241 lines
30 KiB
XML
241 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="7EDE0E191B778645F3F4F785587E007E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.8074943" ID-ISSN="2754-9844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8074943" ID-ZooBank="BCAD06E8-0AFE-46ED-B7FA-930983CD44C4" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1699388683108" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Noyes, John Stuart" docDate="2023" docId="03BA87A7FF71FF01FDEAB98DA48EFBD2" docLanguage="en" docName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2.1-921.pdf" docOrigin="Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera (Oxford, England) 2 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41.1:TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="DAA2ADC4E839520FEEF1E0A10B782A41" docStyleName="TaxMonogNeotropHymenopt.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Georynus Noyes 2023, gen.nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="702A6EBC-EF0D-4AC5-8A8C-3F07AC162CB0" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="165" masterDocId="FF83FFDFFFD5FFA7FFE2BC24A610FFC5" masterDocTitle="ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)" masterLastPageNumber="921" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1699637169064" updateUser="admin" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="C00483DCF04001DFE795396C32C89306">ENCYRTIDAE OF COSTA RICA (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA), 4 Subfamily Encyrtinae: tribes Arrhenophagini, Habrolepidini, Cerapterocerini, Cheiloneurini, Trechnitini, Cercobelini, Polaszekiini, Protyndarichoidini, Gahaniellini and Syrphophagini (part), mainly primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids of Coccoidea and Psylloidea (Hemiptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="FCB220F1943A1B92E86A1AD9BB998A09" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="36390E5F3E89A6AC8D4528C41A64B826">Noyes, John Stuart</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0039E33D080C96CE2AB868B1EB88A2D9">Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical Hymenoptera</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A46992F9FFE3A9833FEECB42304C678F">
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<mods:date id="4EC1FFFBA32D08DD06B4AA0E0B151E3A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2D599BE5AEA78F56607D9D83B91182D5" type="series">
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<mods:title id="B9811DAFAFFFFC7D29F89E1F787862C3">Oxford, England</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="7E87F299BFFAE7AA5C6C458FD4C71F93">2023-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="D1E96ACA2FE4A7EEFE47F3F64C7D37FD">http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8074943</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="0FF77B7207B03CE8391908DAA7E80D5F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EB724F7C18DE8FEB922B8B74EA3C18B9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.8074943</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="64A1FFF16EE174D78B5D468B411A13B0" type="ISSN">2754-9844</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BA87A7FF71FF01FDEAB98DA48EFBD2" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:702A6EBC-EF0D-4AC5-8A8C-3F07AC162CB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87A7FF71FF01FDEAB98DA48EFBD2" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFF71FF03FDEAB98DA52AFA04" box="[520,826,1449,1473]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF71FF03FDEAB98DA52AFA04" blockId="164.[520,826,1449,1473]" box="[520,826,1449,1473]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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<heading id="D0E481DDFF71FF03FDEAB98DA52AFA04" bold="true" box="[520,826,1449,1473]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF71FF03FDEAB98DA52AFA04" bold="true" box="[520,826,1449,1473]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF71FF03FDB1B98DA4CBFA04" authority="Noyes, 2023" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[595,731,1449,1473]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="gen.nov.">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF71FF03FDB1B98DA4CBFA04" bold="true" box="[595,731,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">GEORYNUS</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25457D8FF71FF03FD03B98DA52AFA04" box="[737,826,1449,1473]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" rank="genus">gen.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFF71FF02FF57B9FBA7CAFA62" lastPageId="165" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF71FF03FF57B9FBA4E6FA33" blockId="164.[181,758,1502,1527]" box="[181,758,1502,1527]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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<typeStatus id="54A88813FF71FF03FF57B9FBA6F7FA32" box="[181,231,1503,1527]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF71FF03FEA7B9FBA7F0FA33" authority="Noyes, 2023" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[325,480,1503,1526]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aitne" status="sp.nov.">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF71FF03FEA7B9FBA7F0FA33" box="[325,480,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">Georynus aitne</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF71FF03FE04B9FBA421FA32" bold="true" box="[486,561,1503,1527]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25457D8FF71FF03FE04B9FBA421FA32" box="[486,561,1503,1527]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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Gender masculine.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF71FF03FF57BA30A44AF9E9" blockId="164.[181,1165,1556,1687]" box="[181,602,1556,1580]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">
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Female. Overall length about
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<quantity id="4CEB9B54FF71FF03FE01BA30A445F9E9" box="[483,597,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="164" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.7">1.7-1.8mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF71FF03FF39BA0AA29CF952" blockId="164.[181,1165,1556,1687]" pageId="164" pageNumber="163">Body generally dark brown to black with a metallic sheen; maxillary palpus off-white; antenna pale orange with clava orange-brown to brown; tegula dark brown; mesoscutum and scutellum contrasting in colour with scutellum more metallic; all coxae white, remainder of legs pale white to orange; fore wing hyaline or weakly infuscate below marginal vein, venation pale orange;</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" blockId="165.[181,227,130,159]" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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<pageNumber id="BBB83D67FF70FF02FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" ambiguity="4" box="[181,227,130,159]" fuzzyness="0" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" score="12" value="164">
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<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FF70FF02FF57BCA6A6F3FF5A" box="[181,227,130,159]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">164</pageTitle>
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</pageNumber>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" blockId="165.[343,1003,128,152]" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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<pageTitle id="CB8CEED6FF70FF02FEB5BCA4A5FBFF5D" box="[343,1003,128,152]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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Taxonomic Monographs on Neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FD11BCA4A5C7FF5D" authority=", Volume" authorityName="Volume" box="[755,983,128,152]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera, Volume</taxonomicName>
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2
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</pageTitle>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57BCFAA43BFF32" blockId="165.[181,1165,222,1340]" box="[181,555,222,247]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">gonostylus at leat partly pale orange.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF39BCDDA776FD42" blockId="165.[181,1165,222,1340]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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Head about 8X as wide as frontovertex, in profile about 1.6X as high as deep, anteriorly quite evenly and strongly curved from occipital margin to top of scrobes, more strongly curved at top of scrobes and from there quite straight to mouth margin, with interantennal prominence hardly protuberant; occipital margin rounded; frontovertex narrowest about midway between anterior ocellus and top of scrobes, shiny, mainly with shallow, fairly fine, polygonally reticulate sculpture of mesh size generally less than diameter eye facet; piliferous punctures on frontovertex shallow; eye slightly overreaching occipital margin, with very conspicuous pale setae, each much longer than diameter of facet; scrobes very shallow, narrowly ∩-shaped, meeting dorsally, with shallow sculpture, weakly margined dorsally and laterally; interantennal prominence distinct, clearly reaching past toruli, dorsally acute; antenna with scape hardly broadened about 4-5X as long as broad; funicle segments varying from all slightly longer than broad to some distinctly transverse, becoming slightly wider distad; linear sensilla absent on proximal funicle segments; clava slightly wider than
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<collectionCode id="ED02AE74FF70FF02FECDBE1DA72FFD94" box="[303,319,569,593]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15707" name="Field Museum of Natural History, Botany Department" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" type="Herbarium">F</collectionCode>
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6, shorter than funicle, three segmented, apex strongly obliquely truncate; malar sulcus absent; clypeal margin weakly concave; mandible with 3 acute teeth, without a ventral peg; palp formula 4-3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF39BEADA54EFBF4" blockId="165.[181,1165,222,1340]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Thorax with pronotum short, but visible behind head and with imbricate-reticulate to polygonally reticulate sculpture that is about as deep as that on frontovertex below anterior ocellus; notaular lines absent; mesoscutum with polygonally reticulate sculpture that is about as deep as that on pronotum; axilla with polygonally reticulate sculpture that is conspicuously finer and deeper than that on mesoscutum; scutellum dorsally weakly convex and with regular, fine, punctate-reticulate, honeycomb-like sculpture that is much finer and deeper than that on mesoscutum or axillae, apex and side almost vertical and completely smooth and shiny; scutellum apex, in dorsal view, broadly rounded; mid tibial spur slightly shorter than basitarsus; fore wing about 2.4-2.5X as long as broad, with linea calva entire; basal cell fairly evenly setose; costal cell with a line of setae dorsally in apical half and 1 or 2 lines of setae ventrally in apical half or so; submarginal vein with parastigma hardly swollen, with a very weak triangular expansion, not downcurved; marginal vein at least about 4X as long as broad, hardly longer than postmarginal vein, stigmal vein longer than postmarginal vein; uncus of stigmal vein with 3 campaniform sensilla arranged in almost a straight; posterior margin of mesopleuron reaching level with posterior margin of propodeum; propodeum medially about 0.16X as long as scutellum, with some shallow, irregular sculpture medially; about 4-8 setae anterior to and outside spiracle.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF39B810A45AFAF9" blockId="165.[181,1165,222,1340]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Gaster about as long as head and thorax combined; Gt2 with a conspicuous, subspherical, gland-like structure anterolaterally, of about the same diameter as width of cercal plate, in addition to an area of strong reticulate sculpture (clearly visible on slide-mounted material); syntergum at least about as long as mid tibia, its apex acute; hypopygium reaching about 0.5X along gaster, about 2X as broad as long, anteriorly biconcave, with distinct median and anterolateral projections, posteriorly moderately biconvex with a moderate median invagination that is at least 0.2X as deep as hypopygium length; ovipositor 1.5X as long as mid tibia, slightly exserted with exserted part at least about half as long as mid tibial spur; second valvifer without subapical setae; gonostylus freely articulated with second valvifer, about 0.25-0.35X as long as ovipositor and up to about 2.5X as long as mid tibial spur.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57B97DA771FAB4" blockId="165.[181,353,1369,1393]" box="[181,353,1369,1393]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57B9ABA7CAFA62" blockId="165.[181,474,1423,1447]" box="[181,474,1423,1447]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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DISRIBUTION.
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<collectingCountry id="F3047621FF70FF02FE86B9ABA7C6FA62" box="[356,470,1423,1447]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFF70FF02FF57B9E0A76EFA19" box="[181,382,1476,1500]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57B9E0A76EFA19" blockId="165.[181,382,1476,1500]" box="[181,382,1476,1500]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">HOSTS. Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309653AFF70FF01FF57B9DEA48EFBD2" lastPageId="166" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF70FF02FF57B9DEA29CF952" blockId="165.[181,1165,1529,1687]" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">
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COMMENTS. The habitus of species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FDBAB9DEA4AAF9D4" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[600,698,1530,1553]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FDBAB9DEA4AAF9D4" box="[600,698,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Georynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is very similar to those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FC2CB9DDA29CF9D4" authority="Masi" authorityName="Masi" authorityYear="1917" box="[974,1164,1529,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Mahencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FC2CB9DDA242F9D4" box="[974,1106,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Mahencyrtus</emphasis>
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Masi
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</taxonomicName>
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and the two species described below were initially included in the latter genus as aberrant species. However, the presence of the unusual, spherical gland-like structures anterolaterally on the second gastral tergite immediately separates
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FDDBBA6EA48BF9A4" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[569,667,1610,1633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FDDBBA6EA48BF9A4" box="[569,667,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Georynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FD02BA6DA574F9A4" authorityName="Masi" authorityYear="1917" box="[736,868,1609,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Mahencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FD02BA6DA574F9A4" box="[736,868,1609,1633]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Mahencyrtus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FC91BA6EA5C5F9A4" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[883,981,1610,1633]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FC91BA6EA5C5F9A4" box="[883,981,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Georynus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF70FF02FF57BA40A729F9B9" authorityName="Masi" authorityYear="1917" box="[181,313,1636,1660]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Mahencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="165" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF70FF02FF57BA40A729F9B9" box="[181,313,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="165" pageNumber="164">Mahencyrtus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the scutellum having a broadly rounded apex, fine punctate sculpture and very smooth and shiny vertical sides as well as a very weakly expanded parastigma and hyaline fore
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FBBCBCA6A29CFF5A" blockId="166.[1118,1164,130,159]" box="[1118,1164,130,159]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">165</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FF57BCFAA414FE83" blockId="166.[181,1165,222,1047]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">
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wings. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FEC0BCFAA7B6FF33" authorityName="Masi" authorityYear="1917" box="[290,422,222,246]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Mahencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FEC0BCFAA7B6FF33" box="[290,422,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Mahencyrtus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the scutellum is shield-shaped and has coarse longitudinally elongate polygonally reticulate sculpture, the sides are rounded and generally shiny but with shallow sculpture and the fore wing has a conspicuously swollen parastigma and usually has a median infuscate streak in its apical half.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FF39BD6EA4CCFDA9" blockId="166.[181,1165,222,1047]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FF39BD6EA72DFEA4" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[219,317,330,353]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FF39BD6EA72DFEA4" box="[219,317,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Georynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be close to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FE11BD6EA55EFEA4" box="[499,846,329,354]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Casus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FE11BD6EA421FEA4" box="[499,561,330,353]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Casus</emphasis>
|
|
Noyes & Woolley. Species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of both genera have a sharply tridentate mandible, the clava with an oblique apical truncation, similar wing venation with a long marginal vein and only three campaniform sensilla at the apex of the stigmal vein, an acutely angled apex of the syntergum, similarly structured ovipositor and similar hypopygium. However in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FBACBDBEA29CFE74" box="[1102,1164,410,433]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Casus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FBACBDBEA29CFE74" box="[1102,1164,410,433]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Casus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the scutellum has shallow, longitudinally elongate imbricate-reticulate sculpture, the mesopleuron clearly does not reach level with the posterior margin of the propodeum, the propodeal spiracle is separated from the anterior margin of propodeum by at least 2X its own diameter and there are no spherical gland-like structures on the second gastral tergite. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FCD7BE20A587FDDE" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[821,919,516,539]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FCD7BE20A587FDDE" box="[821,919,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Georynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the scutellum has deep, regular, polygonally reticulate (honeycomb-like) sculpture, the mesopleuron reaches level with the posterior margin of the propodeum and the propodeal spiracle is separated from the anterior margin of the propodeum by at most its own diameter.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FF06BE4BA4BEFCB2" blockId="166.[181,1165,222,1047]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">
|
|
It is possible that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FE7DBE4BA411FD43" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[415,513,623,646]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FE7DBE4BA411FD43" box="[415,513,623,646]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Georynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is related to two species currently placed in combination with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FF57BEADA79AFD64" authority="Howard" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[181,394,649,673]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FF57BEADA722FD64" box="[181,306,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
Howard
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FE7BBEADA41AFD64" box="[409,522,649,673]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">clavicornis</emphasis>
|
|
Cameron and
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FD7FBEAEA4F8FD64" box="[669,744,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">orarius</emphasis>
|
|
Annecke & Mynhardt) and which appear to uniquely share these round, gland-like structures. It is very likely that these two species are misplaced in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FEDEBE9BA7A9FD12" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[316,441,703,727]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FEDEBE9BA7A9FD12" box="[316,441,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FDCFBE9BA49FFD13" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[557,655,703,726]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FDCFBE9BA49FFD13" box="[557,655,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Georynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be distinguished from
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FC42BE9BA201FD12" box="[928,1041,703,727]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">clavicornis</emphasis>
|
|
and
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FBA3BE9BA29CFD13" box="[1089,1164,703,726]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">orarius</emphasis>
|
|
(and other species currently placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FDA2BEFDA4ADFD34" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[576,701,729,753]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FDA2BEFDA4ADFD34" box="[576,701,729,753]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but which lack these structures) by the lack of a strong triangular expansion of the parastigma, marginal vein at least 4X as long as broad and the scutellum having fine, punctate-reticulate sculpture with the sides and apex near vertical and completely smooth and shiny. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FDA2BF0DA4ADFC84" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[576,701,809,833]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FDA2BF0DA4ADFC84" box="[576,701,809,833]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
the parastigma has a very strong, triangular expansion, the marginal vein is not more than 3X as long as broad and the scutellum is evenly convex, usually with relatively shallow sculpture.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FF39BF5EA5C5FC39" blockId="166.[181,1165,222,1047]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">
|
|
It seems likely that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FE52BF5EA402FC54" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[432,530,890,913]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Georynus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FE52BF5EA402FC54" box="[432,530,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Georynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FDAEBF5DA4C0FC54" authorityName="Masi" authorityYear="1917" box="[588,720,889,913]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Mahencyrtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FDAEBF5DA4C0FC54" box="[588,720,889,913]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Mahencyrtus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
belong to the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FC4ABF5DA223FC54" box="[936,1075,889,913]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cheiloneurini">Cheiloneurini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(mainly associated with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FE81BFB0A7C0FC69" box="[355,464,916,940]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FDF6BFB0A481FC69" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[532,657,916,940]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FDF6BFB0A481FC69" box="[532,657,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(s.s.) belongs to the Bothriothoracini, subtribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FF57BF8BA75EFC02" box="[181,334,943,967]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Syrphophagina">Syrphophagina</taxonomicName>
|
|
(mainly associated with Holometabola). The phylogenetic relationships of the scale insect parasitoids, previously placed in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FD76BFEDA5B5FC24" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1916" box="[660,933,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Parechthrodryinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FD76BFEDA542FC24" box="[660,850,969,993]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Parechthrodryinus</emphasis>
|
|
Girault
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and now included in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FF57BFC0A722FC39" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1910" box="[181,306,996,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Tyndarichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FF57BFC0A722FC39" box="[181,306,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Tyndarichus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EF824B40FF73FF01FE8ABFC1A7F5FC39" author="Hayat, M." box="[360,485,996,1021]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" pagination="163 - 181" refId="ref651156" refString="Hayat, M. 2012. Taxonomic notes on Indian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) - VI. Oriental Insects 46 (2): 163 - 181." type="journal article" year="2012">Hayat, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) need to be reassessed using a holistic approach.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BAC36B1FF73FF01FF39BFDBA48EFBD2" blockId="166.[181,1165,222,1047]" box="[219,670,1023,1047]" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">
|
|
See also comments under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C134D32FF73FF01FE06BFDBA451FBD3" authorityName="Noyes" authorityYear="2023" box="[484,577,1023,1046]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Strigenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="166" pageNumber="165" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B967EAA3FF73FF01FE06BFDBA451FBD3" box="[484,577,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="166" pageNumber="165">Strigenia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(p. 172).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |