235 lines
32 KiB
XML
235 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="CFA811517786543B7AF7F398098F7AC5" ID-CLB-Dataset="32723" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a2bf715a-07c1-4693-adbb-f8f85b8d8faa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="828897" ID-ZooBank="8172109F-E545-4EB7-9E9D-D91E7DD1FA42" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1500110132268" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Delvare, Gérard & Huchet, Jean-Bernard" docDate="2017" docId="03B1879CFFD05570FF544CE57AAE01FA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4290.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4290 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Brachymeria minuta" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FF88FFE4FFD25573FFC34A7F7901041E" masterDocTitle="Brachymeria mochica, a new Neotropical species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) discovered on the archaeological site of Huacas de Moche, Peru with a review of related species" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698465344475" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="035139C2D34B24A5064EC851913E0399">Brachymeria mochica, a new Neotropical species of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) discovered on the archaeological site of Huacas de Moche, Peru with a review of related species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0377D2DCA90A8FA2B84674B80BC1F723">Delvare, Gérard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30CDCCF887682F72DB6A4A28CB67EFD2">Huchet, Jean-Bernard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="21F0F1D82AC5992F3B634B618018A6F5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="982BEC5CC034B6E4AE70FF83E1C7748B">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03B1879CFFD05570FF544CE57AAE01FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6016825" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132549147" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6016825" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B1879CFFD05570FF544CE57AAE01FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B1879CFFD05570FF544CE57AAE01FA" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C3026501FFD05571FF544CE57B7F02AA" box="[151,638,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD05571FF544CE57B7F02AA" blockId="2.[151,638,1690,1716]" box="[151,638,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0EF81E6FFD05571FF544CE57B7F02AA" bold="true" box="[151,638,1690,1716]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD05571FF544CE57B7F02AA" bold="true" box="[151,638,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD05571FF544CE579C702AA" bold="true" box="[151,198,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">The</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD05571FF0E4CE578D202AA" ID-CoL="MXHV" box="[205,467,1690,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">Brachymeria minuta</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD05571FE194CE57B7F02AA" bold="true" box="[474,638,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">species group</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3026501FFD05570FF544C9F7A6D079E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD05571FF544C9F7C1203E8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1760,2038]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD05571FF544C9F781002E7" bold="true" box="[151,273,1760,1785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Head conspicuously transverse in frontal view (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FC824C9F7A8902E7" box="[833,904,1760,1785]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Both mandibles 2-toothed, the teeth blunt at apex, with lower tooth longer than upper tooth (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FD214D7B7A2D0303" box="[738,812,1796,1821]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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). Postorbital carinae present and complete, reaching posteriorly genal carina (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FE714D5778F6035F" box="[434,503,1832,1857]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). Lower surface of gena trapezoidal, delimited, respectively, by postorbital carina, genal carina, and lateral margin of oral fossa. Pedicel squat, at most as long as broad in dorsal view and basally ‘bottle necked’ (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FE9F4D0F78B50397" box="[348,436,1904,1929]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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). Flagellum weakly fusiform, flagellomeres short and often strongly transverse and frequently bearing long, sparse and erect setae (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FD724DEA7A0403B3" box="[689,773,1941,1966]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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). Ventral section of the epicnemial carina never raised into submedian lobes. Apical truncation of metatibia clearly emarginate (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FC7A4DC77D1003CF" box="[953,1041,1976,2001]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 20" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1364,1387]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1344]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 20. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 14, meSo- and metapleUron. 15, hind tarSUS. 16, hind pretarSUS. 17, baSe of fore Wing. 18, Stigmal and poStmarginal Vein. 19, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 20, apex of metaSoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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). Spatulate seta (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD05571FB184DC77C7003CF" author="Steffan" box="[1243,1393,1976,2001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" refString="Steffan, J. - R. (1954) Brachymeria (Hym. Chalcididae) d'importance economiqUe en A. O. F. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, 16 (4), 1093 - 1112." type="journal article" year="1954">Steffan 1954</bibRefCitation>
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) of posterior pretarsus slender and not curved very much, generally surpassing apex of pretarsus (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD05571FB704DA27C0703E8" box="[1203,1286,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURES 14 – 20" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1364,1387]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1315]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1344]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 14 – 20. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 14, meSo- and metapleUron. 15, hind tarSUS. 16, hind pretarSUS. 17, baSe of fore Wing. 18, Stigmal and poStmarginal Vein. 19, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 20, apex of metaSoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828905/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF044AE87B98057B" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF044AE8785B04AE" bold="true" box="[199,346,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Subdivision.</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FE574AE678E304AE" box="[404,482,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FE574AE678E304AE" box="[404,482,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">minuta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group can be subdivided into two distinct sections. The first one, here defined as the
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FF544AC279E404CA" box="[151,229,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF544AC279E404CA" box="[151,229,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">minuta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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section, includes primary parasitoids of synanthropic flies (mainly
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FBD14AC37DB604CB" box="[1042,1207,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FB394AC37C9504CB" box="[1274,1428,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
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) developing within carrion and dung, while the
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FD104AA07A2B04E6" box="[723,810,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">parvula</emphasis>
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section, comprises secondary parasitoids, mainly of Lepidoptera through
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FE484B7B7B070503" box="[395,518,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FDD44B7B7BD30503" author="Blanchard" box="[535,722,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Blanchard, E. E. (1935) ApUnteS Sobre calcididoS argentinoS (Hym. Chalc.). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 7, 103 - 122." type="journal article" year="1935">Blanchard 1935</bibRefCitation>
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; Burks 1960;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FCBA4B7B7D530503" author="Sychevskaya" box="[889,1106,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="SycheVSkaya, V. I. (1966) The bionomicS of Brachymeria minuta L. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) - a paraSitoid of flieS aSSociated With man of the fam. Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 45 (4), 752 - 762." type="journal article" year="1966">Sychevskaya 1966</bibRefCitation>
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; Louranção &
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FAC74B7B7C960502" author="Sabino" box="[1284,1431,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="LoUrencao, A. L. & Sabino, J. C. (1994) Acraga moorei Dyar (Lepidoptera: Dalceridae) em macadamia no EStado de Sao PaUlo. Bragantia, 53 (2), 185 - 190." type="journal article" year="1994">Sabino 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Tavares
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF344B56782A055E" box="[247,299,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
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. 2006), more rarely of Coleoptera or Orthoptera through
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FC0A4B587D6F055E" box="[969,1134,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FB5A4B587C38055E" box="[1177,1337,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthomyiidae</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FA894B5879D2057B" author="Steffan" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Steffan, J. - R. (1959) LeS eSpeceS francaiSeS dU genre Brachymeria WeStW. et commentaireS SUr leUr biologie (Hym. Chalcididae). Cahier des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, NeW SerieS, 15 (2), 35 - 43." type="journal article" year="1959">Steffan 1959</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Burks 1960;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FEAD4B337B8C057B" author="Leonide" box="[366,653,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Leonide, J. & Leonide, J. C. (1969) InSecteS paraSiteS et predateUrS deS DiptereS acridiphageS, paraSiteS occaSionnelS deS OrthoptereS en ProVence. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 74, 21 - 32." type="journal article" year="1969">Léonide & Léonide 1969</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF044B107DDB06D2" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
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The proposed subdivision is otherwise corroborated by several morphological features. The
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<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FB1F4B0E7C2B0596" box="[1244,1322,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
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<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FB1F4B0E7C2B0596" box="[1244,1322,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">minuta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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section is characterized by: 1) outer surface of metafemur with moderately to distinctly sparse piliferous points only, with engraved network extremely superficial, visible at high magnification only [over 300×] (
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<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD15570FBB34BC87DF305CE" box="[1136,1266,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 28. 21 ‒ 24" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,212,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 28. 21 ‒ 24, Brachymeria podagric a, ♀. 21, antenna exclUding Scape. 22, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 23, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 24, metafemUr. 25 ‒ 28, Brachymeria amenocles, ♀. 25, antenna exclUding Scape. 26, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 27, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 28, metafemUr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figs 24, 28</figureCitation>
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); 2) metafemur with an inner basal tooth or tubercle; 3) posterior tarsus slender; 4) antennal scrobes never carinate dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD15570FAAC4BA379A60606" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally in most species, the mesonotum is completely punctured (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD15570FC364B807D4F0606" box="[1013,1102,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 13" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 13. Brachymeria mochica, holotype ♀. 5 – 7, head in frontal, dorSal and lateral VieWS, reSpectiVely. 8, right mandible. 9, clypeUS and moUth partS. 10, antenna exclUding Scape. 11, pedicel and baSe of flagellUm. 12, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 13, meSoScUtellUm in lateral VieW." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figs 12</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13232A0FFFD15570FB9E487F7DA80606" box="[1117,1193,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 28. 21 ‒ 24" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,212,1893]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1893]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 28. 21 ‒ 24, Brachymeria podagric a, ♀. 21, antenna exclUding Scape. 22, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 23, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 24, metafemUr. 25 ‒ 28, Brachymeria amenocles, ♀. 25, antenna exclUding Scape. 26, meSoSoma in dorSal VieW. 27, metaSoma in dorSal VieW. 28, metafemUr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/828907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">22, 26</figureCitation>
|
||
), at most areolate on anterior third in some species of this section. Conversely, species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FBD1485B7D680623" box="[1042,1129,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">parvula</emphasis>
|
||
section do not show the combination of characters stated above for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FD0448367A14067E" box="[711,789,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FD0448367A14067E" box="[711,789,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">minuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section: outer surface of metafemur generally with an evident engraved, alutaceous network in addition to piliferous points and mesonotum areolate. Other characters of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF0248F0781906B6" box="[193,280,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">parvula</emphasis>
|
||
section are variable: the metafemur usually has no inner basal tooth and in some species the antennal scrobes are completely carinate and/or the posterior tarsus markedly broadened towards the apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF0448A87A6D079E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FF3F48A6784B06EE" box="[252,330,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF3F48A6784B06EE" box="[252,330,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">minuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section is represented in the New World by
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FC8E48A67A6706EE" box="[845,870,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FCAC48A87D6806EE" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[879,1129,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="podagrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FCAC48A87AE306EE" box="[879,994,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">podagrica</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species also widespread throughout the world. Otherwise, only species of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FD3448837A4F070B" box="[759,846,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">parvula</emphasis>
|
||
section have been described from the Americas:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FA47488279CD0726" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. aeca</emphasis>
|
||
Burks,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FEE6495E78D70726" box="[293,470,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. carinatifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Gahan,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FDF4495E7BC50726" box="[567,708,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. compacta</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker),
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FCFD495E7AE90726" box="[830,1000,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. compsilurae</emphasis>
|
||
(Crawford),
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FBBD495E7D8E0726" box="[1150,1167,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FB5D49607DFB0726" box="[1182,1274,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">koehleri</emphasis>
|
||
Blanchard,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FA47495E781A0743" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. nigritibialis</emphasis>
|
||
Tavares & Navarro-Tavares,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FDA5493A7BDD0743" box="[614,732,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. parvula</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker)—this latter species with a Holarctic distribution—
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FA47493A7C940742" box="[1412,1429,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF54491879FA079E" box="[151,251,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">tegularis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cresson),
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FEBF49167B17079E" box="[380,534,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. truncatella</emphasis>
|
||
(Burks) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FD6A49167A1B079E" box="[681,794,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. weemsi</emphasis>
|
||
Burks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3026501FFD15570FF0449F37DFA0063" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF0449F37D91002A" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF0449F378B307BB" bold="true" box="[199,434,908,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Species recognition.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FE2849F37BD007BA" box="[491,721,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FE2849F37BD007BA" box="[491,721,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Brachymeria minuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group exhibits numerous variable characters that can be used for separating species: setation generally silvery but sometimes golden; sculpture of the labrum and clypeus; variable development of the preorbital carinae; density of the puncturation of the mesonotum; habitus of the posterior margin of the scutellum, resulting from the more or less deep emargination of the frenal carina; punctulation of the metafemur; habitus of the gaster which may be squat or acuminate, etc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF044E407DFA0063" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF044E4078380046" bold="true" box="[199,313,1087,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Diversity.</emphasis>
|
||
The group includes at least 28 species already described from the Old World and 8 from the Americas, but the examination of diverse collections showed that many species remain undescribed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3026501FFD15570FF044EF87AAE01FA" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF044EF87C0C00F6" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF044EF878A100BE" bold="true" box="[199,416,1159,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Hosts and biology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species for which the hosts and development are known are solitary endoparasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FF544ED379EF00DB" box="[151,238,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing a koinobiont strategy, with the female ovipositing within the larval stages of the host while the adult emerges from the pupae (Stefani 1889;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FD534EB07A2800F6" author="Roberts" box="[656,809,1231,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="RobertS, R. A. (1933) Biology of Brachymeria fonscolombei (DUfoUr), a hymenopteroUS paraSite of bloWfly larVae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 365, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1933">Roberts 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FCF64EB07AD700F6" author="Dowden" box="[821,982,1231,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="DoWden, P. B. (1935) Brachymeria intermedia (NeeS), a primary paraSite, and B. compsilurae (CWfd.) a Secondary paraSite, of the gypSy moth. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 495 - 523." type="journal article" year="1935">Dowden 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FC224EB07C0100F6" author="Leonide" box="[993,1280,1231,1256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Leonide, J. & Leonide, J. C. (1969) InSecteS paraSiteS et predateUrS deS DiptereS acridiphageS, paraSiteS occaSionnelS deS OrthoptereS en ProVence. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 74, 21 - 32." type="journal article" year="1969">Léonide & Léonide 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA7368AFFD15570FF044E8B7AAE01FA" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The biology of
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FEBC4E8A7B2D0113" box="[383,556,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B. compsilurae</emphasis>
|
||
(Crawford) was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FCBB4E8B7D2D0113" author="Dowden" box="[888,1068,1268,1293]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="DoWden, P. B. (1935) Brachymeria intermedia (NeeS), a primary paraSite, and B. compsilurae (CWfd.) a Secondary paraSite, of the gypSy moth. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 495 - 523." type="journal article" year="1935">Dowden (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in North America. The species develops within tachinids that are primary parasitoids of several species of Lepidoptera. In the Holarctic Region
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FA474F667C94012E" box="[1412,1429,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FF544F4279F4014A" box="[151,245,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">moerens</emphasis>
|
||
(Ruschka) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FE654F4278B6014A" box="[422,439,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FE064F437B1D014B" box="[453,540,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">parvula</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker) parasitize sarcophagids and anthomyiides that are primary parasitoids of Orthoptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FE844F207B790166" author="Leonide" box="[327,632,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Leonide, J. & Leonide, J. C. (1969) InSecteS paraSiteS et predateUrS deS DiptereS acridiphageS, paraSiteS occaSionnelS deS OrthoptereS en ProVence. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 74, 21 - 32." type="journal article" year="1969">Léonide & Léonide 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FD0B4F207A5B0166" box="[712,858,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96CEA98FFD15570FD0B4F207A5B0166" box="[712,858,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Brachymeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that develop at the expense of coprophagous or necrophagous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FEFE4FFB78D40183" box="[317,469,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calliphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C184D09FFD15570FDD74FFB7BB80183" box="[532,697,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Sarcophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sarcophagidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are apparently attracted by chemicals given off by the organic tissues in which the flies feed and consequently can be trapped using meat or dead bodies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FB354FD87C9601DE" author="Roberts" box="[1270,1431,1447,1472]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="RobertS, R. A. (1933) Biology of Brachymeria fonscolombei (DUfoUr), a hymenopteroUS paraSite of bloWfly larVae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 365, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1933">Roberts 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF894B7BFFD15570FF544FB378B601FA" author="Horenstein" box="[151,439,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="HorenStein, M. B. & SalVo, A. (2012) CommUnity dynamicS of carrion flieS and their paraSitoidS in experimental carcaSSeS in central Argentina. Journal of Insect Science, 12 (8), 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2012">Horenstein & Salvo 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Michel Martinez pers. com.; present paper).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |