plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/8E/44/038E447FFFCAF257FF3AFC96F163A363.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

633 lines
76 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="C03F076F8DE9C60483633BC845E7D511" ID-CLB-Dataset="45987" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d2241891-b7d2-43df-9175-babed5a15f15" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="229374" ID-ZooBank="964C225B-4F23-4650-B92C-B8E2B66EC1C1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460409494119" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vogel, Gernot, David, Patrick &amp; Chandramouli, S. R." docDate="2014" docId="038E447FFFCAF257FF3AFC96F163A363" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03786p573.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka 1870, New status" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="569" masterDocId="FFB73C07FFCDF25BFFADFFD2F30FA15F" masterDocTitle="On the systematics of Trimeresurus labialis Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867, a pitviper from the Nicobar Islands (India), with revalidation of Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae)" masterLastPageNumber="573" masterPageNumber="557" pageNumber="564" updateTime="1698300268451" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="9ADC8B6B324E895D434FE1E83B603B38" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="198408AA2D4B3021167EF70413CBFC2E">
<mods:title id="125B276F9716B78AF3CF4D320815B674">On the systematics of Trimeresurus labialis Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867, a pitviper from the Nicobar Islands (India), with revalidation of Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 (Squamata, Viperidae, Crotalinae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="88F93D66B2AEC57ACB924795FE01104A" type="personal">
<mods:role id="176D6DB36F75019A83EA04C45532AD00">
<mods:roleTerm id="18BCE7C86AC2E9974999F172660FCD52">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E4044F16E716F5D71BEF1C9D98EB2442">Vogel, Gernot</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7095C5EA79EA6E4BD7CDDAA5BADA5837" type="personal">
<mods:role id="AC984E0DA42CE13DCB0DC1009D181E63">
<mods:roleTerm id="A92531F224E9C83D06AAC8851AFCDCB4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7FDCF18598BF89933B82707E59C544C8">David, Patrick</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7F60BDF4E408AED1EA8D10E674CE68B8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="BD47E7FCF8E8DB6916E1269ACFF160A9">
<mods:roleTerm id="A563C491C5A8C87374E3485AF920B674">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="7F7373ED7B034CF1476E9FE1598772D8">Chandramouli, S. R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2D9BA762E555444AB8EB366FF5AFD60C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="9747FA7446D5F6C88387208D23877B9F" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="4D3CB41DFC3F824C291298F06C42E7F2">
<mods:title id="F506CD3C38A2A397D02D66ABC76543CD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="F315E989502F2AB919DA7F31FB8A58D7">
<mods:date id="9C2088AD5D3F57A4E792B0C3389DB7DF">2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="EFAF152D85F155F3175F4657EEA95052" type="volume">
<mods:number id="7EE19F66CC11113FB0C802097B74A64F">3786</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="ABC602C71C2CA5C5DA667FAA8876431E" type="issue">
<mods:number id="DEF2EBF24400C313357E0D08D9F9F20D">5</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="AA12B68993B07105EA0649E7DF6CD9FE" unit="page">
<mods:start id="0FAE61C33064C95EC2D16DE08C2D8A13">557</mods:start>
<mods:end id="5166EB138A41629F36E6E698DF599E4E">573</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="B74B3677FAE25B0E22311CFA086BB720">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="BC274C3C4CC42CFD3D0C947045B61D28" type="CLB-Dataset">45987</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EBD71C57CF3BB7BF175D434570FB909D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.4</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8A0C2792A5F232E1793EF7A9ADB7723C" type="GBIF-Dataset">d2241891-b7d2-43df-9175-babed5a15f15</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C90867273612139C906FD8FDD3DCA99D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="F13D8BA8EE7546903EFF996A01126B48" type="Zenodo-Dep">229374</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5BDF342B2BA6822B34FDB7E931C34706" type="ZooBank">964C225B-4F23-4650-B92C-B8E2B66EC1C1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="038E447FFFCAF257FF3AFC96F163A363" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614371" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119422974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614371" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038E447FFFCAF257FF3AFC96F163A363" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E447FFFCAF257FF3AFC96F163A363" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF25CFF3AFC96F285A221" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFC96F00EA202" blockId="7.[151,769,835,894]" box="[151,769,835,862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<heading id="D0D04205FFCAF25CFF3AFC96F00EA202" bold="true" box="[151,769,835,862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFC96F00EA202" bold="true" box="[151,769,835,862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFC96F17CA202" authority="Stoliczka, 1870" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,627,835,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabilis" status="stat. nov.">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFC96F2BDA201" bold="true" box="[151,434,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus mutabilis</emphasis>
Stoliczka, 1870
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2609400FFCAF25CFDD7FC91F00EA202" box="[634,769,835,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">New status</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFCB4F285A221" blockId="7.[151,769,835,894]" box="[151,394,870,894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
(
<figureCitation id="131CE9ECFFCAF25CFF32FCB4F3E2A221" box="[159,237,870,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1042,1065]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1021]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,161,1021]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229377/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="131CE9ECFFCAF25CFEBDFCB4F22EA221" box="[272,289,870,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1993,2016]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1112,1972]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1112,1972]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229378/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">4</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6A5C0D2FFCAF25CFE80FCB4F28EA221" box="[301,385,870,894]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1395,202,651]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphological characters of the syntypes of Trimeresurus labialis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF58A5E1FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" tableUuid="DF58A5E1FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0">Table 2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF25CFF3AFC7BF1D1A5CA" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFC7BF601A546" blockId="7.[151,1436,935,1173]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB37D247FFCAF25CFF3AFC7BF601A546" infered="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFC7BF17DA2E2" authority="Stoliczka, 1870a: 107" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityPageNumber="107" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,626,936,958]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFC7BF28AA2E1" box="[151,389,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus mutabilis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A86D378FFCAF25CFE22FC7AF17DA2E2" author="Stoliczka" box="[399,626,936,958]" page="107" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFE22FC7AF130A2E2" author="Stoliczka" box="[399,575,936,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Stoliczka, F. (1870 a) Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1870 (April), 103 - 109." type="proceedings paper" year="1870" yearSuffix="a">Stoliczka, 1870a</bibRefCitation>
: 107
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.—
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFD3FFC75F039A2E1" bold="true" box="[658,822,935,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Onomatophore</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFCEAFC7BF0A0A2E1" box="[839,943,937,958]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
, by present designation, NMW 14863:1 (adult male); collected in 1869 and deposited by F. Stoliczka in 1874.—
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFC31FC15F725A282" bold="true" box="[924,1066,966,989]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFC31FC15F0DEA283" box="[924,977,967,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
. Restricted by virtue of
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFA92FC14F693A283" box="[1343,1436,966,988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designation (see above), to Camorta
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFD95FC37F177A2A4" box="[568,632,997,1019]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFD2FFC37F1DBA2A4" box="[642,724,997,1019]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Nicobar</collectingCountry>
Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFCCEFC37F098A2A4" box="[867,919,997,1019]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">India</collectingCountry>
(originally 14
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFB80FC34F787A2A4" box="[1069,1160,998,1019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, see above).—
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFAB1FC36F652A2A4" bold="true" box="[1308,1373,996,1019]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Status</emphasis>
. Here resurrected at the species level from the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFD47FBD7F72AA546" authority="Fitzinger" authorityName="Fitzinger" box="[746,1061,1027,1050]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFD47FBD7F0CCA545" box="[746,963,1028,1050]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
Fitzinger
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFB86FBD7F730A545" box="[1067,1087,1029,1050]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFBE8FBD1F606A546" author="Steindachner" box="[1093,1289,1027,1049]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Steindachner, F. (1867) Reptilien. In: Anonymous (1865 - 1869) (Ed.), Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Erster Band (Wirbelthiere), Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 98 pp, 3 pls." type="book" year="1867">Steindachner, 1867</bibRefCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFBF1F0C0A566" blockId="7.[151,1436,935,1173]" box="[151,975,1058,1081]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFBF1F260A567" box="[151,367,1058,1080]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFBF1F260A567" box="[151,367,1058,1080]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(non Fitzinger
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFDA1FBF1F12FA567" box="[524,544,1059,1080]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFD8BFBF0F1E9A567" author="Steindachner" box="[550,742,1058,1080]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Steindachner, F. (1867) Reptilien. In: Anonymous (1865 - 1869) (Ed.), Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Erster Band (Wirbelthiere), Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 98 pp, 3 pls." type="book" year="1867">Steindachner, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)—
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFCA5FBF0F080A566" author="Smith" box="[776,911,1058,1081]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, xii + 583 pp." type="book" year="1943">Smith (1943)</bibRefCitation>
(part)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFB90F174A507" blockId="7.[151,1436,935,1173]" box="[151,635,1089,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFB90F260A508" box="[151,367,1089,1111]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFB90F260A508" box="[151,367,1089,1111]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFE27FB90F2FCA508" author="Das" box="[394,499,1090,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Das, I. (1994) A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 10 (1 - 2), 44 - 49." type="journal article" year="1994">Das, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFE50FB93F133A508" author="Das" box="[509,572,1089,1111]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Das, I. (1999 b) Biogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Ota, H. (Ed.), Tropical Island Herpetofauna. Origin, Current Diversity and Conservation. Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 29, pp. 43 - 77." type="journal article" year="1999" yearSuffix="b">1999b</bibRefCitation>
(part)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFBB3F1E8A529" blockId="7.[151,1436,935,1173]" box="[151,743,1120,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFBB3F260A529" box="[151,367,1120,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFBB3F260A529" box="[151,367,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFE25FBB2F1A6A529" author="Vijayakumar" box="[392,681,1120,1142]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vijayakumar &amp; David, 2006</bibRefCitation>
(part)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFB52F1D1A5CA" blockId="7.[151,1436,935,1173]" box="[151,734,1150,1173]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFF3AFB52F260A5CA" box="[151,367,1151,1173]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFB52F260A5CA" box="[151,367,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFE25FBACF1AFA5CA" author="Whitaker" box="[392,672,1150,1173]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Whitaker, R. &amp; Captain, A. (2008) Snakes of India - The field guide. Draco Books, Chengalpet (Tamil Nadu, India), xiv + 385 pp." type="book" year="2008">Whitaker &amp; Captain (2008)</bibRefCitation>
(part)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF25CFF3AFB68F7ABA4D9" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF3AFB68F7ABA4D9" blockId="7.[151,1436,1210,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF3AFB68F178A58C" bold="true" box="[151,631,1210,1235]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
Material (
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFEBCFB69F22FA58D" bold="true" box="[273,288,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">n</emphasis>
= 27).
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFED8FB68F2DAA58C" box="[373,469,1210,1235]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Nicobar</collectingCountry>
Archipelago.
</emphasis>
Bompoka
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFD58FB68F032A58D" box="[757,829,1210,1234]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFCE5FB68F09CA58D" box="[840,915,1210,1234]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3326, ZSI 255547.—Camorta
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFB59FB68F633A58D" box="[1268,1340,1210,1234]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFAE5FB69F693A58D" box="[1352,1436,1211,1234]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BMNH</collectionCode>
1940.3.9.50,
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFE83FB0CF276A5A9" box="[302,377,1246,1270]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3338,
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFE63FB0DF11AA5A9" box="[462,533,1247,1270]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">NMW</collectionCode>
14863:1–14863:6, ZSI 3083–3087 (all original
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFBE7FB0DF7A0A5A8" box="[1098,1199,1247,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
; see above for their locality, precisely specified in this work), ZSI 255548.—Chowra
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFC3BFAD0F0D1A445" box="[918,990,1282,1306]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
. ZSI 255551.—Katchal
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFB56FAD0F64CA445" box="[1275,1347,1282,1306]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFAFCFAD0F693A445" box="[1361,1436,1282,1306]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3331.—Nancowry
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFEC2FAF4F2B8A461" box="[367,439,1318,1342]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFE6EFAF4F101A461" box="[451,526,1318,1342]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3332–3333, ZSI 255552.—Trinket
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFC05FAF4F0FFA461" box="[936,1008,1318,1342]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFC50FAF4F747A461" box="[1021,1096,1318,1342]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3334–3335, ZSI 255554–ZSI 255555.—No precise locality.
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFE50FA99F15EA43D" box="[509,593,1355,1378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BMNH</collectionCode>
1936.7.7.44, “
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFD52FA98F025A43D" box="[767,810,1354,1378]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Car</collectingCountry>
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFC98FA98F080A43D" box="[821,911,1354,1378]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Nicobar</collectingCountry>
?” (locality doubtful) -
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFB1DFA98F7F4A43D" box="[1200,1275,1354,1378]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3330,
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFAFCFA98F693A43D" box="[1361,1436,1354,1378]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8g20-8f2r" name="Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">BNHS</collectionCode>
3336–3337, SKMCBT 31, ZSI
<date id="FF99D3A9FFCAF25CFE55FABCF176A4D9" box="[504,633,1390,1414]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" value="2950" valueMax="2951">2950–2951</date>
, “Nicobars” -
<collectionCode id="ED366DACFFCAF25CFCB4FABCF065A4D9" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[793,874,1390,1414]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">USNM</collectionCode>
29644, “Central Nicobars”.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF25CFF6AFA40F7ABA701" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF6AFA40F7ABA701" blockId="7.[151,1436,1210,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF6AFA40F247A4F4" bold="true" box="[199,328,1426,1451]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Comments</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFEF8FA46F157A4F4" box="[341,600,1427,1451]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFEF8FA46F157A4F4" box="[341,600,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus mutabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recognized as valid by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFC3CFA40F78BA4F5" author="Theobald" box="[913,1156,1426,1450]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Theobald, W. (1876) Descriptive catalogue of the Reptiles of British India. Thacker, Spink &amp; Co., Calcutta, x + 238 + xxxviii + xiii pp., 1 pl." type="book" year="1876">Theobald (1876: 223)</bibRefCitation>
before
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFB75FA40F3C4A491" author="Boulenger" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1890) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, xviii + 541 pp." type="book" year="1890">Boulenger (1890: 430)</bibRefCitation>
placed it in synonymy of his
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFDBFFA64F084A491" authority="Shaw, 1802" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1802" box="[530,907,1462,1486]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Lachesis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFDBFFA64F1FEA491" box="[530,753,1462,1486]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Lachesis gramineus</emphasis>
(Shaw, 1802)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFC23FA64F753A491" author="Sclater" box="[910,1116,1462,1486]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1891) List of snakes in the Indian Museum. The Indian Museum, Calcutta, x + 79 pp." type="book" year="1891">Sclater (1891: 72)</bibRefCitation>
also regarded this species as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFE95FA0EF145A4AC" box="[312,586,1500,1523]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gramineus">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFE95FA0EF145A4AC" box="[312,586,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus gramineus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFDF4FA09F039A4AD" author="Werner" box="[601,822,1498,1522]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Werner, F. (1926) Neue oder wenig bekannte Schlangen aus dem Wiener Naturhistorischen Staats-Museums. Dritter Teil. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, (Abt. I), 135 (7 - 8), 243 - 257." type="journal article" year="1926">Werner (1926: 253)</bibRefCitation>
recognized it as a valid species but
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFB60FA08F693A4AD" author="Smith" box="[1229,1436,1498,1522]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Smith, M. A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese subregion. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III. Serpentes. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, xii + 583 pp." type="book" year="1943">Smith (1943: 525)</bibRefCitation>
placed it in the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFE59FA2DF058A749" authority="Fitzinger" authorityName="Fitzinger" box="[500,855,1534,1558]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFE59FA2DF1E8A749" box="[500,743,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
Fitzinger
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFCCFFA2DF077A749" box="[866,888,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFCAF25CFC2EFA2CF76FA749" author="Steindachner" box="[899,1120,1534,1558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" refString="Steindachner, F. (1867) Reptilien. In: Anonymous (1865 - 1869) (Ed.), Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Erster Band (Wirbelthiere), Kaiserlich- Koniglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, 98 pp, 3 pls." type="book" year="1867">Steindachner, 1867</bibRefCitation>
, a position followed by all subsequent authors. On the basis of morphological analyses detailed above, we here resurrect this taxon as a valid species. It belongs to the genus and subgenus
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFD34F995F0E7A701" authority="Lacepede, 1804" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1804" box="[665,1000,1606,1630]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFD34F995F021A701" box="[665,814,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
Lacépède, 1804
</taxonomicName>
. It is monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF25CFF6AF9B8F60EA64D" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF6AF9B8F60EA64D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1210,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF6AF9B8F235A7DC" bold="true" box="[199,314,1642,1667]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. A small pitviper of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFCAF25CFD3BF9BEF025A7DC" box="[662,810,1644,1667]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFD3BF9BEF025A7DC" box="[662,810,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Trimeresurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with (1) First supralabial entirely separated from nasal; (2) 21 rows at midbody; (3) internasals always separated each from the other; (4) 154–164 Ve, 46–60 SC; (5)10–12 cephalics between supraoculars; (6) total length up to
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFCAF25CFD55F960F056A795" box="[760,857,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" unit="mm" value="510.0">510 mm</quantity>
; (7) a strong dimorphism in relative tail length (see below); and (8) two morphs of dorsal colouration and pattern, either with conspicuous dark dorsal crossbands on a grey or brown background, or more or less uniformly brown or rusty-brown with red spots (
<tableCitation id="C6A5C0D2FFCAF25CFB31F928F7E0A64D" box="[1180,1263,1786,1810]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,583,607]" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of some morphological characters of Trimeresurus labialis and Trimeresurus mutabilis." pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFCAF257FF6AF8CCF67DA060" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF6AF8CCF005A605" blockId="7.[151,1436,1210,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF6AF8CCF11DA668" bold="true" box="[199,530,1822,1847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
Description of the
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFCAF25CFE0AF8CDF11DA668" box="[423,530,1823,1847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. NMW 14863:1, adult male, from Camorta
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFBA7F8CCF75EA669" box="[1034,1105,1822,1846]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFBF3F8CCF7B7A669" box="[1118,1208,1822,1846]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Nicobar</collectingCountry>
Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFCAF25CFAF6F8CCF697A669" box="[1371,1432,1822,1846]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">India</collectingCountry>
; collected in 1869 and deposited by F. Stoliczka in 1874.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFCAF25CFF6AF8B4F677A6B5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1210,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFF6AF8B4F25FA621" box="[199,336,1894,1918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">Morphology</emphasis>
. Body moderately elongate; head triangular, thick but flattened, wide at its base and clearly distinct from the neck; snout average, 1.7 times as long as diameter of eye, flattened, rounded and narrow when seen from above, truncated when seen from lateral side, with a distinct
<emphasis id="B953297BFFCAF25CFC70F87CF792A699" box="[989,1181,1966,1990]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="564">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
; eye rather large, eye diameter 1.2 times the distance between the lower margin of eye and upper lip border; tail rather long, tapering.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF58A5E1FFC5F253FF3AFBC0F674A577" box="[151,1403,1042,1065]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229377/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="565" targetBox="[151,1436,176,1021]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC5F253FF3AFBC0F674A577" blockId="8.[151,1403,1042,1065]" box="[151,1403,1042,1065]" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC5F253FF3AFBC0F21DA577" bold="true" box="[151,274,1042,1065]" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFC5F253FEB4FBC6F1A9A577" authority="Stoliczka, 1870" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[281,678,1042,1065]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC5F253FEB4FBC6F10CA576" box="[281,515,1043,1065]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">Trimeresurus mutabilis</emphasis>
Stoliczka, 1870
</taxonomicName>
from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF58A5E1FFC5F253FF3AF81BF674A6BF" box="[151,1403,1993,2016]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229378/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="565" targetBox="[151,1436,1112,1972]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC5F253FF3AF81BF674A6BF" blockId="8.[151,1403,1993,2016]" box="[151,1403,1993,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC5F253FF3AF81BF21DA680" bold="true" box="[151,274,1993,2016]" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFC5F253FEB4F819F1A9A6BF" authority="Stoliczka, 1870" authorityName="Stoliczka" authorityYear="1870" box="[281,678,1994,2016]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="565" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutabilis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC5F253FEB4F819F10CA6BF" box="[281,515,1994,2016]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="565">Trimeresurus mutabilis</emphasis>
Stoliczka, 1870
</taxonomicName>
from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF58A5E1FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0" ID-Table-UUID="DF58A5E1FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0" box="[151,984,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF58A5E1FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" targetBox="[151,1395,202,651]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF3AFF45F0D7A1F0" blockId="9.[151,984,151,175]" box="[151,984,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF3AFF45F206A1F0" bold="true" box="[151,265,151,175]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Morphological characters of the syntypes of
<taxonomicName id="4C278EEAFFC4F252FD40FF4AF0DEA1F0" box="[749,977,152,175]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labialis">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FD40FF4AF0DEA1F0" box="[749,977,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Trimeresurus labialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF32FF18F177A3D4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<table id="F92707C9FFC40DA4FF3AFF18F67CA3D4" box="[151,1395,202,651]" gridcols="4" gridrows="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFF18F67CA1BF" box="[151,1395,202,224]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFF18F177A1BF" box="[151,632,202,224]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Collection number</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFF18F09EA1BF" box="[759,913,202,224]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">NMW 18813:1</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FF18F78DA1BF" box="[1000,1154,202,224]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">NMW 18813:2</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FF18F67CA1BF" box="[1242,1395,202,224]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">NMW 18813:3</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFF26F67CA055" box="[151,1395,244,266]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFF26F177A055" box="[151,632,244,266]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Sex</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFF26F09EA055" box="[759,913,244,266]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">F</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FF26F78DA055" box="[1000,1154,244,266]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">F</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FF26F67CA055" box="[1242,1395,244,266]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">F</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFECFF67CA06C" box="[151,1395,285,307]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFECFF177A06C" box="[151,632,285,307]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">SVL (mm)</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFECFF09EA06C" box="[759,913,285,307]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">386</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FECFF78DA06C" box="[1000,1154,285,307]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">442</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FECFF67CA06C" box="[1242,1395,285,307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">363</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFE94F67CA002" box="[151,1395,326,349]" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFE94F177A002" box="[151,632,326,349]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Tail-length (mm)</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFE94F09EA002" box="[759,913,326,349]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">57</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FE94F78DA002" box="[1000,1154,326,349]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">69</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FE94F67CA002" box="[1242,1395,326,349]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">56</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFEA2F67CA0D9" box="[151,1395,368,390]" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFEA2F177A0D9" box="[151,632,368,390]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">TaL/TL</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFEA2F09EA0D9" box="[759,913,368,390]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">0.129</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FEA2F78DA0D9" box="[1000,1154,368,390]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">0.135</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FEA2F67CA0D9" box="[1242,1395,368,390]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">0.134</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFE4BF67CA0F0" box="[151,1395,409,431]" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFE4BF177A0F0" box="[151,632,409,431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Ventrals</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFE4BF09EA0F0" box="[759,913,409,431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">171</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FE4BF78DA0F0" box="[1000,1154,409,431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">168</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FE4BF67CA0F0" box="[1242,1395,409,431]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">171</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFE10F67CA087" box="[151,1395,450,472]" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFE10F177A087" box="[151,632,450,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Subcaudals</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFE10F09EA087" box="[759,913,450,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">52</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FE10F78DA087" box="[1000,1154,450,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">55</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FE10F67CA087" box="[1242,1395,450,472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">52</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFE3EF67CA35E" box="[151,1395,492,513]" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFE3EF177A35E" box="[151,632,492,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">MSR</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFE3EF09EA35E" box="[759,913,492,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">23</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FE3EF78DA35E" box="[1000,1154,492,513]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">23</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FE3EF67CA35E" box="[1242,1395,492,513]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">23</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFDC7F67CA375" box="[151,1395,533,554]" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFDC7F177A375" box="[151,632,533,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Cep</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFDC7F09EA375" box="[759,913,533,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">11</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FDC7F78DA375" box="[1000,1154,533,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">11</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FDC7F67CA375" box="[1242,1395,533,554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFDEDF67CA30B" box="[151,1395,575,596]" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFDEDF177A30B" box="[151,632,575,596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">In sep</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FD5AFDEDF09EA30B" box="[759,913,575,596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">yes</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FC45FDEDF78DA30B" box="[1000,1154,575,596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">yes</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FB77FDEDF67CA30B" box="[1242,1395,575,596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC40DA4FF3AFDA6F67CA3D4" box="[151,1395,628,651]" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76C69E57FFC40DA4FF3AFDA6F177A3D4" box="[151,632,628,651]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF3AFDA6F23FA3D4" bold="true" box="[151,304,628,651]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Abbreviations</emphasis>
.—See in Material and methods.
</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AFD60F728A395" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" box="[199,1063,690,714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
SVL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC4F252FEAEFD60F26EA395" box="[259,353,690,714]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.51" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" unit="mm" value="351.0">351 mm</quantity>
, TaL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC4F252FE0CFD60F2FCA395" box="[417,499,690,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" unit="mm" value="74.0">74 mm</quantity>
, TL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC4F252FD8AFD60F188A395" box="[551,647,690,714]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" unit="mm" value="425.0">425 mm</quantity>
; HL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC4F252FD13FD60F02AA395" box="[702,805,690,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9899999999999998" pageId="9" pageNumber="566" unit="mm" value="19.9">19.9 mm</quantity>
; Ratio TaL / TL 0.174.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AFD04F3D1A24D" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF6AFD04F261A3B1" box="[199,366,726,750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Body scalation</emphasis>
. DSR 21 - 21 - 15 scales, rhomboid, smooth; VEN 158 (+ 1 preventral), SC 61, all paired; anal entire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AFCCCF0BEA4DB" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF6AFCCCF27DA269" box="[199,370,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Head scalation</emphasis>
. Rostral wider than high, triangular, visible from above; nasal subrectangular, undivided, with nostril in its middle; one pair of moderately enlarged, subrectangular internasals, 1.4 times wider than deep, about twice as wide as and longer than adjacent upper snout scales, separated each from the other by 1 small scale; 4 /4 canthal scales bordering the
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FE57FC59F1B0A2FC" box="[506,703,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
between internasal and corresponding supraocular, enlarged compared with adjacent snout scales; one small triangular loreal between upper preocular and nasal; two upper preoculars above loreal pit, lower one bordering the upper margin of loreal pit, upper one visible from above, both elongated and in contact with loreal; lower preocular forming lower margin of loreal pit; 1/1 supraocular, elongate and narrow, in total about 3 times as long as wide, not much wider than the adjacent upper head scales, 0.7 times as wide as internasals, not indented by upper head scales; scales on dorsal surface of head small, smooth, irregular in shape, larger on snout than in the frontal area; 10 scales in a line between supraoculars; scales on the occiput flat and smooth; temporals smooth; 2/2 postoculars; 1/1 thin, elongated, crescent-like subocular; 10/ 10 SL, comparatively large 1st SL and nasal completely fused at left, partly divided at right by an incomplete and shallow furrow, 2nd SL tall, in contact with nasal and forming the anterior border of loreal pit, 3rd SL largest, elongate, about 1.25 times longer than high, in contact with subocular at left, separated at right by 1 minute scale, 4th SL about 0.7 times lower than third one, separated from subocular by 1/1 small scale, 5th and other posterior SL separated from subocular by 1 scale at left, 2 at right; 13 /12
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC4F252FD27FA9BF1A8A43F" box="[650,679,1353,1376]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">IL</collectingCountry>
, first pair in contact with each other, 1st–3rd pairs in contact with chin shields; 8 rows of smooth gular scales; chin shields regularly arranged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AFA43F1C4A767" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF6AFA43F2DFA4F6" box="[199,464,1425,1449]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Coloration and pattern</emphasis>
. The body is greyish-brown, slightly paler on the lower parts of the sides (the parts appearing olive green or reddish-brown on
<figureCitation id="131CE9ECFFC4F252FDD2FA66F1CEA493" box="[639,705,1460,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1042,1065]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1021]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,161,1021]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229377/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="131CE9ECFFC4F252FD4BFA66F1FBA493" box="[742,756,1460,1484]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1993,2016]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1112,1972]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1112,1972]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870 from Chowra Island, Central Nicobars. Photograph by Manish Chandi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229378/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">4</figureCitation>
are caused by artifacts due to the damage of the epidermis), with some very faint dark crossbands, visible only in good light. No pale ventrolateral stripes. The tail is as the body, with a faint, diffuse vertebral pinkish-grey stripe (red in life?), widening on the posterior part of the tail, the posterior quarter of which is entirely pinkish-gray.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AF996F258A794" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Head deep greenish-blue on the dorsal and temporal regions, slightly darker than the body; supralabials in the shades of blue, barely lighter than the upper head surface; a short, diffuse white temporal streak extending behind the eye on the 2nd row of temporals above the last posterior supralabials; mental, infralabials and chin shields are light bluish-grey.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AF905F09AA64C" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">The venter is uniformly pale bluish-white, darker and more distinctly deep blue on the outer parts of ventrals. The tail is as the body anteriorly, becoming pinkish-grey near its tip.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AF8CDF7D5A668" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" box="[199,1242,1823,1847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">This specimen belongs to second morph of coloration and pattern of this species (see below).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC4F252FF6AF891F755A6B4" blockId="9.[151,1436,690,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF6AF891F150A603" bold="true" box="[199,607,1859,1884]" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">Species description and variation</emphasis>
. Body moderately elongated, thicker in females; the triangular head is rather long, flat, wide at its base and clearly distinct from the neck; the snout rather long and narrow, 1.4–1.8times as long as eye diameter, flattened, rounded when seen from above, obliquely truncated seen from the side, with a distinct
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC4F252FF5EF87DF2BDA698" box="[243,434,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="566">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
; eye average to large, with a diameter 1.0–1.3 times the distance lower eye margin-lip margin; the tail is cylindrical, average, tapering progressively and strongly prehensile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFF45F66DA043" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
The maximal recorded total length is
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FDDCFF45F1C1A1F0" box="[625,718,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="510.0">510 mm</quantity>
(SVL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FCB6FF45F072A1F0" box="[795,893,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="435.0">435 mm</quantity>
; TaL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FC13FF45F71EA1F0" box="[958,1041,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
; ZSI 255554, female). The longest known male is
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FEE0FF6EF2A5A18B" box="[333,426,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="425.0">425 mm</quantity>
long (SVL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FD97FF6EF195A18B" box="[570,666,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.51" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="351.0">351 mm</quantity>
, TaL
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FD70FF6EF03CA18B" box="[733,819,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="74.0">74 mm</quantity>
; NMW 14863:1,
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFC7F251FBAEFF6EF764A18B" box="[1027,1131,188,212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
) but we have examined a specimen, the tail of which is incomplete, with a SVL of
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC7F251FCB0FF0DF071A1A8" box="[797,894,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="360.0">360 mm</quantity>
. Specimens examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC7F251FB0FFF0DF3EEA043" author="Vijayakumar" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vijayakumar &amp; David (2006)</bibRefCitation>
had a mean SVL of 367.2 ± 42.0 mm). Ratio TaL / TL: 0.124–0.182 with a strong sexual dimorphism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFEFAF0ADA03B" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FF6AFEFAF27BA01F" box="[199,372,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">Body scalation</emphasis>
. DSR 23–21—(19)21(23)—15 scales, rhomboid, smooth or usually weakly keeled; VEN 155–164, SC 46–72,all paired, with a sexual dimorphism; anal entire.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFEBDF65CA0D8" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" box="[199,1363,367,391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
Only one specimen (ZSI 255547) has 19 DSR at midbody whereas
<specimenCount id="9D213EE0FFC7F251FC17FEBDF74BA0D8" box="[954,1092,367,391]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
out of 27 have 23 DSR.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFE46F76DA28C" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FF6AFE46F27DA0F3" box="[199,370,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">Head scalation</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC7F251FE2FFE46F2AEA0F3" box="[386,417,404,428]" name="American Samoa" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">As</collectingCountry>
described for the
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFC7F251FDDFFE46F1D3A0F3" box="[626,732,404,428]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
, with rostral as high as wide or wider than high, more or less visible seen from above; 1 pair of enlarged, subrectangular internasals, 2 to 4 times as large as adjacent scales of upper snout surface, separated each from the other by 1 small scale in all examined specimens; 4 or 5 canthal scales bordering the
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FE94FDD2F2F7A347" box="[313,504,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
between internasal and corresponding supraocular, as large or barely larger than adjacent snout scales; on each side, 1 supraocular, rarely divided into two scales, elongated and narrow, about 2.7–3.2 times as long as wide, not much wider than adjacent upper head scales, 0.6–0.9 times as wide as internasals; scales on dorsal surface of head small, smooth, irregular in shape, larger on snout than in the frontal area; 9–11 cephalic scales in a line between supraoculars, small, very unequal, flat, subimbricated and smooth on top of the head, larger on the snout and posterior part of the head than between the eyes; scales on the occiput flat and smooth; temporals smooth; on each side 2–3 postoculars and 1 elongated, crescent-like subocular; 10–12 SL, rather large, 1st SL completely fused with nasal, 2nd SL tall, in contact with nasal and forming the anterior border of loreal pit or topped by a prefoveal scale bordering the pit (both conditions may occur in the same specimen), 3rd SL largest, elongate, about 1.1–1.3 times longer than high, in contact with subocular or rarely separated by 1 small scale, 4th SL lower than third one, separated from subocular by 1 or rarely 2 small scales, 5th and other posterior SL separated from subocular by 2 scales; 11–14
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC7F251FD31FC4AF1B6A2F0" box="[668,697,920,943]" name="Iceland" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">IL</collectingCountry>
, first pair in contact with each other, 1st–3rd pairs in contact with anterior chin shields; 8–9 rows of smooth gular scales; chin shields regularly arranged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFC0DF292A544" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FF6AFC0DF2C2A2A8" box="[199,461,991,1015]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">Coloration and pattern</emphasis>
. The colouration of this species is variable. There are two main morph of colouration and pattern, as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AFBF5F2C4A749" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
(1) In the first morph (see Gumprecht
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FDD9FBFAF1A9A560" box="[628,678,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">et al</emphasis>
. 2004: 222: Fig. I–IV, 223: Fig. I–III &amp; 224: Fig. I-II;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC7F251FAA1FBF5F24AA53C" author="Vijayakumar" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vijayakumar &amp; David 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 32: Fig. 20;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC7F251FE40FB99F17AA53C" author="Vogel" box="[493,629,1099,1123]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vogel 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 99: picture RS02581-4, 100: picture RS02583-4), the body is grey, greyish-brown, olive green or pale brown, with about 40 to 45 chesnut brown, dark brown or dark greyish-brown, black-edged dorsal blotches, 4–5 dorsal scales long and 4–8 scales wide, which do not extend far downwards on the sides; the blotches are often divided on the vertebral line on the anterior part of the body, with their halves more or less slightly set off each from the other; a longitudinal, discontinuous or rarely near solid brown stripe extend on 4th and 5th dorsal scale rows; it is edged on its both sides on 3rd and 6th dorsal scale rows respectively, by a series of greyish-brown or dark greyish-green scales that form a discontinuous stripe above and below the brown stripe; sometimes, this lateral stripe is entirely brown and divided into elongate, irregular lateral blotches; a pale longitudinal streak runs on neck sides; a discontinuous ventrolateral stripe, made of large, irregular, alternate, white spots and brown or reddish-brown spots, extends from the neck to the base of the tail on the outer tips of ventrals and first dorsal scale row. The tail is basically coloured and patterned as the body, with a faint crossbars anteriorly, vanishing after the first quarter of the tail which is entirely dark greyish-brown, reddish brown or rusty brown for the three posterior quarters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AF9F0F75FA64B" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
Head dark brown or blackish-brown above and its sides, distinctly darker than the background colour of the body; sides of the snouts dark or slightly darker than upper head surface; supralabials blackish-brown or nearly black; a very well defined, narrow, white or cream streak extends on supralabials from the 1st supralabial to the lower margin of the eye, then, across lower temporals and upper margins of posterior supralabials, to the corner of the mouth, then reaches the ventrolateral stripe.
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC7F251FD79F966F005A793" box="[724,778,1716,1740]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">Chin</collectingCountry>
and throat are yellowish-brown or dark greyish-brown, strongly and finely speckled with both rusty brown or black dots, especially on the throat and the under surface of neck, and pale yellow dots. In life, iris brown, marbled with dark brown; black pupil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F251FF6AF8F2F210A6FB" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">The venter is yellowish-brown, greyish-brown, beige or dark brown, more or less strongly speckled with minute rusty brown and black dots, with or without white spots; tips of ventrals are brown or reddish-brown, much darker than their central part. The ventral part of the tail is dark rusty-brown, with dark brown spots, or uniformly dark brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC7F250FF6AF862F24CA01D" blockId="10.[151,1436,151,2029]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,754]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="568" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">
(2) In the second morph (see Gumprecht
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC7F251FD6FF860F1F5A696" box="[706,762,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="567">et al</emphasis>
. 2004: 224: Fig. IIII, 225: Fig. I–III &amp; 226: Fig. I-III;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC7F251FF3AF807F2E5A6B2" author="Vijayakumar" box="[151,490,2005,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vijayakumar &amp; David 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 30: Fig. 19;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC7F251FD31F807F027A6B2" author="Vogel" box="[668,808,2005,2029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="567" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vogel 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 99: picture RS02582-4, 100: pictures RS02584-4&amp; RS02586-4), the body is dark yellowish- or reddish-brown, uniform or with faint dorsal blotches, barely darker than the background colour; sides paler and more red than upper dorsal surface, speckled with coral red spots, especially in the ventrolateral area; in some specimens, the red hue is replaced by pale brown; a narrow lateral, reddish- or yellowish-brown stripe, more or less distinct, extends on 1st and 2nd dorsal scale rows from neck to the base of the tail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF6AFE9DF673A345" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Head uniformly dark yellowish-brown or greyish-brown above, with some scattered minute dark dots; anterior supralabials ashy grey or greyish-brown, posterior supralabials reddish-brown; no temporal streak or a white, black-edged temporal streak, more or less distinct, extends from the eye to the corner of the mouth in some specimens; chin and throat yellowish-brown or greyish-brown, strongly and finely speckled with rusty brown and black, especially on the throat and the under surface of neck, infralabials coral red, throat with numerous coral spots or nearly entirely, although irregularly coral red. In life, iris brown, marbled with dark brown; black pupil.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF6AFDF5F2A4A3D8" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">The venter is beige, yellow or pale greyish-yellow, heavily speckled with minute coral red dots, especially posteriorly where the venter is nearly entirely coral red; tips of ventrals largely coral red. Ventral part of the tail nearly entirely coral red.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF6AFD41F79FA390" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">In preservative, the colouration changes into various shades of brown, greyish-brown and blackish brown, but pattern characters remain visible. Coral spots of morph II turn into brown or bluish-brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF6AFD08F01BA3AD" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,754]" box="[199,788,730,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
The
<typeStatus id="549C4BCBFFC6F250FF54FD08F26FA3AD" box="[249,352,730,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designated above belongs to morph II.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFCF0F016A266" ID-Table-UUID="DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFCF0F016A266" box="[151,793,802,826]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFCF0F016A266" pageId="11" pageNumber="568" targetBox="[159,1421,894,1350]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF3AFCF0F016A266" blockId="11.[151,793,802,826]" box="[151,793,802,826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FF3AFCF0F206A265" bold="true" box="[151,265,802,826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
Variance explained by the principal components.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FD37FC87F1A6A430" blockId="11.[666,922,853,875]" lastBlockId="11.[159,681,1369,1391]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Total Variance Explained Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF0DFCADF17EA41A" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<table id="F92707C9FFC60DA4FF32FCACF682A419" box="[159,1421,894,1350]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32FCACF682A57B" box="[159,1421,894,1060]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32FCACF219A57B" box="[159,278,894,1060]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Component 1</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FE83FCACF196A57B" box="[302,665,894,1060]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Cumulative Variance % 3.128934 39.11167 39.11167</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD03FCACF71AA57B" box="[686,1045,894,1060]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Cumulative Variance % 3.128934 39.11167 39.11167</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB87FCACF682A57B" box="[1066,1421,894,1060]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Cumulative Variance % 2.566782 32.08478 32.085</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32FBEAF682A5FF" box="[159,1421,1080,1184]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32FBEAF219A5FF" box="[159,278,1080,1184]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">2 3 4</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FE83FBEAF196A5FF" box="[302,665,1080,1184]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">2.252381 28.15477 67.26644 1.155862 14.44828 81.71472 0.878468 10.98085 92.69557</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD03FBEAF71AA5FF" box="[686,1045,1080,1184]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">2.252381 28.15477 67.26644 1.155862 14.44828 81.71472</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB87FBEAF682A5FF" box="[1066,1421,1080,1184]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">2.433643 30.42053 62.505 1.536752 19.20941 81.715</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32FB66F682A443" box="[159,1421,1204,1308]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32FB66F219A443" box="[159,278,1204,1308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">5 6 7</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FE83FB66F196A443" box="[302,665,1204,1308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.357273 4.465907 97.16148 0.148731 1.859135 99.02061 0.076143 0.951782 99.9724</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32FAE2F682A419" box="[159,1421,1328,1350]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32FAE2F219A419" box="[159,278,1328,1350]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">8</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FE83FAE2F196A419" box="[302,665,1328,1350]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.002208 0.027604 100</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFA61F744A494" ID-Table-UUID="DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFA61F744A494" box="[151,1099,1459,1483]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF58A5E1FFC6F250FF3AFA61F744A494" pageId="11" pageNumber="568" targetBox="[159,1344,1594,1946]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF3AFA61F744A494" blockId="11.[151,1099,1459,1483]" box="[151,1099,1459,1483]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FF3AFA61F206A494" bold="true" box="[151,265,1459,1483]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
Factor loadings of PCA (maximum factor loading for each character in bold).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FD22FA34F0AAA4A3" blockId="11.[655,1085,1510,1573]" box="[655,933,1510,1532]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Rotated Component Matrix</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FC6AF9C2F2F8A6BD" blockId="11.[655,1085,1510,1573]" lastBlockId="11.[159,1241,1965,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">Component Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Rotation converged in 5 iterations</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC6F250FF32F9B1F64FA6C5" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<table id="F92707C9FFC60DA4FF32F9E8F64FA6C5" box="[159,1344,1594,1946]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32F9E8F64FA727" box="[159,1344,1594,1656]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32F9E8F3F5A727" box="[159,250,1594,1656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">SVL</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD61F9E8F024A727" box="[716,811,1594,1656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">1 -0.00349</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FC45F9E8F748A727" box="[1000,1095,1594,1656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">2 0.394361</th>
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB53F9E8F64FA727" box="[1278,1344,1594,1656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
3
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FAAEF9B1F633A727" bold="true" box="[1283,1340,1635,1656]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.805</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32F95EF64FA7AB" box="[159,1344,1676,1780]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32F95EF3F5A7AB" box="[159,250,1676,1780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">TaL TaL / TL VEN</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD61F95EF024A7AB" box="[716,811,1676,1780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FD61F95EF026A795" bold="true" box="[716,811,1676,1738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.913712 0.911702</emphasis>
0.257429
</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FC45F95EF748A7AB" box="[1000,1095,1676,1780]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
0.190306 -0.10523
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FC43F90DF74FA7AB" bold="true" box="[1006,1088,1759,1780]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.89858</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB53F95EF64FA7AB" box="[1278,1344,1676,1780]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.248 -0.343 -0.037</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32F8DAF64FA62F" box="[159,1344,1800,1904]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32F8DAF3F5A62F" box="[159,250,1800,1904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">SC MSR CEP</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD61F8DAF024A62F" box="[716,811,1800,1904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FD61F8DAF024A642" bold="true" box="[716,811,1800,1821]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.827609</emphasis>
-0.22446 -0.1835
</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FC45F8DAF748A62F" box="[1000,1095,1800,1904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
0.236728
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FC45F8E0F748A618" bold="true" box="[1000,1095,1842,1863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.845634</emphasis>
-0.21579
</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB53F8DAF64FA62F" box="[1278,1344,1800,1904]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
-0.444 -0.005
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FAA4F889F63AA62F" bold="true" box="[1289,1333,1883,1904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">0.71</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3517F72BFFC60DA4FF32F856F64FA6C5" box="[159,1344,1924,1946]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<th id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FF32F856F3F5A6C5" box="[159,250,1924,1946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">In Sep</th>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FD61F856F024A6C5" box="[716,811,1924,1946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">-0.25581</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FC45F856F748A6C5" box="[1000,1095,1924,1946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC6F250FC47F856F74AA6C6" bold="true" box="[1002,1093,1924,1945]" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">-0.77826</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76C69E57FFC60DA4FB53F856F64FA6C5" box="[1278,1344,1924,1946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="568">-0.086</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC1F257FF6AFF45F62EA18B" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC1F257FF6AFF45F2BFA1EF" bold="true" box="[199,432,151,176]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
. There is a sexual dimorphism in (1) relative tail length: 0.174–0.182 (n=4) in males vs. 0.124–0.154 (n=8) in females; and (2) the number of subcaudals:
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC1F257FCDBFF6EF0D6A18B" box="[886,985,188,212]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5493999999999999" metricValueMax="1.5748" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="61.0" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="60.0">60–62 in</quantity>
males and
<quantity id="4CDF588CFFC1F257FBF5FF6EF7B4A18B" box="[1112,1211,188,212]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="1.3716" metricValueMin="1.1684" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" unit="in" value="50.0" valueMax="54.0" valueMin="46.0">46–54 in</quantity>
females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC1F257FF6AFF0DF67DA060" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC1F257FF6AFF0DF29EA1A8" author="Stoliczka" box="[199,401,223,247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" refString="Stoliczka, F. (1870 b) Observations on some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 39 (3), 134 - 228, Pls. IX - XII." type="journal article" year="1870" yearSuffix="b">Stoliczka (1870b)</bibRefCitation>
, on the basis of a dozen of specimens, thought that the differences in coloration and pattern described above were sex related. This is not the case according to our own material: 3 out of
<specimenCount id="9D213EE0FFC1F257FB11FED6F61DA043" box="[1212,1298,260,284]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
are banded, and 4 out of
<specimenCount id="9D213EE0FFC1F257FE89FEF5F2ADA060" box="[292,418,295,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" type="female">22 females</specimenCount>
. The banded phase seems to be more common in males but can be found in both sexes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33DA6E2FFC1F257FF6AFE99F163A363" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC1F257FF6AFE99F694A090" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="B953297BFFC1F257FF6AFE99F2B0A03B" bold="true" box="[199,447,331,356]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">
Distribution (
<figureCitation id="131CE9ECFFC1F257FEC1FE99F2BAA03B" box="[364,437,331,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1014,1037]" captionTargetBox="[321,1370,257,973]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,195,1020]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, (insert: Nicobar Islands showing: Car Nicobar Island (red), type locality of Trimeresurus labialis; Camorta Island, type locality, and distribution of Trimeresurus mutabilis (blue)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/229375/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
. The species is endemic to the
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FC96FE9EF09AA03B" box="[827,917,332,356]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Nicobar</collectingCountry>
Archipelago. It has been recorded from the islands of Bompoka, Camorta, Chowra, Katchal, Nancowry, Tarasa and Trinkat, all situated in the Central group. It seems to be absent from the Southern group and was not reported from Laouk and Tillangchong islands. Katchall
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FF3AFE65F3D4A090" box="[151,219,439,463]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Island</collectingCountry>
in Central Nicobars is the southern boundary of its range, while Chowra
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FBBDFE65F75BA090" box="[1040,1108,439,463]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Island</collectingCountry>
forms its northern boundary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98F569FFC1F257FF6AFE0EF163A363" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB68898FFC1F257FF6AFE0EF250A0AB" author="Vogel" box="[199,351,476,500]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" refString="David, P., Vogel, G., Vijayakumar, S. P. &amp; Vidal, N. (2006) A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus - complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 1293, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2006">Vogel (2006)</bibRefCitation>
depicted a specimen of this species with “Andaman Islands,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FBEEFE0EF770A0AB" box="[1091,1151,476,500]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">India</collectingCountry>
” as locality. In fact the specimen shown on picture Nr RS02586-4 indeed originated from Trinket
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FB99FE2DF774A348" box="[1076,1147,511,535]" name="Iceland" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F330B5F9FFC1F257FB22FE2DF647A348" box="[1167,1352,511,535]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="569">Nicobar Islands</collectingCountry>
(S. P. Vijayakumar, pers. comm.,
<date id="FF99D3A9FFC1F257FE61FDF6F16FA363" box="[460,608,548,572]" pageId="12" pageNumber="569" value="2013-08">August 2013</date>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink