IX.1998, Vignoble,
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<normalizedToken id="8EBBD7FFED07DD1245F553BD5194D9F9" originalValue="L’Orpailleur">L'Orpailleur</normalizedToken>
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, ECORC/CRDHAg-Cord (DEBC-1). Napierville, 2 mi N.E., 13.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). Noyan, 0.75 mi W., 15.VIII.1945, W.J. Brown (CNCI-1). UNITED STATES:CONNECTICUT: [Fairfield Co.]: Greenwich, 22.VII.1933, F.J. Dillaway, ex. in plum [=
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<taxonomicName id="77F450952795E3434DD86A4816E07D4B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (USNM-2). New Haven Co.: New Haven, 25.VI.1956, C.W.
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<normalizedToken id="EDA0EE25FF9430C5390685B3913B7528" originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
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(EMEC-1). MAINE: [Androscoggin Co.]: Livermore Falls, 5.VIII.1975, ex. plum [=
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<taxonomicName id="9873A57586F5EDD4989E462DE6479064" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (USNM-1). MARYLAND:Montgomery Co.: Ashton, 4 mi S.W., 31.V.1986, G.F. & J.F. Hevel, ex. malaise trap (USNM-1). MASSACHUSETTS:Worchester Co.: 16.II.[19]53, ex. indoors (USNM-2). MICHIGAN:Allegan Co.: Fennville area, 30.VI.2003, P. McGhee, ex. apple trees [=
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<taxonomicName id="B68842460FDE556A0EF37DB1E2EA9650" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
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sp.] (MSUC-6). Genesee Co.: Richfield County Park, N43°100610, W-83°55810, 16.VI.2008, R. Mech, PI Anthony Cognato (MSUC-1). Ingham Co.: Lansing, 2 mi N., E. State Rd,
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<geoCoordinate id="D93521BB999CD3B69C59A9194E2F59D1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="42.7842">N42.7842°</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="347E501040E2E624112205DC45035185" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-84.5362">W84.5362°</geoCoordinate>
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, 261 m, 2-18.VI.2007, PI Anthony Cognato, ex. Lindgren trap with ipslure (MSUC-1). Kalamazoo Co.: Gourdneck Lake State Game Area, 16.VII.2011, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="A509F4F673E383FFBA055E3952EB01D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
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sp. (MSUC-2). Oakland Co.: Farmington Hills,
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<geoCoordinate id="0989E8FC349366BFF452723786A42B3D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="42.461132">N42°27.668'</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="74A84037F185093BB048F0F376A7847A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.426315">W83°25.579'</geoCoordinate>
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, 2.VII.2004, B. Sullivan, ex. Lindgren funnel with multistriatus lure (MSUC-2). Saginaw Co.: St. Charles, 25.VI.1968, J.G. Truchan, ex. rotary trap (MSUC-1), 25.VI.1969 (MSUC-1). Wayne Co.: 20.VI.1960, G. Steyskai (USNM-2). NEW JERSEY: [Essex Co.]: Maplewood, 7.VI.[19]34, D. Fivaz, ex. on elm [=
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<taxonomicName id="39857C6196FF14FE3B853C046A653AE9" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (USNM-12). [Morris Co.]: Chatham, 25.III.[19]34, W.D. Buchanan (USNM-1). NEW YORK:Albany Co.: near Rensselaerville, Huyck Preserve, 3-10.VII.1967, R. & J. Matthews, ex. window pane trap (CNCI-1). [Suffolk Co.]: Cutchogue, [19]45, Tuthill, ex. in apple [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CAAFF67181A75F51D5226B3F2C50368" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (USNM-26). [Tompkins Co.]: Groton, 24.V.1942, N.M. Downie (FMNH-1), 23.VI.1946 (FMNH-2). [Westchester Co.]: Armonk, 5.VI.[19]35, H. Dietrich, ex. apple [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F61ABFD03E023E718B80568E70371A9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.] (CNCI-2). OHIO:Medina Co.: 15.VI.[19]62, C.L. Griswold (DEBC-4). PENNSYLVANIA:Luzerne Co.: Nanticoke, 20.IX.[19]60, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7449906643F521EE55E7E34495320266" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (CNCI-1). Nuangola, 12.V-23.VIII.1983, S. & J. Peck, ex. forest intercept (CNCI-1). VERMONT:Rutland Co.: Castleon, 18-19.VI.1989, H.V. Weems (FSCA-1). WASHINGTON, D.C.: 5.IV.1983, E.R. Hodges, ex. on sweater of collector (USNM-1). Additional specimens:Czech Republic (MSUC-21) and Italy (MSUC-1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A4F2DDA3F3EEEAB64EF607EA7D7D1110" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="84B7C0BAD0CF40F548FD3795EB979716" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="02A52E4CF4BF0AFAEFF27F9028CC8790" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. UNITED STATES: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, D.C., Wisconsin (Fig. 11).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="955D821E0E84BBFAB026130276AF7A84" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="342C42707D1F80FE83E5B8219C6FF2FB" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="606DE540E921A3A7070C0346B4008A31" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
|
||
distribution map.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B7380AADF9D43ED0B50C4DB561054C2D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="hosts">
|
||
<paragraph id="E416912FA925C51D122D207396B5F9C9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D3FFFAC6F236DC164EA41AEAD1A2C491" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A745D6F4DEBB4531552BF6D31117F3DB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Malus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (apple),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDA17817FA664575877FB72B56FE3FF1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (cherry),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEB19BE340FBE1AE4BAD9A543C6E5F8B" class="Insecta" family="Tingidae" genus="Ulmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulmus" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (elm),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0A061FFED6A7BD9D94D39FDFDC8483F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Pyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pyrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (pear) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="867AF1C6E8D95A01453DF8B256A2C86F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Sorbus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sorbus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sorbus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (mountain ash).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="CE841CA6152A6E8DD9E6C6A068971189" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="9A8EE076917085A663E5FF998BC0B6B8" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="497A0D738D4AC8E2A309B10765CA1139" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Large shothole borer.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="225F2C50401549EBEBE6D42637727C4A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="B1E18AC777E8308C09A6CE640B67F02B" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1159FE4208E80D1D03F572539605ED72" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
This species colonizes dying and weakened limbs of its host as well as fresh slash. Typical host material is 15.0-38.0 cm in diameter but branches as small as 8.0 cm are colonized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="88B3E2580E9ECFF8620F62F0B1821BEF" author="Pechuman, LL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="537 - 543" title="A preliminary study of the biology of Scolytussulcatus LeC." volume="31" year="1938">Pechuman 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9FFDF021643DD309A01016417B86AA20" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Adult galleries are somewhat variable and are either parallel or at a slight oblique angle to the grain of the wood and consisting of a nuptial chamber and a single egg gallery. The adult gallery strongly scores the sapwood and ranges in size from 3.5-6.0 cm in length. Egg niches are constructed along the gallery and score the sapwood. Six to 100 eggs may be laid along the egg galleries with the typical gallery having 40 eggs. Larval mines lightly score the sapwood and radiate perpendicular to the egg gallery. Larval galleries later meander often at an oblique angle to the grain of wood, forming a fan shaped pattern. Pupation occurs within the sapwood and broods overwinter as larvae or adults. The following year, adults emerge and feed at twig crotches before selecting host material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F5ABCB55F8D9A270CB70F43D5948BA3E" author="Pechuman, LL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="537 - 543" title="A preliminary study of the biology of Scolytussulcatus LeC." volume="31" year="1938">Pechuman 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E91624AE49571357BB54F16670C69E0" author="Balachowsky, AS" journalOrPublisher="Faune de France" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" volume="50" year="1949">Balachowsky 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="948E7DBD63C367159C5B31CB1826412B" author="Baker, WL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications 1175" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" title="Eastern Forest Insects." year="1972">Baker 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="38EC1D771CFE345BBCEB42140C63169C" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In New York,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF767EBC572E98D9DC4F32A35FF2B462" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
|
||
has one generation per year although there are two generations per year in Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABD999BB56A8F45F8A19FFC0E03C3DC6" author="Pechuman, LL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="537 - 543" title="A preliminary study of the biology of Scolytussulcatus LeC." volume="31" year="1938">Pechuman 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="421EC022E495CD767040A4ACDBC024A9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="collection notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="1DFF0CCA70A275FF682B856DEADBFE52" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Collection notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B852A1E425B56F1143C11A0E60FC1A0E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The senior author collected this species from an 8.0 cm diameter
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1A8A3802BF6D41031195477C5D9308A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Prunus" order="Rosales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Prunus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. branch that had broken during a recent windstorm. Females constructed gallery entrances beneath large flakes of bark on the sides and bottom surfaces of the branch. Specimens were infesting the same limbs as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C4CAB3735C95076B4334E35B4821A00" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phloeotribus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phloeotribus liminaris" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liminaris">Phloeotribus liminaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Harris, 1852).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9759E29E3F322CC94B6D46AB8CE452B4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="6BB4164A83333999A90D85F03D289135" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB9F349D4622DE769E510B54620017E1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
This species is native to the Palearctic region and was first detected in New York in 1868 when it was described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="640ADB262C059653C3735CA4DBDC1090" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus sulcatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">Scolytus sulcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
LeConte.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F6973E8ACE6BEC0984AE446C2F844BB" author="LeConte, JL" editor="Zimmermann, C" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="141 - 178" title="Appendix." volume="2" volumeTitle="Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America North of Mexico." year="1868">LeConte (1868)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted in his description that the species most strongly resembled the Palearctic species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68B949391B95388D4669591633F00965" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus rugulosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugulosus">Scolytus rugulosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and did not mention the collection date of his specimens. Interestingly, no other specimens were collected until 1933, 65 years after the initial discovery from southeastern New York, northern New Jersey and western Connecticut. It is likely that like
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E489286B4E9A4E25D5583B8BD43FCF07" originalValue="LeConte’s">LeConte's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ABC35E32F1BEE5B9D213B334F915EFFB" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus californicus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">Scolytus californicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3AFEC44DDB58ACCD58D011A54EEEB6F" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus scolytus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scolytus">Scolytus scolytus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="005D18CD92E68129CC03BCB771C3E603" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected in 1868 but populations never became established. The later collections may be the result of multiple introduction events (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4E61F0A6D0EEED1B477191C9BA93473" author="Pechuman, LL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Economic Entomology" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="537 - 543" title="A preliminary study of the biology of Scolytussulcatus LeC." volume="31" year="1938">Pechuman 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A2FF938D47A22328F1E82E2A378FC847" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EB8884ADBC66AC0AF060956F1E52A4CB" author="Brown, WJ" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="197 - 205" title="The extralimital distribution of some species of Coleoptera." url="10.4039/Ent82197-10" volume="82" year="1950">Brown (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized that
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6AF0F1F6A3F33B1EFC206652130AE904" originalValue="LeConte’s">LeConte's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species was morphologically and behaviorally identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="04CEE1C5F6BB0F78D787B2639A6CE32D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
|
||
and placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACCBE4B800A02C87D74067D362D71CEE" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus sulcatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcatus">Scolytus sulcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
into synonymy. The native range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FE246C9EA0C5F322D008FF2E564E39E6" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mali" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mali">Scolytus mali</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Europe, Central Asia, Siberia, the Russian Far East, North Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C3A0C500B0841710919D703E87B74642" author="Michalski, J" journalOrPublisher="Panstwowe Wydawn, Naukowe, Krakow" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" title="Revision of the Palearctic species of the genus Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)." year="1973">Michalski 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5A981FA34AC497500FC05E72B15C61B" author="Knizek, M" editor="Loebl, I" journalOrPublisher="Apollo Books, Stenstrup" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="204 - 251" title="Scolytinae." volumeTitle="Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera Volume 7, Curculionoidea I" year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F9DC7F76BCCA14A6CB09B9E2651BAEC4" originalValue="Knížek">Knizek</normalizedToken>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |