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<document id="14A14C2F053EC6E1E7962A44B94850B3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3702.6.6" ID-GBIF-Dataset="df82dedc-e9b0-4ef5-b784-645897fcea00" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="219728" ID-ZooBank="8C6DF7E7-0EFC-4EF9-96F6-96B26224C762" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460672535015" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Martínez, Juan José, Corró-Molas, Bárbara &amp; Alfonso, Graciela L." docDate="2013" docId="081387D7FFC28F2FFF46FE1120B44F45" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03702p596.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3702 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Tetradiplosis Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="591" masterDocId="F42AFFAFFFC38F2AFFD1FFA4216C4E20" masterDocTitle="New species of Tetradiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing galls on Prosopis caldenia (Fabaceae) in Argentina" masterLastPageNumber="596" masterPageNumber="587" pageNumber="588" updateTime="1698348633171" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0C0A498CD71B125DAD6832F3A4A05ED0">New species of Tetradiplosis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) inducing galls on Prosopis caldenia (Fabaceae) in Argentina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD6617FD689BA79AE67F114BF937B620">Martínez, Juan José</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C014CCF3867C384CEDB01BC92E630ED0">Corró-Molas, Bárbara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4B87BCF2090537D2E8E07C5E1A0A8B09">Alfonso, Graciela L.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="081387D7FFC28F2FFF46FE1120B44F45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6154431" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119577637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6154431" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:081387D7FFC28F2FFF46FE1120B44F45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/081387D7FFC28F2FFF46FE1120B44F45" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="591" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC28F2BFF46FE1123E24FEF" box="[151,654,437,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FE1123E24FEF" blockId="1.[151,654,437,463]" box="[151,654,437,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<heading id="DB4D81ADFFC28F2BFF46FE1123E24FEF" bold="true" box="[151,654,437,463]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FE1123E24FEF" bold="true" box="[151,654,437,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFF3CFE1123E24FEF" ID-CoL="6473J" authority="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" authorityName="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" box="[237,654,437,463]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF3CFE1120EB4FEF" bold="true" box="[237,391,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
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<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC28F2BFF46FE5820304C10" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FE5820304C10" blockId="1.[151,1435,508,591]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="A0AA11EFFFC28F2BFF46FE5820304C10" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFF46FE5823094C32" ID-CoL="6473J" authority="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen 1910: 421" authorityName="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" authorityPageNumber="421" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,613,508,530]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FE5820764C32" box="[151,282,508,530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="011B10D0FFC28F2BFEF3FE5823094C32" author="Kieffer" box="[290,613,508,530]" page="421" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFEF3FE58235E4C32" author="Kieffer" box="[290,562,508,530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Kieffer, J. J. &amp; Jorgensen, P. (1910) Gallen und Gallentiere aus Argentinien. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, 27, 362 - 442." type="journal article" year="1910">Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 421
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="011B10D0FFC28F2BFDA0FE5822484C32" author="Gagne" box="[625,804,508,530]" page="169" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFDA0FE58239D4C32" author="Gagne" box="[625,753,508,530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné 1994</bibRefCitation>
: 169
</treatmentCitation>
, catalog of Neotropical species;
<treatmentCitation id="011B10D0FFC28F2BFBA7FE5824464C32" author="Gagne" box="[1142,1322,508,530]" page="390" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFBA7FE58259A4C32" author="Gagne" box="[1142,1270,508,530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (2010) Update for a catalogue of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Available from: http: // www. ars. usda. gov / SP 2 UserFiles / Place / 12754100 / Gagne _ 2010 _ World _ Catalog _ Cecidomyiidae. pdf (Accessed 22 Aug. 2013)" type="journal article" year="2010">Gagné 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 390
</treatmentCitation>
, catalog of World species.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC28F2BFF46FD9E25B348B6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FD9E22EE4C6F" blockId="1.[151,1435,508,591]" box="[151,898,569,591]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC28F2BFF46FD9E21A54C6F" box="[151,201,570,591]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFEF7FD9D239F4C6F" authority="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" authorityName="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" box="[294,755,569,591]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdentata">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFEF7FD9D23774C6F" box="[294,539,569,591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis sexdentata</emphasis>
Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FDD823AE4DB6" blockId="1.[151,1436,636,1170]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
The genus was described based on the female, pupa and larva (
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFC48FDD8258A4CB4" author="Kieffer" box="[921,1254,636,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Kieffer, J. J. &amp; Jorgensen, P. (1910) Gallen und Gallentiere aus Argentinien. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, 27, 362 - 442." type="journal article" year="1910">Kieffer and Jörgensen 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC28F2BFB29FDD924234CB5" box="[1272,1359,637,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
series presumed lost,
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFE91FD0420A74C98" author="Gagne" box="[320,459,672,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné 1994</bibRefCitation>
), and the male was described later by
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFCA1FD0425624C98" author="Gagne" box="[880,1038,672,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. It is characterized by the following characters: wing venation with vein R5 joining C beyond wing apex, Rs weak but evident and beyond midlength of R1, base of M slightly curved, and M3 fold present; male flagellomeres with first and third circumfila with long loops, contrasting with the much shorter loops of the second circumfilum; tarsal claws with two teeth, the basal one smaller; female cerci elongate-ovoid, with closely set setae apicoventrally; pupa with pointed antennal horns, sometimes with a conical prothorax which projects beyond them, with or without spines on abdominal terga; larva with a robust spatula bearing 4–6 teeth anteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF16FC0623F74AB2" blockId="1.[151,1436,636,1170]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
Comments: The new species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFDECFC0523A34D9A" box="[573,719,929,954]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFDECFC0523A34D9A" box="[573,719,929,954]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
broaden the concept of the genus compared with the original description and the definition provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFD51FC62224C4DFE" author="Gagne" box="[640,800,966,990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen stated that the
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC28F2BFB17FC62259A4DFE" box="[1222,1270,966,990]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">type</typeStatus>
species of the genus has a four segmented palpus, whereas
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC28F2BFD5FFC4E22474A22" author="Gagne" box="[654,811,1002,1026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné (1994)</bibRefCitation>
, based on specimens of undescribed species, stated that
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFF46FBA920444A06" box="[151,296,1037,1062]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FBA920444A06" box="[151,296,1037,1062]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a three segmented palpus. The study of both the original description, the specimens collected and studied by Gagné in northern
<collectingCountry id="F8AD7651FFC28F2BFDD7FB9523144A6A" box="[518,632,1073,1098]" name="Argentina" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and the new species described herein, allows us to conclude that
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFF46FBF120444A4E" box="[151,296,1109,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FBF120444A4E" box="[151,296,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a variable number (3–4) of palpal segments. The larval and pupal morphology also exhibits considerable variation (see discussion below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FB4120744B0B" blockId="1.[151,882,1253,1324]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FB41221E4B26" bold="true" box="[151,882,1253,1286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC28F2BFF46FB4123C64B26" authority="Martinez" authorityName="Martinez" box="[151,682,1253,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF46FB4123604B26" bold="true" box="[151,524,1253,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Tetradiplosis panghitruz</emphasis>
Martínez
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A9FD57A8FFC28F2BFD6AFB41221E4B26" box="[699,882,1253,1286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFF4EFAB720634B0B" box="[159,271,1299,1324]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId-0="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox-0="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Figs 1–11</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF46FAFF233B4B53" blockId="1.[151,1437,1371,2010]" box="[151,599,1371,1396]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
Adult: Body length
<quantity id="47429B24FFC28F2BFEA7FAFF20914B53" box="[374,509,1371,1395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="3.65" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="3.2">3.2–4.1 mm</quantity>
(n= 20)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF16FADA24EB4807" blockId="1.[151,1437,1371,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF16FADA20614BB7" box="[199,269,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Head:</emphasis>
Eyes large, widely connate (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFD9FFADA23FC4BB7" box="[590,656,1406,1431]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), eye bridge about 8–9 facets long, facets hexagonal, closely adjacent throughout. Occiput with a distinct dorsal protuberance. Frons with 3–5 setae per side. Palpus four segmented. Labella evenly convex in frontal view, each with 6–8 lateral setae. Male third flagellomere (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFB60FA62259A4BFF" box="[1201,1270,1478,1503]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) binodal, with three circumfila, first and third circumfila loops distinctly long, second circumfilum loops much shorter. Female third flagellomere (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFEBEF9AA20DE4807" box="[367,434,1550,1575]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) cylindrical, 2.7–2.8 times longer than its median width, with two appressed circumfila
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF16F99725B348B6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1371,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF16F997204D486C" box="[199,289,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Thorax:</emphasis>
Wing length, male
<quantity id="47429B24FFC28F2BFE2FF99723EA486B" box="[510,646,1587,1612]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
(n= 5); female 3.0–
<quantity id="47429B24FFC28F2BFCB7F99722D0486B" box="[870,956,1587,1611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
(n= 16). Wing veins M3, Cu1 and Cu2 faint apically (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFF2FF9FD202F4852" box="[254,323,1625,1650]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Anepimeron with 20–24 setae. Acropods with claws bent before middle length and bidentate (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFABEF9FD21CB48B6" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1435,535,1867]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Empodium as long as bend in claw or slightly longer. Pulvilli about half as long as empodium.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC28F28FF16F90525934FD4" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="589" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="description">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F2BFF16F905242549B2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1371,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF16F9052017489A" box="[199,379,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Male abdomen:</emphasis>
Tergites 1–6 rectangular with an irregular row of setae apically and a few setae laterally; tergites 7 and 8 much shorter, irregular in shape, and mostly devoid of vestiture (similar to tergite
<quantity id="47429B24FFC28F2BFB08F962246F48FE" box="[1241,1283,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
figure 6). All tergites with a pair of anterior trichoid sensillae. Sternites 2–7 rectangular. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC28F2BFB76F94D25984922" box="[1191,1268,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
): Cercus well developed, as long as hypoproct or slightly longer, with the outer apical edges acute. Hypoproct bilobed. Aedeagus slender and slightly longer than hypoproct and cerci. Gonocoxites rugose on outer surface and somewhat slender, wider basally and slightly constricted in the middle, setose on outer surface and on inner surface near gonostylus. Gonostylus elongate and slightly bumped basally, setulae almost reaching half the length of the gonostylus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC28F28FF16F83921D94EF4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1371,2010]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="589" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC28F2BFF16F83920FE4996" box="[199,402,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Female abdomen:</emphasis>
Tergites 1–7 rectangular, with an apical row of setae and a few lateral setae, and with a pair of anterior trichoid sensillae; tergite 8 not sclerotized, devoid of vestiture except for a single pair of trichoid sensillae (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC18F28FED9FF3320224E90" box="[264,334,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Cerci uniformly ovoid, not tapering apically, with a set of closely set setae apicoventrally (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC18F28FABFFF3321CB4EF4" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC18F28FF16FF45223B4F3D" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC18F28FF16FF4520674ED8" box="[199,267,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Pupa:</emphasis>
Each antennal base with a small and acute antennal horn (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC18F28FC7DFF7B229E4ED8" box="[940,1010,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Pronotum largely smooth without a median tooth-like projection. Abdominal tergites bare apically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC18F28FF16FE8325934FD4" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC18F28FF16FE8320FB4F60" box="[199,407,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Third instar larva:</emphasis>
Length
<quantity id="47429B24FFC18F28FE25FE8C23174F1F" box="[500,635,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" unit="mm" value="4.55" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="4.2">4.2–4.9 mm</quantity>
(n= 11). Integument mostly covered with spicules. Antennae about two times longer than basal width. Spatula robust, with two well developed anterior lobes, each bearing a pair of teeth, and an additional median basal tooth between lobes (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC18F28FCDAFECB220F4FA8" box="[779,867,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). In some specimens the median tooth is poorly developed or entirely missing, thus the spatula can be 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed. Two groups of three small setiform papillae present on each side of the spatula. Dorsal, pleural and terminal papillae bearing a stout, conical seta. Terminal segment with four papillae bearing conical setae on each side in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC18F28FB4EFE78259D4FD4" box="[1183,1265,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1935,1957]" captionTargetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[152,1435,167,1914]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 11. Tetradiplosis panghitruz. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D4C56649FFC18F28FF46F8C023B349B8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219729/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" targetBox="[175,1421,559,1837]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC18F28FF46F8C023B349B8" blockId="2.[151,1435,1892,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC18F28FF46F8C02057495A" bold="true" box="[151,315,1892,1914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">FIGURES 1–5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC18F28FE93F8C02356495A" box="[322,570,1892,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC18F28FE93F8C02356495A" box="[322,570,1892,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Tetradiplosis panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 1, head frontal; 2, male third antennal flagellomere; 3, female third flagellomere; 4, wing; 5, tarsal claw, empodium, and pulvillus of hind leg.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D4C56649FFC08F29FF46F82B259149E4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219730/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" targetBox="[167,1402,186,1881]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC08F29FF46F82B259149E4" blockId="3.[151,1436,1935,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC08F29FF46F82B20294985" bold="true" box="[151,325,1935,1957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">FIGURES 6–11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC08F29FE9DF82B232E4985" box="[332,578,1935,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC08F29FE9DF82B232E4985" box="[332,578,1935,1957]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Tetradiplosis panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 6, male genitalia, dorsal 7, abdomen of female, lateral; 8, female terminalia, lateral; 9, pupal antennal horns; 10, larval spatula and associated papillae, ventral; 11, larval terminal segments, dorsal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC78F2EFF16FF3323804EF5" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC78F2EFF16FF3323804EF5" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF16FF33202B4E90" box="[199,327,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Etymology:</emphasis>
The new species is named after
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFD68FF33225E4E90" box="[697,818,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="595" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">Panghitruz</taxonomicName>
Güor (
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFC54FF3D22CA4E90" box="[901,934,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">ca.</emphasis>
<date id="F4041001FFC78F2EFC77FF3C25444E90" box="[934,1064,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" value="1820" valueMax="1877">1820–1877</date>
), a leader of the Ranquel people, inhabitants of the
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFEB1FF1820C64EF5" box="[352,426,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">caldén</emphasis>
forests of central
<collectingCountry id="F8AD7651FFC78F2EFDA4FF1823844EF5" box="[629,744,188,213]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D4C56649FFC78F2EFF46FB6F25CB4B20" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219731/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" targetBox="[151,1435,265,1205]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC78F2EFF46FB6F25CB4B20" blockId="4.[151,1435,1227,1280]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF46FB6F203B4AC1" bold="true" box="[151,343,1227,1249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">FIGURES 12–15.</emphasis>
12,
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFE5BFB6823284AC1" box="[394,580,1227,1249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caldenia">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFE5BFB6823284AC1" box="[394,580,1227,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Prosopis caldenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 13, external morphology of galls induced by
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFBE4FB6825D34AC1" box="[1077,1215,1227,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFBE4FB6825D34AC1" box="[1077,1215,1227,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 14 longitudinal and transversal sections of galls induced by
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFDFBFB4F23DC4B20" box="[554,688,1258,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFDFBFB4F23DC4B20" box="[554,688,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 15, mature larva of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFC54FB4F25674B20" box="[901,1035,1258,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFC54FB4F25674B20" box="[901,1035,1258,1280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inside the gall.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC78F2EFF16FA83235A4BF0" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC78F2EFF16FA83235A4BF0" blockId="4.[151,1437,1319,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF16FA8320C94B60" box="[199,421,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Material examined:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC78F2EFE7DFA8C232C4B60" box="[428,576,1320,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
MALE:
<collectingCountry id="F8AD7651FFC78F2EFD77FA8322744B60" box="[678,792,1319,1344]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Laguna Don Tomás,
<date id="F4041001FFC78F2EFACDFA8324F04B60" box="[1308,1436,1319,1344]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" value="2010-12-27">27.xii.2010</date>
de agallas caulinares en
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFE7DFAE8227B4B44" authority="J.J. Martinez" authorityName="J.J. Martinez" box="[428,791,1355,1380]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caldenia">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFE7DFAE8231B4B44" box="[428,631,1355,1380]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Prosopis caldenia</emphasis>
, J.J. Martínez
</taxonomicName>
col. (
<collectionCode id="E6ABAE04FFC78F2EFC89FAE822DC4B44" box="[856,944,1356,1380]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">MACN</collectionCode>
)
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC78F2EFC6EFAE825314B44" box="[959,1117,1356,1380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
, four males,
<specimenCount id="96BCFD48FFC78F2EFB21FAEF24074B44" box="[1264,1387,1355,1380]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
and three pupal exuviae, same data as
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC78F2EFDFAFACB23E14BA8" box="[555,653,1391,1416]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="E6ABAE04FFC78F2EFD4EFAD423954BA8" box="[671,761,1392,1416]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">MACN</collectionCode>
); two larvae,
<collectingCountry id="F8AD7651FFC78F2EFC4AFACB25614BA8" box="[923,1037,1391,1416]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Inti Hué,
<date id="F4041001FFC78F2EFF46FA37206F4B8C" box="[151,259,1427,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" value="2009-01-18">18.i.2009</date>
, Martínez col. (
<collectionCode id="E6ABAE04FFC78F2EFE19FA30234E4B8C" box="[456,546,1428,1452]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">MACN</collectionCode>
); nine larvae,
<collectingCountry id="F8AD7651FFC78F2EFD05FA37222B4B8C" box="[724,839,1427,1452]" name="Argentina" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Facultad de Agronomía,
<date id="F4041001FFC78F2EFF46FA1321994BF0" box="[151,245,1463,1488]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" value="2010-01-05">5.i.2010</date>
, J.J. Martínez col. (
<collectionCode id="E6ABAE04FFC78F2EFE1EFA1C23454BF0" box="[463,553,1464,1488]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">MACN</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C8A0654AFFC78F2FFF16FA7820B44F45" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC78F2EFF16FA7823B44838" blockId="4.[151,1437,1319,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF16FA78202A4BD3" box="[199,326,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Comments:</emphasis>
The pupal morphology was described based on three pupal exuviae, the prothoracic spiracles were not observed due to the condition of the specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="800536C1FFC78F2FFF16F98720B44F45" blockId="4.[151,1437,1319,2028]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="592" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF16F9872262481C" box="[199,782,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">
Biological observations:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFE25F9872262481C" box="[500,782,1571,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">Tetradiplosis panghitruz</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
induces multilocular stem galls (larvae in individual chambers) on young stems of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFE3AF9EC23D94840" box="[491,693,1607,1632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caldenia">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFE3AF9EC23D94840" box="[491,693,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Prosopis caldenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC78F2EFD17F9E3222B4840" box="[710,839,1607,1632]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1205]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,265,1206]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12, Prosopis caldenia; 13, external morphology of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 14 longitudinal and transversal sections of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 15, mature larva of T. panghitruz inside the gall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219731/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
) similar to those of other
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFBBCF9E325924840" box="[1133,1278,1607,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFBBCF9E325924840" box="[1133,1278,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Tetradiplosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
induced galls on other
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFF2AF9C8203148A3" box="[251,349,1644,1667]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFF2AF9C8203148A3" box="[251,349,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Prosopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC78F2EFE15F9CF238148A4" author="Kieffer" box="[452,749,1643,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" refString="Kieffer, J. J. &amp; Jorgensen, P. (1910) Gallen und Gallentiere aus Argentinien. Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, 27, 362 - 442." type="journal article" year="1910">Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC78F2EFD28F9C822C748A4" author="Jorgensen" box="[761,939,1643,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1916) Zoocecidios argentinos. Physis (Buenos Aires), 12, 349 - 365." type="journal article" year="1916">Jörgensen 1916</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC78F2EFC67F9C8229D48A4" author="Jorgensen" box="[950,1009,1644,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" refString="Jorgensen, P. (1917) Zoocecidios argentinos (conclusion). Physis (Buenos Aires), 13, 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC78F2EFC2CF9C825E648A4" author="Gagne" box="[1021,1162,1644,1668]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" refString="Gagne, R. J. (1994) The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 352 pp." type="book" year="1994">Gagné 1994</bibRefCitation>
). The abnormal tissue is induced in the xylem of one year old stems (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC78F2EFD59F92B23B74888" box="[648,731,1679,1704]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1205]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,265,1206]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12, Prosopis caldenia; 13, external morphology of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 14 longitudinal and transversal sections of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 15, mature larva of T. panghitruz inside the gall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219731/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). In December the first mature larvae can be observed (
<figureCitation id="18812A44FFC78F2EFA98F92B24FF4888" box="[1353,1427,1679,1704]" captionStart="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,265,1205]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,265,1206]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12 – 15. 12, Prosopis caldenia; 13, external morphology of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 14 longitudinal and transversal sections of galls induced by T. panghitruz; 15, mature larva of T. panghitruz inside the gall." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/219731/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">Fig.15</figureCitation>
) and in late December pupae are present inside the galls, and the first adults begin to emerge. Most adults emerge during January, although a few mature larvae can be found in the galls in late summer. Apparently,
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFAD4F97C24F748D0" box="[1285,1435,1751,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFAD4F97C24F748D0" box="[1285,1435,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has one generation per year. Our preliminary observations indicate that adults oviposit on developing stems in which immature larvae can be observed at the end of the summer, although at this point galls are barely recognizable as very subtle swellings on young stems. The first instar larva spends autumn and winter inside small longitudinal chambers, remaining largely inactive until the following spring, when galls become fully developed. According to the classification provided by
<bibRefCitation id="E42B4B30FFC78F2EFDAFF82F22B44984" author="Yukawa" box="[638,984,1931,1956]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" refString="Yukawa, J &amp; Rohfritsch, O. (2007) Biology and ecology of gall-inducing Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). In: Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W. &amp; Withers, T. Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall inducing arthropods. Science Publishers Inc. Einfeld- Plymouth, pp. 239 - 272." type="book chapter" year="2007">Yukawa and Rohfritsch (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, the life history strategy of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFAD9F82824F04984" box="[1288,1436,1931,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFAD9F82824F04984" box="[1288,1436,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would fit in
<typeStatus id="5F018863FFC78F2EFEF3F814203E49E8" box="[290,338,1968,1992]" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">type</typeStatus>
II B, with the first instar larva as the overwintering stage. Galls induced by
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC78F2EFB7AF814242C49E8" box="[1195,1344,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Tetradiplosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="591" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="panghitruz">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC78F2EFB7AF814242C49E8" box="[1195,1344,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="591">T. panghitruz</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
support a complex community of parasitoids and inquilines of at least nine arthropod species including: an unidentified inquiline species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFE4FFF3C23E04E90" authority="Rondani" authorityName="Rondani" box="[414,652,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Contarinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFE4FFF3C23754E8F" box="[414,537,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Contarinia</emphasis>
Rondani
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFD79FF33226E4E90" box="[680,770,151,176]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFCC8FF3322AB4E90" box="[793,967,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
), three species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFB12FF3324F04E90" authority="Gahan" authorityName="Gahan" box="[1219,1436,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Allorhogas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFB12FF3324534E90" box="[1219,1343,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Allorhogas</emphasis>
Gahan
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFF4FFF1820514EF4" box="[158,317,188,212]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFE9EFF1820BF4EF5" box="[335,467,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
), one undescribed species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFC93FF1825884EF5" authority="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" authorityName="Kieffer &amp; Jorgensen" box="[834,1252,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Percnobracon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFC93FF18228D4EF5" box="[834,993,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Percnobracon</emphasis>
Kieffer &amp; Jörgensen
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFB2BFF1824F54EF4" box="[1274,1433,188,212]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFF46FF7B20774ED8" box="[151,283,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Braconidae</taxonomicName>
), one unidentified species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFDBEFF7B22CC4ED8" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" box="[623,928,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Torymidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Torymidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
, one species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFB8AFF7B24F44ED8" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" box="[1115,1432,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Eupelmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eupelmidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
, one species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFE9DFEA0237B4F3D" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[332,535,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" genus="Sycophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFE9DFEA020D74F3D" box="[332,443,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Sycophila</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFDFAFEA023A64F3C" box="[555,714,260,284]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFD08FEA022004F3D" box="[729,876,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Eurytomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eurytomidae</taxonomicName>
) and one species of
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFBBBFEA024684F3D" authority="Herbst" authorityName="Herbst" box="[1130,1284,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Apionidae" genus="Apion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFBBBFEA025C14F3B" box="[1130,1197,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Apion</emphasis>
Herbst
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFAC6FEA024F44F3D" box="[1303,1432,260,285]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFF46FE8320654F60" box="[151,265,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
). Additionally, abandoned galls are frequently occupied by
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFBF4FE8324F74F60" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[1061,1435,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmelachista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallicola">
<emphasis id="B2CEEAD3FFC68F2FFBF4FE8324254F60" box="[1061,1353,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="592">Myrmelachista gallícola</emphasis>
Mayr
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFF4FFEE820514F44" box="[158,317,332,356]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="47BA4D42FFC68F2FFE96FEE820A04F45" box="[327,460,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="592" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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