160 lines
18 KiB
XML
160 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0529FF5B01A84ABF5C9558EC4370836A">Intraspecific variability of beaver teeth (Castoridae: Rodentia)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="38447A5C83E717BA5653D7555A48A762">Stefen, Clara</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AF86FCB91D1893C82A725CE5CED4EE77">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6596C2BF8AA098C44BE7EE654E932E91">
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<mods:date id="F5D0C9925EAEAC97956748572EF9599E">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EA30D47135603E9A3B4E18DD4A2C43F3">2009-04-30</mods:number>
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<treatment id="080B87D1E138AA53FF26FB3CFC206D0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5492403" ID-GBIF-Taxon="185447612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5492403" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:080B87D1E138AA53FF26FB3CFC206D0B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/080B87D1E138AA53FF26FB3CFC206D0B" lastPageNumber="931" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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<subSubSection id="C8B8654CE138AA53FF26FB3CFDE76E15" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="801D36C7E138AA53FF26FB3CFDE76E15" blockId="5.[226,676,1250,1306]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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<heading id="DB5581ABE138AA53FF26FB3CFDE76E15" allCaps="true" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" reason="1">
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COMPARISON OF
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FE1FFB3DFD786FF5" ID-CoL="62KLV" authority="WITH" authorityName="WITH" box="[475,676,1251,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FE1FFB3DFD916FF5" box="[475,589,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">CASTOR</emphasis>
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WITH
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</taxonomicName>
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FOSSIL BEAVERS
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C8B8654CE138AA53FF54FAECFC206D0B" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" type="description">
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<paragraph id="801D36C7E138AA53FF54FAECFDF26D53" blockId="5.[144,759,1330,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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The size range from juvenile to fully grown individuals is about
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<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FF3EFA8EFE936E69" box="[250,335,1360,1382]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.7 mm</quantity>
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for incisor length in recent
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FD61FA8FFD2C6E69" box="[677,752,1361,1382]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FD61FA8FFD2C6E69" box="[677,752,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Castor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: this is equivalent to about 57% of the maxl of the incisor (
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<tableCitation id="CD20037CE138AA53FF2EFA50FEE16EAB" box="[234,317,1422,1444]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[164,228,200,219]" captionText="Table 1. Measurements for some isolated teeth and tooth rows for the species studied" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). For the length of the upper incisor of
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FF54FA73FED36ECD" authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1884" box="[144,271,1453,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Anchitheriomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suevicus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FF54FA73FED36ECD" box="[144,271,1453,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">A. suevicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the range is
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<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FE76FA73FDD56ECD" box="[434,521,1453,1474]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="7.9">7.9 mm</quantity>
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, which is equivalent to nearly 57% of the maxl of the tooth. This is very similar to modern
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FEA3FA34FE6E6EF0" box="[359,434,1514,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FEA3FA34FE6E6EF0" box="[359,434,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Castor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and thus the observed size differences in the small sample of fossil teeth of
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FD1AF9D7FF336D33" authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Anchitheriomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suevicus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FD1AF9D7FF336D33" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">A. suevicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can well be attributed to postnatal growth, as suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="E4334B36E138AA53FEE9F99BFDF66D53" author="Stefen C & Mors T" box="[301,554,1605,1628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" pagination="1009 - 1020" refId="ref7159" refString="Stefen C, Mors T. 2008. The beaver Anchitheriomys from the Miocene of Central Europe. Journal of Paleontology 82: 1009 - 1020." type="journal article" year="2008">Stefen & Mörs (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="801D36C7E138AA53FF6CF9BAFE5C6C60" blockId="5.[144,759,1330,1903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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The range of the length of upper incisors differs between these two species: about 55% maxl in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FD61F95DFD2C6D97" box="[677,752,1667,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FD61F95DFD2C6D97" box="[677,752,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Castor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and about 44% in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FEBCF97FFDF66DB9" box="[376,554,1697,1718]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Anchitheriomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FEBCF97FFDF66DB9" box="[376,554,1697,1718]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Anchitheriomys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="18992A42E138AA53FDFBF97FFD5E6DB9" box="[575,642,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[164,243,962,981]" captionText="Figure 2. Length–width plot of incisors (i inf, lower incisor; I sup, upper incisor) over different ages for recent Castor fiber (C. f.) in comparison with the fossils Steneofiber eseri (S. eseri), Anchitheriomys suevicus (A. suev), and Trogontherium cuvieri (Trog. cuv), and with recent Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Hyd). Ranges of lengths and widths for the castorid species are indicated close to the axes." pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="CD20037CE138AA53FD50F97FFD3B6DB8" box="[660,743,1697,1719]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[164,228,200,219]" captionText="Table 1. Measurements for some isolated teeth and tooth rows for the species studied" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The range in length of upper and lower incisors together is 62% maxl of the incisor in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FD8BF901FD7F6DFB" box="[591,675,1759,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Steneofiber" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eseri">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FD8BF901FD7F6DFB" box="[591,675,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">S. eseri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is even larger than in modern
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FE2CF923FDEF6C1D" box="[488,563,1789,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FE2CF923FDEF6C1D" box="[488,563,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Castor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The few studied specimens of the larger capybara (
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FDF7F8C2FD336C3E" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1766" box="[563,751,1820,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Caviidae" genus="Hydrochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hydrochaeris">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FDF7F8C2FD336C3E" box="[563,751,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">H. hydrochaeris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) show a range in the length of upper and lower incisors of over 80% of maxl.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="801D36C7E138AA53FCFBFC38FAC76E21" blockId="5.[806,1421,998,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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The size ranges of mandibular tooth rows for different fossil beavers and
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FBAEFBDBFB626F16" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1758" box="[1130,1214,1028,1050]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fiber">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FBAEFBDBFB626F16" box="[1130,1214,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">C. fiber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are illustrated in
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<figureCitation id="18992A42E138AA53FCE2FBFDFC556F37" box="[806,905,1059,1081]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[164,243,1722,1741]" captionText="Figure 3. Lengths of mandibular tooth rows of recent Castor fiber of different ages in comparison with the fossils Steneofiber eseri, S. castorinus, S. depereti, Anchitheriomys suevicus, and Trogontherium cuvieri, and with recent Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. The MN scale shows the European Mammal Neogene biozones for the fossil material. MN2a is early Miocene. Hambach, Tegelen, St. Gérand are the localities from where the represented fossil samples were studied. Data for S. eseri are from Stefen (1997), data for A. suevicus are from Stefen & Mörs (2008), data for T. cuvieri are the author’s unpublished data, and data for C. fiber and H. hydrochaeris are from this paper." pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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. For all of the species studied, a noticeable variation in tooth row length can be observed: about
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<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FCE2FBBEFCAF6F79" box="[806,883,1120,1142]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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(30% maxl) in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FBE6FBBFFBAA6F7A" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1758" box="[1058,1142,1120,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fiber">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FBE6FBBFFBAA6F7A" box="[1058,1142,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">C. fiber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FB40FBBEFB3A6F79" box="[1156,1254,1120,1142]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.18" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="11.8">11.8 mm</quantity>
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(30% maxl) in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FCE2FBA1FC746F9B" authorityName="Schlosser" authorityYear="1884" box="[806,936,1151,1172]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Anchitheriomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suevicus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FCE2FBA1FC746F9B" box="[806,936,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">A. suevicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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||
<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FC2AFBA1FBE06F9B" box="[1006,1084,1151,1173]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
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(71% maxl) in
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FB31FBA1FC936FBC" authorityName="Linne" authorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Caviidae" genus="Hydrochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hydrochaeris">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FB31FBA1FC936FBC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">H. hydrochaeris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. For the samples of the early Miocene
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FACDFB40FA876FBC" box="[1289,1371,1182,1203]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Steneofiber" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eseri">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FACDFB40FA876FBC" box="[1289,1371,1182,1203]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">S. eseri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FCE2FB62FC636FDD" authorityName="Pomel" authorityYear="1847" box="[806,959,1212,1234]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Steneofiber" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castorinus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FCE2FB62FC636FDD" box="[806,959,1212,1234]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">S. castorinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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studied, the range of the mandibular tooth row is around
|
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<quantity id="475A9B22E138AA53FBE4FB05FBBC6FFF" box="[1056,1120,1243,1264]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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and 17% of maxl. In all species, the low size ranges were observed in m1/2 and M1/2 lengths and widths, respectively.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="801D36C7E138AA53FCFBFAE9FC206D0B" blockId="5.[806,1421,998,1540]" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">
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In recent
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<taxonomicName id="47A24D44E138AA53FC72FAE9FBDD6E43" box="[950,1025,1335,1356]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="931" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B2D6EAD5E138AA53FC72FAE9FBDD6E43" box="[950,1025,1335,1356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Castor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, no pattern in the form and distribution of enamel folds and islands on the chewing surface, which could be used as clear age indicators, were recognizable (
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<figureCitation id="18992A42E138AA53FBC3FA4CFB976EA7" box="[1031,1099,1426,1448]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[144,223,752,771]" captionTargetBox="[402,1165,198,719]" captionTargetId="figure-588@7.[399,1167,196,721]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Mandibular tooth rows of Castor fiber at different ages. A, 94/104, 5-months old; B, 94/190, 39-months old; C, 94/107, 48-months old; and D, 94/65, 80-months old. All are from the Zoological Collection University Halle-Wittenberg. Scale bar: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5445356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5445356/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="931">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). There are only a few features, like the closing of the para-, meso-, or metafossette, and, at the latest, hypofossette, that can be easily determined.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |