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<document id="A27B6ADF2D75AE9E69EDB98E299A83E0" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7909894" ID-ISSN="2305-2562" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7909894" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1683577476113" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bursey, M. L. &amp; Herbert, D. G." docDate="2004" docId="03B187DCFFF2FFC1FE73FC2F085D4729" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.45.1.249–262.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 45" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A.3:AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleId="C20B10C002986E51083406A4EACF003A" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2001-2007.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gulella newmani Bursey &amp; Herbert 2004, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="261" masterDocId="FF88FFA4FFFAFFCDFF9AFFD90C4F434E" masterDocTitle="Four new narrow-range endemic species of Gulella from Eastern Cape, South Africa (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)" masterLastPageNumber="262" masterPageNumber="249" pageNumber="257" updateTime="1699498715153" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E1E7888712D6AEBFABBE3CF9F6317274">Four new narrow-range endemic species of Gulella from Eastern Cape, South Africa (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CCBB04BDBACB13B2F5DC094939EAFF6B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="7E9AB2C5C0990696D542369FCC40BBC3">Bursey, M. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A6829F5863C8DE6DD88AB70A1597E020">Herbert, D. G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="86EF0023355D85E21EA5741A3E424BE1">African Invertebrates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="651A771A8E36BE1A8C99912E68CE7EE4">
<mods:date id="018185FA335866AD85FAE8FAD470938D">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="91FD2341221DF47892028E80606CE45D" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="D5E7242830A5A92592736683A6E6807F">2004-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2FB28E72C1B5C44CD00B7015B141010D" type="volume">
<mods:number id="FD9ECC3B3A7335C456E1118AD162ECFB">45</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9FE9DF2B0BD55325488A51025472CF62">249</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="E56F02417C0073FE8152118979E58986" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7909894</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1EB34646E19B4CBAC0156C9A60D241A6" type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B187DCFFF2FFC1FE73FC2F085D4729" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7910326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7910326" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B187DCFFF2FFC1FE73FC2F085D4729" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187DCFFF2FFC1FE73FC2F085D4729" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
<subSubSection id="C3026541FFF2FFC5FE73FC2F0EB84741" box="[489,759,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF2FFC5FE73FC2F0EB84741" blockId="8.[144,1104,1014,1675]" box="[489,759,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
<heading id="D0EF81A6FFF2FFC5FE73FC2F0EB84741" box="[489,759,1014,1039]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF2FFC5FE73FC2F0EFB4741" ID-CoL="6L5MD" authority="Bursey &amp; Herbert, 2004" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[489,692,1014,1039]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF2FFC5FE73FC2F0EFB4741" bold="true" box="[489,692,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Gulella newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F57A3FFF2FFC5FD21FC2F0EB84741" box="[699,759,1014,1039]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3026541FFF2FFC1FDABFBC7085D4729" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF2FFC5FDABFBC70EE14779" blockId="8.[144,1104,1014,1675]" box="[561,686,1054,1079]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF2FFC5FDABFBC70EE14779" box="[561,686,1054,1079]" captionStart-0="Figs 18–23" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionStartId-1="10.[280,313,1647,1667]" captionTargetBox-0="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1064,733,1622]" captionTargetId-0="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetId-1="figure-237@10.[185,1062,734,1621]" captionTargetPageId-0="9" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." captionText-1="Fig. 24. Map of northern Eastern Cape showing distribution of new species." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917365" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7917365/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs 18–24</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF2FFC5FF0AFB9C0D4147D0" blockId="8.[144,1104,1014,1675]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Etymology: Named after Noggs Newman, a long-standing member of the Board of Trustees of East London Museum, and founder and honorary life member of the Border Shell Club.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF2FFC5FF0AFB720FD5466A" blockId="8.[144,1104,1014,1675]" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
Diagnosis: Shell very small, sub-cylindrical; sculptured with strong axial ribs; peristome entire, disjunct from preceding whorl and forming a detached apertural tube, margin strongly flaring; apertural dentition seven-fold, but edge of lip also set with short ridges or small denticles; umbilicus relatively wide (width approx.
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF2FFC5FCA9FAD20FC2466A" box="[819,909,1291,1316]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF2FFC6FF0AFAEB086D4209" blockId="8.[144,1104,1014,1675]" lastBlockId="11.[181,1142,206,927]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">
Description: Shell very small, sub-cylindrical; length
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF2FFC5FD7DFAEB0F3F4605" box="[743,880,1330,1355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="3.7">3.7–3.8 mm</quantity>
, width
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF2FFC5FC58FAEB08044605" box="[962,1099,1330,1355]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="1.85" valueMax="1.9" valueMin="1.8">1.8–1.9 mm</quantity>
, length:width approx. 2.0. Embryonic shell approx.
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF2FFC5FD4FFA8B0F744625" box="[725,827,1362,1387]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="0.98">0.98 mm</quantity>
in diameter, comprising approx. 2.25 whorls; superficial sculpture eroded, but with traces of close-set microscopic spiral threads (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF2FFC5FEA7FA4B0DDB46E5" box="[317,404,1426,1451]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
); junction between embryonic shell and teleoconch distinct. Teleoconch comprising approx. 5 whorls; whorls convex, suture indented; sculptured by well-developed, weakly prosocline axial ribs, extending from suture to suture (54 on penultimate whorl); rib intervals lacking obvious microsculpture and with no evidence of spiral threads (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF2FFC5FECCF9CB0DE34565" box="[342,428,1554,1579]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Peristome entire; terminal part of last whorl disjunct from preceding whorl and drawn out into a distinct, trumpet-like, apertural tube; tube descending somewhat such that aperture is orientated slightly downwards (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF2FFC5FC77F98B080D4525" box="[1005,1090,1618,1643]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
). Aperture markedly constricted by teeth; dentition 7-fold (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF2FFC5FCADF9AB0F8C45C5" box="[823,963,1650,1675]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="257">Figs 20, 21</figureCitation>
): 1) a well-developed parietal lamella, outer portion strongly oblique, its margin strongly sinuous, a small rounded swelling on left where lamella curves to run into aperture; 2) a compound, broad-based labral tooth with a broad, roundly spathulate, in-running slab at its centre, two smaller denticles at upper and lower extremities of labral base, upper one forming basal part of labral sinus; 3) an in-running ridge in centre of base, thicker and curving to left internally; 4) a similar but weaker ridge to left, at base of columella (and partly obscured by it); 5) a broad-based, compound, superficial columella tooth with a strong triangular tooth at its centre (opposite central element of labral tooth), and a smaller ridge-like tooth running inwards above this; 6) a deep-set, flat-topped columella lamella, largely obscured by superficial columella tooth (not visible in figures); 7) a minute, low denticle at junction of columella and parietal lip. Flared portion of aperture margin with additional ornamentation in the form of small tubercles in parietal region and short, low ridges elsewhere, set at right angles to lip edge (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF0FFC7FD41FD970F614129" box="[731,814,590,615]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="259">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
),
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF0FFC7FCD8FD970FEA4129" box="[834,933,590,615]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.715" metricValueMax="6.35" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="10" pageNumber="259" unit="in" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">20–25 in</quantity>
total, fading in the region of labral sinus. Exterior of apertural tube indented in region of parietal lamella, labral base and columella tooth. Uppermost part of apertural tube, behind labral sinus, with a keel-like ridge running from flared edge of peristome to base of penultimate whorl; peristome edge indented slightly above parietal lamella and columella portion weakly concave. Umbilicus relatively widely patent (width approx.
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF1FFC6FC0FFED70FA34269" box="[917,1004,270,295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
), its opening round to ovate (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF1FFC6FEFDFEF70DF54209" box="[359,442,302,327]" captionStart="Figs 18–23" captionStartId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" captionTargetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[217,1081,199,1564]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 18–23. Gulella newmani sp. n., holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Shell translucent, uniformly milky-white when fresh.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF676642FFF3FFC4FF2CF9FE0E4645CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917363" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7917363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917363/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="258" startId="9.[182,221,1575,1595]" targetBox="[244,1073,199,1551]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF3FFC4FF2CF9FE0E4645CD" blockId="9.[182,1142,1575,1667]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">
Figs 18–23.
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF3FFC4FEBEF9FE0DF14575" authority="Bursey &amp; Herbert, 2004" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[292,446,1575,1595]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="258" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF3FFC4FEBEF9FE0DF14575" box="[292,446,1575,1595]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="258">Gulella newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F57A3FFF3FFC4FE58F9FE0DBC4575" box="[450,499,1575,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="258" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype. 18, 19, apertural and lateral views of shell, length = 3.68 mm; 20, enlarged view of the aperture, bar = 0.5 mm; 21, umbilical region, bar = 0.25 mm; 22, detail of sculpture (first quarter of last whorl, bar = 75µm; 23, microsculpture on embryonic shell, partly eroded, bar = 30µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF0FFC7FE82F9B60F8645CD" blockId="10.[280,969,1647,1667]" box="[280,969,1647,1667]" pageId="10" pageNumber="259">Fig. 24. Map of northern Eastern Cape showing distribution of new species.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF2FFE8F0D774281" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
Type material:
<materialsCitation id="3B703C97FFF1FFC6FEC1FE8F0D774281" collectingDate="2003-03-03" collectionCode="NMSA" collectorName="M. Bursey &amp; D. Herbert" country="South Africa" latitude="-31.429768" location="Mbotyi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.72605" municipality="Pondoland" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" specimenCode="W568" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A38868FFF1FFC6FEC1FE8F0D874221" box="[347,456,342,367]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED09AE0FFFF1FFC6FE4BFE8F0E6F4221" box="[465,544,342,367]" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" type="Museum">NMSA</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBBE9EB1FFF1FFC6FDBFFE8F0E244221" box="[549,619,342,367]" collectionCode="NMSA" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34985" name="KwaZulu-Natal Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" type="Museum">W568</specimenCode>
/T1996, length
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, width
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.
<collectingCountry id="F30F765AFFF1FFC6FBAEFE8F0D4E42C1" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49DCF828FFF1FFC6FE8BFEAF0DFF42C1" box="[273,432,374,399]" country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
,
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coast,
<location id="8EC76011FFF1FFC6FD08FEAF0EA942C1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B187DCFFF2FFC1FE73FC2F085D4729:8EC76011FFF1FFC6FD08FEAF0EA942C1" box="[658,742,374,399]" country="South Africa" latitude="-31.429768" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="29.72605" municipality="Pondoland" name="Mbotyi" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Mbotyi</location>
(
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:
<geoCoordinate id="EE2C500DFFF1FFC6FC10FEAF085242C1" box="[906,1053,374,399]" degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="43.563" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" precision="1" value="29.72605">29º43.563'E</geoCoordinate>
), forest at top of coastal escarpment, in leaf-litter under log, leg.
<collectorName id="26ED531CFFF1FFC6FCCAFE4F0F8642E1" box="[848,969,406,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">M. Bursey</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26ED531CFFF1FFC6FC6EFE4F083E42E1" box="[1012,1137,406,431]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">D. Herbert</collectorName>
,
<date id="FFA6100AFFF1FFC6FF2FFE6F0D7B4281" box="[181,308,438,463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" value="2003-03-03">
<collectingDate id="EFE2E9E2FFF1FFC6FF2FFE6F0D7B4281" box="[181,308,438,463]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" value="2003-03-03">03/iii/2003</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF4AFE0F0F6A42A1" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,927]" box="[208,805,470,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
<materialsCitation id="3B703C97FFF1FFC6FF4AFE0F0F6E42A1" box="[208,801,470,495]" collectionCode="ELM" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" specimenCode="ELM 13662" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54A38868FFF1FFC6FF4AFE0F0D7942A1" box="[208,310,470,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
<specimenCode id="DBBE9EB1FFF1FFC6FEDBFE0F0D8342A1" box="[321,460,470,495]" collectionCode="ELM" country="South Africa" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9trn-613c" name="East London Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">ELM 13662</specimenCode>
, found together with
<typeStatus id="54A38868FFF1FFC6FD21FE0F0F6E42A1" box="[699,801,470,495]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF2FFE270DC24139" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
Distribution and habitat (
<figureCitation id="13232A4FFFF1FFC6FE56FE270E6F4159" box="[460,544,510,535]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[280,313,1647,1667]" captionTargetBox="[184,1064,733,1622]" captionTargetId="figure-237@10.[185,1062,734,1621]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 24. Map of northern Eastern Cape showing distribution of new species." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7917365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7917365/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
): Known only from the
<typeStatus id="54A38868FFF1FFC6FCB3FE270F164159" box="[809,857,510,535]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">type</typeStatus>
locality which comprises tall coastal forest with large trees and an understorey of species including
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FBAAFDC70D864119" authority="(Oliv.) Hutch." authorityName="Hutch." baseAuthorityName="Oliv." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Buxaceae" genus="Buxus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Buxales" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FBAAFDC70D694118" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Buxus natalensis</emphasis>
(Oliv.) Hutch.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FE48FDE70F524119" authority="Engl." authorityName="Engl." box="[466,797,574,599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Memecylon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bachmannii">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FE48FDE70E934118" box="[466,732,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Memecylon bachmannii</emphasis>
Engl.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FCD5FDE70CB94139" authority="(Kunze) Baill." authorityName="Baill." baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Cycadopsida" family="Zamiaceae" genus="Stangeria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="eriopus">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FCD5FDE7085A4118" box="[847,1045,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Stangeria eriopus</emphasis>
(Kunze) Baill.
</taxonomicName>
; in leaf-litter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF2FFD5F0E9540D0" blockId="11.[181,1142,206,927]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
Remarks:
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FEB2FD5F0DA741D0" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[296,488,646,670]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FEB2FD5F0DA741D0" box="[296,488,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Gulella newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FDFCFD5F0EBC41D0" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[614,755,646,670]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FDFCFD5F0EBC41D0" box="[614,755,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. latimerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its entire, flaring peristome and detached apertural tube, but the latter is longer and more steeply sloping in
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FC73FD7F082041F0" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[1001,1135,678,702]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FC73FD7F082041F0" box="[1001,1135,678,702]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, off-setting the aperture to the right. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FD53FD1F0F1A4190" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[713,853,710,734]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FD53FD1F0F1A4190" box="[713,853,710,734]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. latimerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is larger and broader, and lacks the short ridges and tubercles circling the aperture lip, a feature evidently unique to
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FF49FCDF0D134050" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[211,348,774,798]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FF49FCDF0D134050" box="[211,348,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the southern African streptaxid fauna. The general form of the apertural dentition is similar in the two species, but there are small differences, most notably in the form of the superficial columella tooth which is more obviously tricuspid in
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FF4AFCBF0D194030" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[208,342,870,894]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FF4AFCBF0D194030" box="[208,342,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the larger basal ridge which in
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FD47FCBF0F2C4030" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[733,867,870,894]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FD47FCBF0F2C4030" box="[733,867,870,894]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
continues to the aperture edge, but stops well short of this in
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FDDEFC5F0E9540D0" box="[580,730,902,926]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FDDEFC5F0E9940D0" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[580,726,902,926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">G. latimerae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FDDBFC0B0EA540A8" blockId="11.[181,1142,978,1676]" box="[577,746,978,998]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">CONSERVATION</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF4AFC2A0D0B4782" blockId="11.[181,1142,978,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
All four new species are evidently narrow-range endemics,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FC43FC2D08224742" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[985,1133,1012,1036]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hamerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FC43FC2D08224742" box="[985,1133,1012,1036]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. hamerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FF2FFBCD0D534762" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[181,284,1044,1068]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dejae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FF2FFBCD0D534762" box="[181,284,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. dejae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FEC6FBCD0DA34762" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[348,492,1044,1068]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="newmani">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FEC6FBCD0DA34762" box="[348,492,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. newmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are each known from only a single locality, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FF2FFBED0D704702" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[181,319,1076,1100]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FF2FFBED0D704702" box="[181,319,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">G. latimerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears more widely distributed, but even so, it is known only from isolated patches of coastal forest spanning a linear distance of no more than
<quantity id="4CE09B2FFFF1FFC6FC04FB8A0FBC4722" box="[926,1011,1107,1132]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" unit="km" value="110.0">110 km</quantity>
. In terms of the IUCN red-listing criteria (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FE66FBAA0ECC47C2" author="IUCN" box="[508,643,1139,1164]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" refId="ref6407" refString="IUCN, 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN." type="book" year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
), the four species will undoubtedly qualify as threatened taxa and applications to this effect will be made after publication of their descriptions.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC6FF4AFB0A087F4562" blockId="11.[181,1142,978,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
The forests of the Transkei region are considered to be of major conservation importance due to their rich biodiversity and high levels of endemism (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FC25FB2A0CBE4662" author="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W." pageId="11" pageNumber="260" refId="ref6005" refString="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W. 1992. Transkei forest survey. Durban: Wildlife Society of southern Africa." type="book" year="1992">Cooper &amp; Swart 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FF67FACA0E0D4662" author="CLOETE, E. &amp; BOSA-BARLOW, A." box="[253,578,1299,1324]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" pagination="250 - 251" refId="ref5924" refString="CLOETE, E. &amp; BOSA-BARLOW, A. 2000. Forest understorey plants of Port St. Johns. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Vermeulen, C., eds, Natural Forests and Savannah Woodlands Symposium II. Towards sustainable management based on scientific understanding of natural forests and woodlands. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 250 - 251." type="book chapter" year="2000">Cloete &amp; Bosa-Barlow 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FDD6FACA0F114662" author="VAN WYK, A. E. &amp; SMITH, G." box="[588,862,1299,1324]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" refId="ref6741" refString="VAN WYK, A. E. &amp; SMITH, G. 2001. Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa: a review with emphasis on succulents. Pretoria: Umdaus Press." type="book" year="2001">Van Wyk &amp; Smith 2001</bibRefCitation>
; De Villiers 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FBABFACA0CBD4602" author="WHITE, R. M." pageId="11" pageNumber="260" pagination="340 - 349" refId="ref6861" refString="WHITE, R. M. 2002. Patterns of utilisation of indigenous forest fauna and other natural resources in the Transkei Region, Eastern Cape. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vorster, T., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Van der Merwe, I. J., eds, Natural forests and savannah woodlands symposium III. Multiple use management of natural forests and woodlands: policy refinements and scientific progress. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 340 - 349." type="book chapter" year="2002">White 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FE9CFAEA0E5E4602" author="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W." box="[262,529,1331,1356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" refId="ref6005" refString="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W. 1992. Transkei forest survey. Durban: Wildlife Society of southern Africa." type="book" year="1992">Cooper &amp; Swart (1992)</bibRefCitation>
considered Nqadu Forest, the only known locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF1FFC6FF2FFA8D0D3A4622" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[181,373,1364,1388]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hamerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF1FFC6FF2FFA8D0D3A4622" box="[181,373,1364,1388]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">Gulella hamerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the Pondoland coastal forests in which the other three species are found, to be of highest conservation priority. Mostly, such assessments have focussed on plants and vertebrates, but analyses of invertebrate distributions indicate similar foci of diversity and endemism in this region (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FD24FA6A0F164682" author="HERBERT, D. G." box="[702,857,1459,1484]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" pagination="3 - 4" refId="ref6349" refString="HERBERT, D. G. 2000. Dwesa - a high diversity site for land snails. Strandloper 262: 3 - 4." type="journal article" year="2000">Herbert 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FCFFFA6A083E4682" author="BURSEY, M. &amp; HERBERT, D. G." box="[869,1137,1459,1484]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" pagination="4 - 7" refId="ref5892" refString="BURSEY, M. &amp; HERBERT, D. G. 2001. Mkambati Game Reserve - another high diversity site for land snails. Strandloper 265: 4 - 7." type="journal article" year="2001">Bursey &amp; Herbert 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FF2FFA0A0DF046A2" author="HAMER, M. L. &amp; SLOTOW, R." box="[181,447,1491,1516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" pagination="29 - 42" refId="ref6312" refString="HAMER, M. L. &amp; SLOTOW, R. 2002. Conservation application of existing data for South African millipedes (Diplopoda). African Entomology 10 (1): 29 - 42." type="journal article" year="2002">Hamer &amp; Slotow 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF1FFC6FE56FA0A0EA746A2" author="HERBERT, D. G. &amp; KILBURN, R. N." box="[460,744,1491,1516]" pageId="11" pageNumber="260" refId="ref6374" refString="HERBERT, D. G. &amp; KILBURN, R. N. 2004. Field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum." type="book" year="2004">Herbert &amp; Kilburn 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The four narrow-range endemics described herein are further evidence of this. In addition, they highlight the fact that the documentation of the invertebrate fauna of the region is far from complete.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF1FFC1FF4AF9EA0EF34149" blockId="11.[181,1142,978,1676]" lastBlockId="12.[144,1104,206,1127]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="11" pageNumber="260">
Transkei forests, like most South African forests, have traditionally been utilised by local people as sources of natural products and for stock grazing. However, with reduction in forest extent and increased levels of utilisation, the sustainability of such practices has been compromised and they now represent a serious threat to the remaining forest patches (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FF0DFF370DCD4249" author="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W." box="[151,386,238,263]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" refId="ref6005" refString="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W. 1992. Transkei forest survey. Durban: Wildlife Society of southern Africa." type="book" year="1992">Cooper &amp; Swart 1992</bibRefCitation>
; De Villiers 2002;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FDD9FF370F1D4249" author="DE VILLIERS, D. J. &amp; WHITE, R. M." box="[579,850,238,263]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="110 - 121" refId="ref6184" refString="DE VILLIERS, D. J. &amp; WHITE, R. M. 2002. Are current conservation practices conserving indigenous forest fauna? In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vorster, T., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Van der Merwe, I. J., eds, Natural Forests and Savannah Woodlands Symposium III. Multiple use management of natural forests and woodlands: policy refinements and scientific progress. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 110 - 121." type="book chapter" year="2002">De Villiers &amp; White 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FCC0FF370C854269" author="VON MALTITZ, G. P. &amp; FLEMING, G." pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref6775" refString="VON MALTITZ, G. P. &amp; FLEMING, G. 2000. The status of conservation of indigenous forests in South Africa. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Vermeulen, C., eds, Natural forests and savannah woodlands symposium II. Towards sustainable management based on scientific understanding of natural forests and woodlands. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 93 - 99." type="book chapter" year="2000">Von Maltitz &amp; Fleming 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FF4DFED70DEE4269" author="COCKS, M. L. &amp; DOLD, A. P. &amp; GRUNDY, I. M." box="[215,417,270,295]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="473 - 492" refId="ref6030" refString="COCKS, M. L., DOLD, A. P. &amp; GRUNDY, I. M. 2004. The trade in medicinal plants from forests in the Eastern Cape Province. In: Lawes, M. J., Eeley, H. A. C., Shackleton, C. M. &amp; Geach, B. G. S., eds, Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa. Policy, people and practice. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, pp. 473 - 492." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Cocks
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FEBFFED70D114268" box="[293,350,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FE35FED70E324269" author="LAWES, M. J. &amp; OBIRI, J. A. F. &amp; EELEY, H. A. C." box="[431,637,270,295]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="227 - 273" refId="ref6545" refString="LAWES, M. J., OBIRI, J. A. F. &amp; EELEY, H. A. C. 2004. The uses and value of indigenous forest resources in South Africa. In: Lawes, M. J., Eeley, H. A. C., Shackleton, C. M. &amp; Geach, B. G. S., eds, Indigenous forests and woodlands in South Africa. Policy, people and practice. Pietermaritzburg: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, pp. 227 - 273." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Lawes
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FE65FED70E7D4268" box="[511,562,270,294]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). Some of the forests in which these new
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FF0AFEF70D784209" box="[144,311,302,327]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FF0AFEF70CAE4208" box="[144,225,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Gulella</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
occur appear to be in relatively good condition with comparatively low levels of utilisation, e.g. the scarp forest at Mbotyi, whilst others are heavily impacted through the removal of forest products, trampling by cattle and invasion by alien plants, e.g. near the mouth of the Mntafufu River, the single known locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FC22FE57085942E8" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[952,1046,398,422]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dejae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FC22FE57085942E8" box="[952,1046,398,422]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">G. dejae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The forests in Dwesa Nature Reserve, one of the localities for
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FD6DFE770F314288" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[759,894,430,454]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FD6DFE770F314288" box="[759,894,430,454]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">G. latimerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, once enjoyed total protection, but this is no longer the case (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FDD8FE170F3142A9" author="VON MALTITZ, G. P. &amp; FLEMING, G." box="[578,894,462,487]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="93 - 99" refId="ref6775" refString="VON MALTITZ, G. P. &amp; FLEMING, G. 2000. The status of conservation of indigenous forests in South Africa. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Vermeulen, C., eds, Natural forests and savannah woodlands symposium II. Towards sustainable management based on scientific understanding of natural forests and woodlands. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 93 - 99." type="book chapter" year="2000">Von Maltitz &amp; Fleming 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Responsibility for management is in a state of flux (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FE6FFE370EFF4149" author="KUHN, A. &amp; CLARKE, J. &amp; KOCK, J." box="[501,688,494,519]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="297 - 305" refId="ref6439" refString="KUHN, A., CLARKE, J. &amp; KOCK, J. 2002. From policy to practice: experiences with the implementation of forest policy in South Africa post- 1994. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vorster, T., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Van der Merwe, I. J., eds, Natural forests and savannah woodlands symposium III. Multiple use management of natural forests and woodlands: policy refinements and scientific progress. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 297 - 305." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Kuhn
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FDA3FE370E274148" box="[569,616,494,518]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA736CAFFF6FFC1FF30FDD7085D4729" blockId="12.[144,1104,206,1127]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">
An additional concern is the fact that small forest patches have been considered to be of little value for long-term conservation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FD58FDF70F854109" author="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W." box="[706,970,558,583]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" refId="ref6005" refString="COOPER, K. H. &amp; SWART, W. 1992. Transkei forest survey. Durban: Wildlife Society of southern Africa." type="book" year="1992">Cooper &amp; Swart 1992</bibRefCitation>
). However, such conclusions are drawn largely from the perspective of vertebrate animals, and do not take into consideration invertebrates of much more limited vagility, for which small forest patches may represent important refuges. An example of such is the new species of onychophoran discovered in a very small forest patch near Kokstad in
<collectingRegion id="49DCF828FFF6FFC1FEBAFD170D9641A9" box="[288,473,718,743]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
(H. Ruhberg &amp; M. Hamer
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FCABFD170F8B41A8" box="[817,964,718,742]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">pers. comm.</emphasis>
). Kumqolo Forest,
<typeStatus id="54A38868FFF6FFC1FF73FD370D544049" box="[233,283,750,775]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">type</typeStatus>
locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FE2AFD370E094048" authorityName="Bursey &amp; Herbert" authorityYear="2004" box="[432,582,750,774]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="latimerae">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FE2AFD370E094048" box="[432,582,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">G. latimerae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a small forest of less than 70 hectares in extent, yet it is known to contain at least six additional species of snail endemic to the Transkei coast, namely:
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FE54FCF70F154009" authority="(Martens, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[462,858,814,839]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Natalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="beyrichi">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FE54FCF70ED64008" box="[462,665,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Natalina beyrichi</emphasis>
(Martens, 1890)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FCFFFCF70D034029" authority="Connolly, 1939" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1939" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aprosdoketa">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FCFFFCF7081F4008" box="[869,1104,814,838]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Gulella aprosdoketa</emphasis>
Connolly, 1939
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FEC7FC970E9D4029" authority="Connolly, 1939" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1939" box="[349,722,846,871]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Gulella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pondoensis">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FEC7FC970E454028" box="[349,522,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">G. pondoensis</emphasis>
Connolly, 1939
</taxonomicName>
, and three undescribed species belonging to the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FE30FCB70E0640C8" authorityName="Albers" authorityYear="1850" box="[426,585,878,902]" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Archachatina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FE30FCB70E0640C8" box="[426,585,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Archachatina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FDC2FCB70E8240C8" authorityName="Ancey" authorityYear="1887" box="[600,717,878,902]" class="Gastropoda" family="Urocyclidae" genus="Sheldonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FDC2FCB70E8240C8" box="[600,717,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Sheldonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C184D49FFF6FFC1FC9CFCB70FD640C8" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1893" box="[774,921,878,902]" class="Gastropoda" family="Charopidae" genus="Trachycystis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FC9CFCB70FD640C8" box="[774,921,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">Trachycystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. To dismiss the role of small forests in biodiversity conservation could have serious implications for species such as these. Similarly, assessments of the impact of exploitation practices have focussed mostly on larger animals and plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FCEFFC17080440A9" author="GELDENHUYS, C." box="[885,1099,974,999]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="59 - 72" refId="ref6281" refString="GELDENHUYS, C. 1997. Sustainable harvesting of timber from woodlands in southern Africa: challenges for the future. Southern African Forestry Journal 178: 59 - 72." type="journal article" year="1997">Geldenhuys 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FF0AFC370D804749" author="DE VILLIERS, D. J. &amp; WHITE, R. M." box="[144,463,1006,1031]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="110 - 121" refId="ref6184" refString="DE VILLIERS, D. J. &amp; WHITE, R. M. 2002. Are current conservation practices conserving indigenous forest fauna? In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vorster, T., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Van der Merwe, I. J., eds, Natural Forests and Savannah Woodlands Symposium III. Multiple use management of natural forests and woodlands: policy refinements and scientific progress. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 110 - 121." type="book chapter" year="2002">De Villiers &amp; White 2002</bibRefCitation>
), and activities that may have little impact on larger organisms, e.g. collection of fallen wood for fuel, may have profound effects for molluscs and other invertebrates (
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B3BFFF6FFC1FDB0FBF70F624709" author="SIMELANE, T. S. &amp; KNIGHT, M. H. &amp; KERLEY, G. I. H." box="[554,813,1070,1095]" pageId="12" pageNumber="261" pagination="348 - 354" refId="ref6646" refString="SIMELANE, T. S., KNIGHT, M. H. &amp; KERLEY, G. I. H. 2000. Impact of fuelwood harvesting on conservation of invertebrate diversity. In: Seydack, A. H. W., Vermeulen, W. J. &amp; Vermeulen, C., eds, Natural forests and savannah woodlands symposium II. Towards sustainable management based on scientific understanding of natural forests and woodlands. Pretoria: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, pp. 348 - 354." type="book chapter" year="2000">
Simelane
<emphasis id="B96CEAD8FFF6FFC1FD3EFBF70E954708" box="[676,730,1070,1094]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="261">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
). An action plan for the conservation of the indigenous fauna of Transkei forests is urgently needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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