399 lines
50 KiB
XML
399 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="72CA5EDABF4F575181E4473AD650185F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179846" ID-GBIF-Dataset="edd466a8-1a93-442a-896e-428fea452575" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179846" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460004741261" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shear, William A. & Shelley, Rowland M." docDate="2007" docId="51374E723F31FF8F15CD1386F312D8C9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01656p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1656" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Macrosternodesmidae Brolemann 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="AD0E360A3F30FF8C155A1421F712DF0A" masterDocTitle="The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943 (Polydesmida: Macrosternodesmidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698233182348" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B698274C84327A412DEE695A2DB9C0F3">The milliped genus Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943 (Polydesmida: Macrosternodesmidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A54474CF52A86C7EE3DC1785DC593BC6">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="688B6F674F5ADF74CF54771C39607526">Shelley, Rowland M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="68BE2414E1325C714E399C31A6256DD6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="2546819F1DE31077FBC52A27A4F583D7">
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<mods:date id="DE4441208F96E27EF25FC5B63A0E30A3">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="668E451A5A286137E0DB77D1B4D19D11" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="AAECF946E4512AB25ADD78929BC5CF09">1656</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="85103C044DBD1E9CF18BC22B6D8792CC" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.179846</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="51374E723F31FF8F15CD1386F312D8C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6244283" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119380907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6244283" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:51374E723F31FF8F15CD1386F312D8C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/51374E723F31FF8F15CD1386F312D8C9" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F31FF8E15CD1386F57ADFA5" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D921FF643F31FF8D15CD1386F5F3D8CB" blockId="1.[151,737,1959,1985]" box="[151,737,1959,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="826948083F31FF8D15CD1386F5F3D8CB" bold="true" box="[151,737,1959,1985]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F31FF8D15CD1386F5F3D8CB" bold="true" box="[151,737,1959,1985]" pageId="1" pageNumber="52">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F31FF8D15AC1386F5F3D8CB" ID-CoL="7NJMF" authority="Brolemann 1916" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1916" box="[246,737,1959,1985]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae Brölemann 1916</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E15CD14B9F57ADFA5" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,239]" box="[151,616,152,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Macrosternodesmini Brölemann, 1916:585.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F32FF8E15CD1499F3CBDFE5" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E15CD1499F3CBDFE5" blockId="2.[151,1436,152,239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="F98ED84A3F32FF8E15CD1499F3CBDFE5" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E15CD1499F695DFC5" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[151,391,184,207]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E14C01499F56ADFC5" author="Hoffman" box="[410,632,184,207]" page="177" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1980">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E14C01499F558DFC5" author="Hoffman" box="[410,586,184,207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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:177
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 1982:722; 1999:457.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E16D91499F347DFC5" author="Kevan" box="[899,1109,184,207]" page="2969" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E16D91499F304DFC5" author="Kevan" box="[899,1046,184,207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE. (1983) A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2956 - 2975." type="journal article" year="1983">Kevan, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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:2969
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E11321499F226DFC5" author="Blower" box="[1128,1332,184,207]" page="209" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1985">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E11321499F216DFC5" author="Blower" box="[1128,1284,184,207]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Blower, J. G. (1985) Millipedes. E. J. Brill, London. 242 pp. + i - vii." type="book" year="1985">Blower, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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:209
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E101D1499F62EDFE5" author="Shelley" page="1650" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E101D1499F7EDDFE5" author="Shelley" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1988) The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 1638 - 1663." type="journal article" year="1988">Shelley, 1988</bibRefCitation>
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:1650
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2000:190; 2002
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E14B514F9F6EEDFE5" box="[495,508,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">a</emphasis>
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:1870.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E171C14F9F405DFE5" author="Simonsen" box="[582,791,216,239]" page="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="1990">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E171C14F9F5E4DFE5" author="Simonsen" box="[582,758,216,239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Simonsen, A. (1990) Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Millipede Order Polydesmida, with Special Emphasis on the Suborder Polydesmidea. Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway, 114 pp." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen, 1990</bibRefCitation>
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:64
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 81–82.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E162814F9F33ADFE5" author="Lewis" box="[882,1064,216,239]" page="103" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E162814F9F4EEDFE5" author="Lewis" box="[882,1020,216,239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Lewis, J. J. (2002) Chaetaspis aleyorum, a new species of milliped from Tumbling Creek Cave, Missouri, with a synopsis of the cavernicolous species of Chaetaspis (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Myriapodologica, 7 (11), 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2002">Lewis, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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:103
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="583FD9753F32FF8E116814F9F3C7DFE5" author="Kime" box="[1074,1237,216,239]" page="39" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E116814F9F3A4DFE5" author="Kime" box="[1074,1206,216,239]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Kime, R. D. (2004) The Belgian millipede fauna (Diplopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 74, 35 - 68." type="journal article" year="2004">Kime, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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:39
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F32FF8E15CD1501F5B2DCB6" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E15CD1501F48CDC4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,288,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E15CD1501F60ADE33" box="[151,280,288,313]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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(adapted from those of
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E171A1501F410DE30" author="Hoffman" box="[576,770,288,314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1982) Diplopoda. In: Parker, S. B., ed., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, 2, 689 - 724." type="journal article" year="1982">Hoffman (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E16181501F309DE30" author="Simonsen" box="[834,1051,288,314]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Simonsen, A. (1990) Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Millipede Order Polydesmida, with Special Emphasis on the Suborder Polydesmidea. Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway, 114 pp." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990))</bibRefCitation>
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. Generally colorless to reddishbrown, small to moderate-size Trichopolydesmoidea (
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<quantity id="1E6652813F32FF8E16421569F498DE68" box="[792,906,328,354]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="6.0">6–12 mm</quantity>
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long but occasionally ca.
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||
<quantity id="1E6652813F32FF8E119E1569F20ADE68" box="[1220,1304,328,354]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
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long) with 20 segments including epiproct; collum narrower than head, not overlapping epicranium; segments 3–4 generally smaller than 2 and 5; metaterga with transverse sulci and three or four rows of variably rounded to subconical pustules giving rise to clavate setae; paranota small but distinct; limbi smooth to irregularly scalloped and ragged, one termination occasionally elongated and spiniform; tarsi ca. twice as long as next longest podomeres, male prefemora swollen and convex dorsally; sphaerotrichomes present on at least ambulatory tibiae and tarsi. Gonopodal aperture large, broadly ovoid, completely filling metazonite, not extending onto prozonite but sometimes spreading caudad between 9th legs. Gonocoxae large, completely filling respective halves of aperture, excavated mediad to accommodate telopodites; prefemora horizontal or angling ventromediad, giving rise to acropodite and additional projection homologous to process B of
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E11221693F251DDC6" box="[1144,1347,690,716]" class="Diplopoda" family="Nearctodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nearctodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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(terminology of
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E144F16FBF6C1DDFE" author="Shelley" box="[277,467,730,756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1994) The milliped family Nearctodesmidae in northwestern North America, with accounts of Sakophallus and S. simplex Chamberlin (Polydesmida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 470 - 495." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley (1994))</bibRefCitation>
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; acropodite part distal to origin of solenomere (distal zone) variably configured, sometimes folded, flattened, and not recognizable as such; solenomere long and narrow, arising subterminally, without hairpad and ampulla, prostatic groove opening terminally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E159C1772F5B2DCB6" blockId="2.[151,1437,288,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E159C1772F64BDC66" box="[198,345,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Components</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E14371772F5A7DC66" authority="Bollman, 1887" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1887" box="[365,693,850,876]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Chaetaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E14371772F6FDDC66" box="[365,495,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Chaetaspis</emphasis>
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Bollman, 1887
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E179D1772F314DC66" authority="Cook, 1896" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1896" box="[711,1030,850,876]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Ophiodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E179D1772F475DC66" box="[711,871,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Ophiodesmus</emphasis>
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Cook, 1896
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E11421772F7C7DC9E" authority="Brolemann, 1908" authorityName="Brolemann" authorityYear="1908" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Macrosternodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E11421772F217DC66" box="[1048,1285,851,876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Macrosternodesmus</emphasis>
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Brölemann, 1908
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E15BB175AF53FDC9E" authority="Chamberlin, 1943" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1943" box="[225,557,890,916]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E15BB175AF65CDC9E" box="[225,334,891,916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Tidesmus</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E140C175BF53FDC9E" author="Chamberlin" box="[342,557,890,916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1943) On nine North American polydesmoid millipeds. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 56, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="1943">Chamberlin, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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. Additional genera, currently assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E114D175BF3ACDC9E" box="[1047,1214,890,916]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E1191175BF7D0DCB6" class="Diplopoda" family="Trichopolydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Trichopolydesmidae</taxonomicName>
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||
, or other families, may also belong here.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F32FF8E159C17EAF44EDACE" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E159C17EAF44EDACE" blockId="2.[151,1437,288,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E159C17EAF5FDDCEE" ID-CoL="RWT3" authority="Golovatch 1984" authorityName="Golovatch" authorityYear="1984" box="[198,751,970,996]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Caucasodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inexpectatus">
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<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E159C17EAF50CDCEE" box="[198,542,971,996]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Caucasodesmus inexpectatus</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E177517EBF5FDDCEE" author="Golovatch" box="[559,751,970,996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Golovatch, S. I. (1984) Two new genera of cave-dwelling millipedes (Diplopoda), with remarks on the millipede fauna of West Caucasian caves. International Journal of Speleology, 14, 39 - 50." type="journal article" year="1984">Golovatch 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, from North Ossetia,
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<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E16A917EBF356DCEE" box="[1011,1092,970,996]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
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, was originally placed in the
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<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E15CD17D3F688DB06" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[151,410,1010,1036]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
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but from published figures obviously does not belong here as the family is now understood. The prefemora are globose, not transverse; process B is missing; and there is no solenomere branch. Indeed, according to
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<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E14CF1063F57BDB56" author="Golovatch" box="[405,617,1090,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Golovatch, S. I. (1984) Two new genera of cave-dwelling millipedes (Diplopoda), with remarks on the millipede fauna of West Caucasian caves. International Journal of Speleology, 14, 39 - 50." type="journal article" year="1984">Golovatch (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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, there is no prostatic groove and no solenite (= cannula), conditions almost unique in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E14D0104BF53DDB8E" ID-CoL="7NFJ9" box="[394,559,1130,1156]" class="Diplopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Polydesmidea">Polydesmidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Trichopolydesmidea. On the other hand, the gonopod plan of the longestablished genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E143110B2F5CBDBA6" ID-CoL="7NQXH" authority="Attems, 1898" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1898" box="[363,729,1170,1196]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Archipolydesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E143110B2F526DBA6" box="[363,564,1171,1196]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Archipolydesmus</emphasis>
|
||
Attems, 1898
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E17BD10B3F439DBA6" box="[743,811,1170,1196]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
and North Africa; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E116F10B3F61ADBDE" author="Abrous-Kherbouche" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Abrous-Kherbouche, O., & Mauries, J. - P. (1996) Decouverte du genre Archipolyesmus en Algerie: description de trois especes nouvelles (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 18, 571 - 587." type="journal article" year="1996">Abrous-Kherbouche and Mauriès 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), appears close to those of a series of undescribed macrosternodesmid genera from Arizona,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E1000109BF28ADBDE" box="[1370,1432,1210,1236]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, though largely by tradition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E148710C2F5B4DBF6" ID-CoL="7NQXH" box="[477,678,1251,1276]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Archipolydesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E148710C2F5B4DBF6" box="[477,678,1251,1276]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Archipolydesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is formally included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E16B210C3F382DBF6" ID-CoL="7NKL4" box="[1000,1168,1250,1276]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E106610C3F7F6DA2E" author="Mauries" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Mauries, J. - P. (1980) Description d'une espece nouvelle et d'un genre nouveau de diplopods polydesmides hypoges recoltes dans l'arrondissement de Beziers (Herault). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse, 116, 228 - 234." type="journal article" year="1980">Mauriès (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-established the family Mastigonodesmidae Attems, 1914, for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E16B2112AF262DA2E" ID-CoL="7PNJZ" authority="Silvestri, 1898" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1898" box="[1000,1392,1290,1316]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Mastigonodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E16B2112AF3AEDA2E" box="[1000,1212,1291,1316]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Mastigonodesmus</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri, 1898
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an action that seems justified because the genus cannot be considered a polydesmid in the classical sense as it lacks the torted prostatic groove (= seminal canal) and characteristic cuticular fimbriae surrounding the distal opening of the latter, which we consider defining characters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E16FD11A3F35DDA96" ID-CoL="7NKL4" box="[935,1103,1410,1436]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lack of process B seems to eliminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E1451118AF6CCDACE" ID-CoL="7PNJZ" box="[267,478,1451,1476]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Mastigonodesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E1451118AF6CCDACE" box="[267,478,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Mastigonodesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F32FF8E1708118BF44BDACE" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[594,857,1450,1476]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F32FF8E159C11F2F446D80E" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E159C11F2F446D80E" blockId="2.[151,1437,288,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E159C11F2F647DAE6" box="[198,341,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Holarctic. Indigenous to northern coastal
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E160E11F3F4BCDAE6" box="[852,942,1490,1516]" name="Croatia" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; western Europe (southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E11AE11F3F246DAE6" box="[1268,1364,1490,1516]" name="Sweden" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E103B11F3F7C1D91E" name="Denmark" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the Pyrenees of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E149811DBF505D91E" box="[450,535,1530,1556]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
); eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E17D111DBF5A3D91E" box="[651,689,1530,1556]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
east of the Central Plains (central Oklahoma to central North Carolina, southern Illinois and southcentral Indiana to northern Arkansas & Alabama and northcentral Mississippi); southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E14CA126BF6A7D96E" box="[400,437,1610,1636]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Arizona, California,?New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E1657126BF47ED96E" box="[781,876,1610,1636]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
); northwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E117F126BF36CD96E" box="[1061,1150,1610,1636]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Baja California Norté,?Sonora) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E144B1253F6B1D986" author="Jeekel" box="[273,419,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Jeekel, C. A. W. (1953) De millioenpoten (Diplopoda) van Nederland. Koninklijke Nederlandse Naturhistorische Vereniging Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen No. 9, 1 - 23." type="book chapter" year="1953">Jeekel 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E14EB1253F544D986" author="Enghoff" box="[433,598,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Enghoff, H. (1973) Diplopoda and Chilopoda from suburban localities around Copenhagen. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 136, 43 - 48." type="journal article" year="1973">Enghoff 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E173E1253F5B0D986" author="Enghoff" box="[612,674,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Enghoff, H. (1974) Om tusindbenenes udbredelse i Danmark (Diplopoda). Entomologiske meddelelser, 42, 21 - 32." type="journal article" year="1974">1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E17EA1253F45FD986" author="Shelley" box="[688,845,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1978) Millipeds of the eastern Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA (Diplopoda). Journal of Natural History, 12, 37 - 79." type="journal article" year="1978">Shelley 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2000;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E16FD1253F344D986" author="Hoffman" box="[935,1110,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E11391253F3B2D986" author="Hoffman" box="[1123,1184,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1982) Diplopoda. In: Parker, S. B., ed., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, 2, 689 - 724." type="journal article" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E11F41253F3FED986" author="Hoffman" box="[1198,1260,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 8, 1 - 584." type="book chapter" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E11A01253F285D986" author="Blower" box="[1274,1431,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Blower, J. G. (1985) Millipedes. E. J. Brill, London. 242 pp. + i - vii." type="book" year="1985">Blower 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E15CD12BBF646D9BE" author="Simonsen" box="[151,340,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Simonsen, A. (1990) Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Millipede Order Polydesmida, with Special Emphasis on the Suborder Polydesmidea. Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway, 114 pp." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E143E12BBF50AD9BE" author="Geoffroy" box="[356,536,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Geoffroy, J. - J. (1996) The French millipede survey: Towards a comprehensive inventory and cartography of the Diplopoda in France., pp. 269 - 280, In: Geoffroy, J. - J., Mauries, J. - P., & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M., eds., Acta Myriapodologica, Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 169." type="journal volume" year="1996">Geoffroy 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E177D12BBF5AAD9BE" author="Lewis" box="[551,696,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Lewis, J. J. (2002) Chaetaspis aleyorum, a new species of milliped from Tumbling Creek Cave, Missouri, with a synopsis of the cavernicolous species of Chaetaspis (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Myriapodologica, 7 (11), 101 - 111." type="journal article" year="2002">Lewis 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E179212BBF447D9BE" author="Kime" box="[712,853,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Kime, R. D. (2004) The Belgian millipede fauna (Diplopoda). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 74, 35 - 68." type="journal article" year="2004">Kime 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); introduced to Newfoundland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E118D12BBF23DD9BE" box="[1239,1327,1690,1716]" name="Canada" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E101812BBF7C7D9D6" author="Palmen" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Palmen, E. (1952) Survey of the Diplopoda of Newfoundland. Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Bonanicae Fennicae ' Vanamo', 15 (1), 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1952">Palmén 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E15B812E3F667D9D6" author="Kevan" box="[226,373,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Kevan, D. K. McE. (1983) A preliminary survey of known and potentially Canadian millipedes (Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2956 - 2975." type="journal article" year="1983">Kevan 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E14D812E3F50CD9D6" author="Blower" box="[386,542,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Blower, J. G. (1985) Millipedes. E. J. Brill, London. 242 pp. + i - vii." type="book" year="1985">Blower 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E177112E3F5DAD9D6" author="Shelley" box="[555,712,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1988) The millipeds of eastern Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 1638 - 1663." type="journal article" year="1988">Shelley 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E178C12E3F40CD9D6" author="Shelley" box="[726,798,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, R. M. (2002 a) The millipeds of central Canada (Arthropoda: Diplopoda), with reviews of the Canadian fauna and diplopod faunistic studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80, 1863 - 1875." type="journal article" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
2002
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E164A12E2F40CD9D6" box="[784,798,1731,1756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E167512E3F4F2D9D6" author="Hoffman" box="[815,992,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1999) Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 8, 1 - 584." type="book chapter" year="1999">Hoffman 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F32FF8E16AF12E3F253D9D6" author="Simonsen" box="[1013,1345,1730,1756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Simonsen, A. (1990) Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Millipede Order Polydesmida, with Special Emphasis on the Suborder Polydesmidea. Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway, 114 pp." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen (1990:88, Map 3)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
depicts the distribution in Europe and part of that in the eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E167D12CBF442D80E" box="[807,848,1770,1796]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F32FF8E159C1332F4DBD876" pageId="2" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F32FF8E159C1332F4DBD876" blockId="2.[151,1437,288,1916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F32FF8E159C1332F63FD826" box="[198,301,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Clearly much remains to be learned about relationships within the superfamilies Polydesmoidea and Trichopolydesmoidea, especially with continued discoveries of new taxa in western North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F32FF8E105E131BF27BD85E" box="[1284,1385,1850,1876]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="53">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and elsewhere. Major familial realignments seem likely in the near future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F33FF8F159C14B9F447DC50" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F33FF8F159C14B9F6B7DD98" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F15A614B9F6EDDFB8" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[252,511,152,178]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has received little attention since it was established by Brölemann (1916) as a tribe in the subfamily Devilleinae, family Leptodesmidae; 64 years later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F16B714E1F3B9DFD0" author="Hoffman" box="[1005,1195,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1980 [1979]) Classification of the Diplopoda. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, Switzerland, 237 pp." type="book" year="1980">Hoffman (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
elevated it to family status. Subsequent anatomical characterizations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F178914C9F490DE08" author="Hoffman" box="[723,898,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1982) Diplopoda. In: Parker, S. B., ed., Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, 2, 689 - 724." type="journal article" year="1982">Hoffman 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F16D414C9F357DE08" author="Simonsen" box="[910,1093,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Simonsen, A. (1990) Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Millipede Order Polydesmida, with Special Emphasis on the Suborder Polydesmidea. Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen, Norway, 114 pp." type="book" year="1990">Simonsen 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) must be modified to accommodate
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F15AE1531F675DE23" box="[244,359,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F15AE1531F671DE23" ID-CoL="7Q4JY" box="[244,355,272,297]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tidesmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which the gonopodal prefemora are not entirely transverse as they are in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F11B21531F279DE23" ID-CoL="7NSFG" box="[1256,1387,272,297]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" genus="Chaetaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F11B21531F279DE23" box="[1256,1387,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Chaetaspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and representatives of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F14C31519F576DE58" ID-CoL="7NJY7" box="[409,612,312,338]" class="Diplopoda" family="Nearctodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nearctodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northwestern North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F33FF8F162C1519F4CDDE58" box="[886,991,312,338]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F16B01519F3FFDE58" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[1002,1261,312,338]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F14641541F51BDE70" ID-CoL="7NJY7" box="[318,521,352,378]" class="Diplopoda" family="Nearctodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nearctodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that it possesses telopodal process B but lacks branch A (terminology of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F15CD15A9F65CDEA8" author="Shelley" box="[151,334,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1994) The milliped family Nearctodesmidae in northwestern North America, with accounts of Sakophallus and S. simplex Chamberlin (Polydesmida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 470 - 495." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley (1994))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F14AC15A9F588DEA8" ID-CoL="7NKL4" box="[502,666,392,418]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Polydesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of process B and by the essentially direct course of the prostatic groove, which lacks loops and opens apically on a solenomere instead of in a pore surrounded by cuticular fimbriae on the telopodal stem. Our illustrations show that process B arises from the body of the gonopod at the anteromesial base of the prefemur. Characters are lacking to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F11C31621F28EDD10" ID-CoL="7NJMF" box="[1177,1436,512,538]" class="Diplopoda" family="Macrosternodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Macrosternodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other New World trichopolydesmoidean family,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F16651609F32ADD48" ID-CoL="1ff24492-fd18-4362-9130-100b93d609f4" box="[831,1080,552,578]" class="Diplopoda" family="Fuhrmannodesmidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fuhrmannodesmidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose limits are unknown. It has become a wastebasket taxon for small tropical trichopolydesmoideans, but no
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A189BFF43F33FF8F11211671F3B3DD60" box="[1147,1185,592,618]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
genera are presently assigned to this family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F33FF8F159C1681F447DC50" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F159C1681F68FDDB0" author="Golovatch" box="[198,413,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Golovatch, S. I. (1991) The millipede family Polydesmidae in Southeast Asia, with notes on phylogeny (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Steenstrupia, 17, 141 - 159." type="journal article" year="1991">Golovatch (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
attempted to resolve polydesmoidean families based on positional homologies of gonopodal branches. However, his scheme is unworkable for the North American fauna because his gonopod terminology differs from those in other studies; unfortunately, old terminology, with established (although possibly incorrect) meanings, was employed. Djursvoll
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F166D1739F467DC3B" box="[823,885,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000) subsequently changed the meaning of several terms whereas others seem to have been abandoned.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9184ACEF3F33FF8F159C174BF312D8C9" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F33FF8F159C174BF545DAB1" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
A stable terminology for polydesmidean gonopods is desirable. The quest began in the 19th century with the contribution of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F142517B4F53DDCA5" author="Attems" box="[383,559,917,943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" refString="Attems, C. (1894) Die Copulationfusse der Polydesmiden. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 103, 1 - 16, Taf. I - IV." type="journal article" year="1894">Attems (1894)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, continued in the 20th century (
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F16FC17B7F4C2DCA5" box="[934,976,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F168017B4F398DCA5" author="Hoffman" box="[986,1162,917,943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Hoffman, R. L. (1974) A new polydesmid milliped from the southern Appalachians, with remarks on the status of Dixidesmus and a proposed terminology for polydesmid gonopods. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 87, 345 - 350." type="journal article" year="1974">Hoffman 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F11C317B4F248DCA5" author="Golovatch" box="[1177,1370,917,943]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Golovatch, S. I. (1991) The millipede family Polydesmidae in Southeast Asia, with notes on phylogeny (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Steenstrupia, 17, 141 - 159." type="journal article" year="1991">Golovatch 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and still continues in the 21st century (Djursvoll
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F17F217E0F5F7DCD0" box="[680,741,961,986]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000). None of the systems has gained much acceptance, and the most recent one (Djursvoll
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F171B17C8F56CDB08" box="[577,638,1001,1026]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F179817C8F5DEDB08" box="[706,716,1001,1026]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">)</emphasis>
|
||
was almost immediately abandoned by one of its proposers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F15C51030F677DB21" author="Golovatch" box="[159,357,1041,1067]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Golovatch, S. I., & Geoffroy, J. - J. (2006) Review of the Southeast Asian genus Pacidesmus Golovatch, with the description of a new troglobitic species from southern China (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Polydesmidae), Zootaxa, 1325, 363 - 368." type="journal article" year="2006">Golovatch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By studying gonopod development, a few authors attempted to homologize parts of the gonopod with ambulatory podomeres; the most recent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F16621018F4A5DB59" author="Petit" box="[824,951,1081,1107]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Petit, G. (1976) Developpements compares des appendices copulateurs (gonopodes) chez Polydesmus angustus Latzel et Brachydesmus superus Latzel (Diplopodes: Polydesmidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 5, 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1976">Petit 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) concluded that no articles distal to the prefemur were represented. Such studies are made difficult by the "metamorphic" transformation of the lumplike primordia to gonopods in the final molt. At present, however, establishing homologies with podomeres, while desirable, is of secondary importance. What is needed is consensus on a set of names, or even alphabetical symbols, for structures in comparable positions on the gonopods of related species (this tactic has worked for similarly complex structures like the palpi of male spiders). Most terminologies mix names (
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F104B1120F227DA10" box="[1297,1333,1281,1306]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
tibiotarsus), which suggest homologies, and letters. An acceptable terminology must be based on careful studies of as wide a spectrum of genera as possible (Djursvoll
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F17B91170F40CDA60" box="[739,798,1361,1386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000 arbitrarily excluded the North American genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F15CD1158F530DA99" authority="Attems, 1898" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,546,1401,1427]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Pseudopolydesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F15CD1158F664DA98" box="[151,374,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Pseudopolydesmus</emphasis>
|
||
Attems, 1898
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F173E1158F4A5DA99" authority="C.L. Koch, 1847" authorityName="C.L. Koch" authorityYear="1847" box="[612,951,1401,1427]" class="Diplopoda" family="Polydesmidae" genus="Scytonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F173E1158F5F1DA98" box="[612,739,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Scytonotus</emphasis>
|
||
C.L. Koch, 1847
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) using both compound light microscopy and SEM. It will be an herculean task.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D921FF643F33FF8F159C11E8F312D8C9" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Our gonopod terminology follows
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F173C11E8F40BDAE9" author="Shelley" box="[614,793,1481,1507]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1994) The milliped family Nearctodesmidae in northwestern North America, with accounts of Sakophallus and S. simplex Chamberlin (Polydesmida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 470 - 495." type="journal article" year="1994">Shelley (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. All structures distal to the coxa are referred to as the
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F15CD11D1F601D900" bold="true" box="[151,275,1520,1546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F15CD11D1F61ED900" bold="true" box="[151,268,1520,1546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">telopodite</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is based on the clearly observable homology of this part of the gonopod with the postcoxal (telopodal) elements of walking legs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BD0F82953F33FF8F17091238F5CFD939" author="Petit" box="[595,733,1561,1587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="67" refString="Petit, G. (1976) Developpements compares des appendices copulateurs (gonopodes) chez Polydesmus angustus Latzel et Brachydesmus superus Latzel (Diplopodes: Polydesmidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 5, 261 - 272." type="journal article" year="1976">Petit (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that the setose basal part of the gonopod telopodite derives from the ambulatory
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F14B61261F573D950" box="[492,609,1600,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F14B61261F54BD950" bold="true" box="[492,601,1600,1626]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">prefemur</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and we so designate it here. The prostatic groove originates in a fossa on the medial side of the prefemur into which an articulated and movable coxal projection, the
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F10411249F616D9A0" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F10411249F26AD988" bold="true" box="[1307,1400,1640,1666]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">solenite</emphasis>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F15CD12B1F7E8D9A0" bold="true" box="[151,250,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">cannula</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, inserts.
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F143512B1F6FAD9A0" bold="true" box="[367,488,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Process B</emphasis>
|
||
arises from the anterodistal margin of the prefemur and is U-shaped or strongly curved in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F14491298F692D9D8" box="[275,384,1721,1746]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F14491298F692D9D8" box="[275,384,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Tidesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the outer branch of the “U” being shorter. The telopodite distal to the indistinct boundary of the prefemur is the
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F174F12C1F586D9F0" bold="true" box="[533,660,1760,1786]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">acropodite</emphasis>
|
||
, and in light of Petit’s work, we believe the terms “femorite” and “tibiotarsus” should be abandoned. Macrosternodesmid acropodites bear a number of processes, the most easily recognizable being the
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F148D1311F57AD840" box="[471,616,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F148D1311F573D840" bold="true" box="[471,609,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">solenomere</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a tubular projection with the prostatic groove opening apically. The base of the solenomere may be thickened and bear one or more subsidiary processes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F11F21378F207D878" box="[1192,1301,1881,1906]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F11F21378F207D878" box="[1192,1301,1881,1906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Tidesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F10011379F7DCD890" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">distal zone</emphasis>
|
||
, which has been labeled “tibiotarsus,” “endomerite,” and “exomerite,” is the part of the acropodite distal to the solenomere; in
|
||
<emphasis id="EBEA23763F33FF8F14CE1388F51AD8C8" box="[404,520,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E9E84E73F33FF8F14CE1388F516D8C8" box="[404,516,1961,1986]" class="Diplopoda" genus="Tidesmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tidesmus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
it is a blocky structure that often is folded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |