171 lines
19 KiB
XML
171 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="CC95822B9C6092A61C0B930DED64903C" ID-CLB-Dataset="7631" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e886aea-b59a-45a6-aeaa-2427d584a894" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613008" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615995240537" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A." docDate="2018" docId="03B187A8FFA5FFDBFD063DFC7E6FF93D" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2018.423.1-97.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2018 (423)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Lonchoptera Meigen 1803" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="97" masterDocId="FF88FFD0FF86FFFEFFAA39537F49FFF7" masterDocTitle="Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi" masterLastPageNumber="97" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698933720305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="96E58C409B69934237FE9C01886AB4F4">Basal Cyclorrhapha In Amber From The Cretaceous And Tertiary (Insecta: Diptera), And Their Relationships: Brachycera In Cretaceous Amber Part Ix David A. Grimaldi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="135C9F9AD8A00D9F1C25BCFA64132EE1">Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="78428F41F9C3C0707E70C73D6E33AEF6">Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="779996E1BBEA1E9A9488CA8F18EEDFF7">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B82E18DACC8CDF72359DC6A0CE8A6C27">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AEFD6FC8718EF645D37090260B8936F4">423</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B187A8FFA5FFDBFD063DFC7E6FF93D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4631073" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180670789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4631073" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B187A8FFA5FFDBFD063DFC7E6FF93D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B187A8FFA5FFDBFD063DFC7E6FF93D" lastPageId="37" pageId="35">
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFA5FFDDFD063DFC7CBAFB30" box="[684,1011,1199,1223]" pageId="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA5FFDDFD063DFC7CBAFB30" blockId="35.[684,1011,1199,1223]" box="[684,1011,1199,1223]" pageId="35">
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<heading id="D0EF81D2FFA5FFDDFD063DFC7CBAFB30" box="[684,1011,1199,1223]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="35" reason="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA5FFDDFD063DFC7CA6FB30" ID-CoL="5GBK" ID-ENA="92595" authority="Meigen, 1803: 30" authorityName="Meigen" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1803" box="[684,1007,1199,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA5FFDDFD063DFC7C67FB30" box="[684,814,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="35">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
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Meigen, 1803: 30
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFA5FFDAFD663DB07BEAF9B7" lastPageId="36" pageId="35" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA5FFDAFD663DB07BEAF9B7" blockId="35.[684,1212,1251,1738]" lastBlockId="36.[684,1212,1510,1733]" lastPageId="36" pageId="35">
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DIAGNOSIS: Very distinctive gracile, bristly, yellowish to grayish pollinose flies with lanceolate wings and having the following derived features: Male dichoptic; bristles on head long and thick, including long pair of reclinate interfrontals situated very close to anterior margin of frons; vibrissa large, gena with row of 4–5 large, protruding setae; arista preapically dorsal; thorax elongate and shallow, with scutum flattened posteriorly and scutellum near middle of notum, postscutellum very exposed (see Morphology section above for details); tibiae with bristles; male protarsus with ventral denticles. Pretarsus with empodium putatively absent (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA5FFDAFC173FE17FEDFA08" author="Klymko, J. & S. A. Marshall" lastPageId="36" pageId="35" pagination="649 - 673" refId="ref39801" refString="Klymko, J., and S. A. Marshall. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. Canadian Entomologist 140: 649 - 673." type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) (SEMs I’ve made of
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA2FFDAFE303CB47D52FA09" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[410,539,1510,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFE303CB47D52FA09" box="[410,539,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="36">L. bifurcata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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indicate the empodium may be highly reduced). Wing narrow, lanceolate, apex narrowly pointed, most veins with row of large setulae (except usually R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFF7C3F257FBBF970" attach="left" box="[214,242,1654,1671]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">2+3</subScript>
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); R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFEB73F257E70F970" attach="left" box="[285,313,1654,1671]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">2+3</subScript>
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–R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFEF03F257E3FF970" attach="left" box="[346,374,1654,1671]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">4+5</subScript>
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converge very close to wing tip; R
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFF583FC47FB2F95F" attach="left" box="[242,251,1687,1704]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">1</subScript>
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very short; venation dimorphic, with female having A
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFECF3FEB7E27F93E" attach="left" box="[357,366,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">1</subScript>
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+CuA
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFE193FEB7EF5F93E" attach="left" box="[435,444,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">2</subScript>
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looped and api- cally meeting CuA
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<subScript id="179C34FBFFA2FFDAFCD43CA17CCEF9F4" attach="left" box="[894,903,1522,1539]" fontSize="7" pageId="36">1</subScript>
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; crossveins dm-cu and r-m absent. Abdomen with tergites I and II fused; spermathecae unsclerotized; surstyli absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF676636FFA2FFDAFFC13C3B7DEBFA4E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613076" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4613076/files/figure.png" pageId="36" startId="36.[107,149,1384,1405]" targetBox="[117,1196,235,1351]" targetPageId="36">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA2FFDAFFC13C3B7DEBFA4E" blockId="36.[107,1210,1382,1465]" pageId="36">
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FIG. 26.
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA2FFDAFF693C357EF6FA89" authority="Grimaldi, 2018" authorityName="Grimaldi" authorityYear="2018" box="[195,447,1382,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopterites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFF693C357EF6FA89" box="[195,447,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="36">Lonchopterites burmensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25F57D7FFA2FFDAFE613C347D48FA89" box="[459,513,1383,1406]" pageId="36" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA2FFDAFDA43C357D89FA89" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1839" box="[526,704,1382,1406]" pageId="36" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Lonchopteroidea">Lonchopteroidea</taxonomicName>
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), in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFB293C357BF3FA89" bold="true" box="[1155,1210,1382,1406]" pageId="36">A–D.</emphasis>
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holotype male AMNH Bu-SE15.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFE6B3CD07E98FA6C" bold="true" box="[449,465,1411,1435]" pageId="36">A</emphasis>
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. Lateral habitus.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFD2C3CD77DD5FA6B" bold="true" box="[646,668,1412,1436]" pageId="36">B.</emphasis>
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Right metatarsus.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFCF43CD07C3FFA6C" bold="true" box="[862,886,1411,1435]" pageId="36">C.</emphasis>
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Terminalia, left lateral view.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFB083CD77BFAFA6B" bold="true" box="[1186,1203,1412,1436]" pageId="36">D</emphasis>
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. Antennae, dorsal view.
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFEF03CF27E21FA4E" bold="true" box="[346,360,1441,1465]" pageId="36">E</emphasis>
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. Head, paratype JZC Bu-1578.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFA2FFDAFD663F197C3EF974" pageId="36" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA2FFDAFD663F197C3EF974" blockId="36.[684,1212,1510,1733]" pageId="36">
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<collectionCode id="ED09AE7BFFA2FFDAFD663F197C16F995" box="[716,863,1610,1634]" pageId="36">
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<typeStatus id="54A3881CFFA2FFDAFD663F197C4AF996" box="[716,771,1610,1633]" pageId="36">TYPE</typeStatus>
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SPECIES
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</collectionCode>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA2FFDAFCC13F197B05F995" authority="Panzer, 1809" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1809" box="[875,1100,1610,1634]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchopterites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutea">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA2FFDAFCC13F197CF2F995" box="[875,955,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="36">L. lutea</emphasis>
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Panzer, 1809
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</taxonomicName>
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, by subsequent designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFA2FFDBFD663FDF7E27FDD4" lastPageId="37" pageId="36" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA2FFDBFD663FDF7E27FDD4" blockId="36.[684,1212,1510,1733]" lastBlockId="37.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="37" pageId="36">
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COMMENTS: Taxonomy on the approximately 70+ species in the genus has been by regional treatments (Systema dipterorum, 2013). The genus is probably native to the Palearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, and Nearctic regions, the presence of
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA3FFDBFE2238167F80FE89" authority="(Fallen)" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1810" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA3FFDBFE2238167D37FEAA" box="[392,638,325,349]" italics="true" pageId="37">Lonchoptera bifurcata</emphasis>
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(Fallén)
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F30F762EFFA3FFDBFEAF38357E38FE89" box="[261,369,358,382]" name="Australia" pageId="37">Australia</collectingCountry>
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and South America almost certainly representing introductions (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFFD938FB7EFBFE37" author="Klymko, J. & S. A. Marshall" box="[115,434,424,448]" pageId="37" pagination="649 - 673" refId="ref39801" refString="Klymko, J., and S. A. Marshall. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. Canadian Entomologist 140: 649 - 673." type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). The distribution of most native species is boreal, restricted to higher latitudes and higher altitudes for more southerly occurrences.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026535FFA3FFDBFF3C3B7F7E6FF93D" pageId="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA736BEFFA3FFDBFF3C3B7F7E6FF93D" blockId="37.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="37">
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA3FFDBFF3C3B7F7ED8FDB3" ID-CoL="3VY9V" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[150,401,556,580]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA3FFDBFF3C3B7F7ED8FDB3" box="[150,401,556,580]" italics="true" pageId="37">Lonchoptera bifurcata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is very common in disturbed habitats throughout the world, particularly grassy, open, even landscaped areas. The species has particular significance in being one of few parthenogenetic Cyclorrhapha. Amongst over 2500 Nearctic specimens examined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFEAE3BA07D06FCFC" author="Klymko, J. & S. A. Marshall" box="[260,591,755,779]" pageId="37" pagination="649 - 673" refId="ref39801" refString="Klymko, J., and S. A. Marshall. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. Canadian Entomologist 140: 649 - 673." type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall (2008)</bibRefCitation>
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, for example, all were females, suggestive of obligate parthenogenesis in North America; the seven known males are all European records, where parthenogenesis is obviously facultative though sex is very rare. The mechanism of parthenogenesis was reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFD803AEA7FFFFC05" author="Stalker, H. D." pageId="37" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref41153" refString="Stalker, H. D. 1956. On the evolution of parthenogenesis in Lonchoptera (Diptera). Evolution 10: 345 - 359." type="journal article" year="1956">Stalker (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFF5D3A897EBDFC05" author="Ochman, H. & B. Stille & M. Niklasson & R. K. Selander & A. R. Templeton" box="[247,500,986,1010]" pageId="37" pagination="539 - 547" refId="ref40537" refString="Ochman, H., B. Stille, M. Niklasson, R. K. Selander, and A. R. Templeton. 1980. Evolution of clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic fly Lonchoptera dubia. Evolution 34: 539 - 547." type="journal article" year="1980">Ochman et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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(under the junior synonymic name
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA3FFDBFE0A3AAF7D39FBE4" ID-CoL="72MZR" authority="Curran" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1934" box="[416,624,1019,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA3FFDBFE0A3AAF7D4EFBE4" box="[416,519,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="37">L. dubia</emphasis>
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Curran
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</taxonomicName>
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). Stalker identified four clones based on karyotypes and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFF753D6E7E87FBA2" author="Ochman, H. & B. Stille & M. Niklasson & R. K. Selander & A. R. Templeton" box="[223,462,1085,1109]" pageId="37" pagination="539 - 547" refId="ref40537" refString="Ochman, H., B. Stille, M. Niklasson, R. K. Selander, and A. R. Templeton. 1980. Evolution of clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic fly Lonchoptera dubia. Evolution 34: 539 - 547." type="journal article" year="1980">Ochman et al. (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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identified nine in the Rochester,
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<collectingRegion id="49DCF85CFFA3FFDBFE983D0C7EECFB81" box="[306,421,1118,1142]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="37">New York</collectingRegion>
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, area based on isozymes, so some of the chromosomally defined clones have surely diverged by further point mutations. It would be interesting to use DNA sequences to identify further clonal diversity and to determine whether the North American clones are monophyletic.
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA3FFDBFE093C767FD3FAA9" ID-CoL="3VY9V" baseAuthorityName="Fallen" baseAuthorityYear="1810" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
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<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA3FFDBFE093C767FD3FAA9" italics="true" pageId="37">Lonchoptera bifurcata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is diploid (2n = 4), and its parthenogenesis is considered a result of chromosomal abnormalities, reflected by the fact that approximately 25% of the eggs do not develop (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFFDF3C997E47FA15" author="Stalker, H. D." box="[117,270,1482,1506]" pageId="37" pagination="345 - 359" refId="ref41153" refString="Stalker, H. D. 1956. On the evolution of parthenogenesis in Lonchoptera (Diptera). Evolution 10: 345 - 359." type="journal article" year="1956">Stalker, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D3DFFA3FFDBFF243CB87E53F9F4" ID-CoL="5GBK" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[142,282,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Lonchopteridae" genus="Lonchoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEAACFFA3FFDBFF243CB87E53F9F4" box="[142,282,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="37">Lonchoptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(all bisexual) that have been examined have metaphase 2n = 6. These obligately bisexual species are more restricted in distribution and habits; larvae where known are saprophagous, and some species are associated with seepages (reviewed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B4FFFA3FFDBFE473FC37E53F93D" author="Klymko, J. & S. A. Marshall" pageId="37" pagination="649 - 673" refId="ref39801" refString="Klymko, J., and S. A. Marshall. 2008. Review of the Nearctic Lonchopteridae (Diptera), including descriptions of three new species. Canadian Entomologist 140: 649 - 673." type="journal article" year="2008">Klymko and Marshall, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |