treatments-xml/data/03/DF/C3/03DFC37DFFC6FFCFFFEEFB2C82369024.xml
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<document id="712B8331580F3D2A87C6F5EBD6AD8586" ID-CLB-Dataset="20368" ID-DOI="10.15553/c2020v752a1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1b2f3915-6b17-4a42-9895-d8a11f37fd81" ID-ISSN="2235-3658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5724844" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1637765588461" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Taylor, Charlotte M., Gereau, Roy E. &amp; Schmidt, Heidi H." docDate="2020" docId="03DFC37DFFC6FFCFFFEEFB2C82369024" docLanguage="en" docName="Candollea.75.2.159-182.pdf" docOrigin="Candollea 75 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1E5CC43F38D0DBC531513809D1267F7B.3:Candollea.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="1E5CC43F38D0DBC531513809D1267F7B" docStyleName="Candollea.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Psychotria palifera C. M. Taylor 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="180" masterDocId="FFE6BB05FFD5FFDAFF9FFFDA8044963C" masterDocTitle="Some distinctive new species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) from Madagascar" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="159" pageNumber="178" updateTime="1699470178107" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D53B4BABBB4B5B46BD154070AD0C631A">Some distinctive new species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae) from Madagascar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="49318824085E69BBD919DA1ED1B79857">Taylor, Charlotte M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5E7FC251352BCF15AE22817E14D9C95D">Gereau, Roy E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FDF61394AB48F345D430EC22A45BCB17">Schmidt, Heidi H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A11826F87150316806E197EE070643DF">Candollea</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="99E216AFCEAA39237557B896CC66C590">2020</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFC9FFEEFB2C82819333" blockId="19.[113,709,1270,1295]" box="[113,709,1270,1295]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<heading id="D081C507FFC6FFC9FFEEFB2C82819333" box="[113,709,1270,1295]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC6FFC9FFEEFB2C81869333" ID-CoL="9V6F6" authority="C.M. Taylor" authorityName="C. M. Taylor" authorityYear="2020" box="[113,450,1270,1295]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FFEEFB2C81739332" bold="true" box="[113,311,1270,1294]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Psychotria palifera</emphasis>
C.M. Taylor
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,
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FE52FB2D82649333" bold="true" box="[461,544,1271,1295]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2311302FFC6FFC9FE52FB2D82649333" box="[461,544,1271,1295]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="134D6EEEFFC6FFC9FDB0FB2D82E49332" box="[559,672,1270,1295]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="14.[136,167,1788,1807]" captionTargetBox="[261,1313,349,1694]" captionTargetId="figure-18@14.[246,1346,331,1706]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Fig. 5. Psychotria hamifera C.M. Taylor: A. Fruiting branch; B. Stipule at stem apex; C. Hypanthium and calyx limb of flower; D. Corolla at anthesis; E. Cross-section of pyrene and seed. Psychotria palifera C.M. Taylor: F. Fruiting branch; G. Stem apex with bases of two petioles and young stipules; H. Stem apex with bases of two petioles and older stipules; I. Portion of inflorescence with two flowers from which corollas have fallen and one flower bud; J. Corolla at anthesis; K. Cross-section of pyrene and seed. [A: Antilahimena 1778; BD: Antilahimena 1594; E: Antilahimena 2657; F, K: Andrianjafy 368; G: Rasoandriana 169; H: Andrianjafy 371; IJ: Croat 32639]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5724856" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5724856/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Fig. 5FK</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134D6EEEFFC6FFC9FD34FB2D82FD9333" box="[683,697,1271,1295]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[136,167,1453,1472]" captionTargetBox="[136,786,276,1432]" captionTargetId="figure-631@20.[136,786,276,1432]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 7. Psychotria palifera C.M. Taylor. [Rasoanindriana et al. 169] [Photo: S.E. Rakotoarisoa]" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5724858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5724858/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">7</figureCitation>
).
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<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFC9FF08FAF880A493E6" blockId="19.[151,770,1313,1498]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<materialsCitation id="3B1E7836FFC6FFC9FF08FAF882849385" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3697348366" collectingDate="27. V. 2003" collectionCode="V" collectorName="Andrianjafy et al." country="Madagascar" elevation="595" latitude="-17.662777" location="Toamasina]" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.984722" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" specimenCode="MO-5789365" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Reg. Analanjiforo" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54CDCCC9FFC6FFC9FF08FAF8815C9306" box="[151,280,1314,1338]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
:
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.
<collectingRegion id="49B2BC89FFC6FFC9FE49FAF882E89305" box="[470,684,1313,1338]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Reg. Analanjiforo</collectingRegion>
[Prov.
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:
</emphasis>
<location id="8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FEA2FA98824A9366" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DFC37DFFC6FFCFFFEEFB2C82369024:8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FEA2FA98824A9366" box="[317,526,1346,1370]" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.662777" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.984722" name="Ambatondrazaka" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Reg. Analanjiforo">Ambatondrazaka</location>
,
<location id="8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FD80FA9881D29346" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DFC37DFFC6FFCFFFEEFB2C82369024:8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FD80FA9881D29346" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.662777" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="48.984722" name="Reserve Naturelle Integrale de Zahamena" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Reg. Analanjiforo">Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Zahamena</location>
,
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au SE dAmbarifotsy
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,
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,
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368
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(
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!;
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:
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)
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.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC6FFC9FF08FA3682919118" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFC9FF08FA3682919118" blockId="19.[151,764,1516,1828]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FF08FA3682919118" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC6FFC9FF08FA3681AB9038" authority="C. M. Taylor" authorityName="C. M. Taylor" box="[151,495,1516,1540]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">Psychotria palifera C.M. Taylor</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from its congeners by its relatively large stipules with a distinctive shape in bud, along with the combination of its obovate, domatiate leaf blades that are subtruncate to shallowly retuse at the apex, relatively short, fasciculate, rounded inflorescences that often become overtopped by stem growth from both axils, and well developed lobed calyx limbs; the stipules of this new species are fused around the stem in the basal part into a tubular sheath and in the upper portion free, obovate, acute to acuminate or bidenticulate, and with dense longitudinal veins or fibers.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC6FFC9FF08F896847D9353" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="description">
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<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FF08F896809A9158" box="[151,222,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Shrubs</emphasis>
and small
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FEC0F89781CA9158" box="[351,398,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">trees</emphasis>
, collected in flower variously at
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tall, branched; stems weakly flattened becoming terete, glabrous.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FF43F85781679198" box="[220,291,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Leaves</emphasis>
opposite;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FE08F856819D9198" box="[407,473,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">petiole</emphasis>
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, glabrous;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FD5AF85682BF9198" box="[709,763,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">blade</emphasis>
obovate, 518 ×
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, at base cuneate to obtuse, at apex subtruncate to shallowly retuse then abruptly acuminate with tip
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, drying papyraceous to chartaceous, on both surfaces glabrous and weakly shiny; secondary veins 6 to 12 pairs, looping to interconnect near margins at least in apical part of blade, without intersecondary veins or usually with 1 intersecondary vein present between pairs of secondary veins, with regularly developed crypt domatia, adaxially venation plane or costa and sometimes secondary veins prominulous, abaxially costa and secondary veins prominent and remaining venation plane.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FCBEFD8D83359453" box="[801,881,599,623]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Stipules</emphasis>
fused around stem, caducous, glabrous on both surfaces, sheath portion cylindrical,
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, free upper portion ovate,
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, with dense longitudinal fibers or veins, acute to acuminate or bidenticulate.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FBF7FD6D84AF94F3" box="[1128,1259,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Inflorescences</emphasis>
terminal, cymose, with cymes borne on fasiculate axes, the group of axes sessile to subsessile, glabrous to densely pilosulous with trichomes
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; flowering-bearing portion rounded-corymbiform, 36 ×
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, branched to 2 or 3 orders, c. 30- to 60-flowered; bracts reduced or broadly triangular,
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, acute; pedicels
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FCBEFCAD83D195B2" box="[801,917,886,911]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.51 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FC06FCAD83AD95B3" box="[921,1001,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Flowers</emphasis>
all pedicellate in dichasial cymes of 5 to 9, 5-merous; hypanthium obconic, c.
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, glabrous;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FADAFC4D85329593" box="[1349,1398,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">calyx</emphasis>
limb
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, glabrous, denticulate or lobed to 1/3 of its length, lobes triangular, acute to obtuse;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FBA8FC0D843295D3" box="[1079,1142,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">corolla</emphasis>
funnelform, yellow, externally glabrous, tube c.
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, c.
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in diam. near middle, internally densely pilose in upper part with trichomes c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FAF4FBCD85EC9212" box="[1387,1448,1047,1071]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
, lobes ligulate to triangular, c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FBFFFBED84E49272" box="[1120,1184,1079,1103]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
, obtuse, adaxially shortly galeate, abaxially smooth;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FBDCFB8284D79253" box="[1091,1171,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">stamens</emphasis>
inserted in upper part of corolla tube, filaments not seen, anthers c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FB47FBAD856E92B2" box="[1240,1322,1143,1167]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
, included or partially exserted, positioned with tips at top of corolla tube;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FA1DFB4D85EF9293" box="[1410,1451,1175,1199]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">style</emphasis>
c.
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, stigmas c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FC78FB6D846792F2" box="[999,1059,1207,1231]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FBB4FB6D84F092F3" box="[1067,1204,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Infructescences</emphasis>
similar to inflorescences or often markedly overtopped by growth from subtending axils.
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FCBEFB22831A9333" box="[801,862,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Fruits</emphasis>
subglobose, c.
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diam., glabrous, red, with calyx limb
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FCBEFACD83C89312" box="[801,908,1302,1327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.5">1.54 mm</quantity>
, lobed for 1/41/2 of its length;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FB5BFAC285489313" box="[1220,1292,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">pyrenes</emphasis>
2, hemispherical, adaxially plane, abaxially smooth;
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FB38FAED854A9373" box="[1191,1294,1335,1359]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">endosperm</emphasis>
densely deeply ruminate on both surfaces.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC6FFC9FCD8FA4D85EB93F3" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFC9FCD8FA4D85EB93F3" blockId="19.[801,1455,1431,1487]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FCD8FA4D83F49393" box="[839,944,1431,1455]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Etymology</emphasis>
. The profile shape of the stipules in bud resembles a spade, and the specific epithet refers to that implement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC6FFC9FCD8FA2D848A9052" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFC9FCD8FA2D848A9052" blockId="19.[801,1451,1527,1647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FCD8FA2D84809033" box="[839,1220,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Habitat, distribution and phenology</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC6FFC9FB78FA2D85EF9033" box="[1255,1451,1527,1551]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FB78FA2D85EF9033" box="[1255,1451,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Psychotria palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected in humid evergreen forest at
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<elevation id="005B9558FFC6FFC9FAB9F9CD85EF9012" box="[1318,1451,1558,1583]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="m" value="830.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="560.0">5601100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
in central eastern
<collectingCountry id="F36132FBFFC6FFC9FC79F9ED842D9073" box="[998,1129,1591,1615]" name="Madagascar" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49B2BC89FFC6FFC9FBE6F9ED84B19073" box="[1145,1269,1591,1615]" country="Madagascar" name="Toamasina" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Toamasina</collectingRegion>
), with flowers in
<collectingCounty id="62A80AE7FFC6FFC9FCBEF98D832D9053" box="[801,873,1623,1647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">March</collectingCounty>
and with fruits in
<collectingMunicipality id="6BADE811FFC6FFC9FBAEF98D84269053" box="[1073,1122,1623,1647]" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">May</collectingMunicipality>
and
<location id="8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FB08F98D848E9052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DFC37DFFC6FFCFFFEEFB2C82369024:8EA924B0FFC6FFC9FB08F98D848E9052" box="[1175,1226,1623,1646]" country="Madagascar" county="March" municipality="May" name="June" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" stateProvince="Toamasina">June</location>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC6FFCEFCD8F94D849495F3" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC6FFCEFCD8F94D849495F3" blockId="19.[801,1454,1687,1935]" lastBlockId="20.[824,1475,279,975]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FCD8F94D84499093" box="[839,1037,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Conservation status</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC6FFC9FBB3F94D84A09093" box="[1068,1252,1687,1711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC6FFC9FBB3F94D84A09093" box="[1068,1252,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="178">Psychotria palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from
<specimenCount id="9D70B9E2FFC6FFC9FA15F94D83C190F3" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" type="generic">ten specimen</specimenCount>
collections representing nine unique occurrences in humid evergreen forest at
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FBDEF90D848390D2" box="[1089,1223,1750,1775]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="m" value="830.0" valueMax="1100.0" valueMin="560.0">5601100 m</quantity>
elevation. The EOO of the species is
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FC53F92D846E9133" box="[972,1066,1783,1807]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.716" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="km" value="2716.0">2,716 km</quantity>
², within the limits for “Endangered” under IUCN Red List Criterion B1; and the AOO is
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC6FFC9FAC3F8CD85DA9113" box="[1372,1438,1815,1839]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" unit="km" value="36.0">36 km</quantity>
², also within the limits for “Endangered” under Criterion B2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC6FFC9FCB6F88D83F09153" author="IUCN" box="[809,948,1879,1903]" firstAuthor="IUCN" pageId="19" pageNumber="178" refId="ref23474" refString="IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Ed. 2. Gland &amp; Cambridge." type="book" year="2012">IUCN, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Six of the collection sites are within two protected areas: Zahamena PA (two sites), with a good protection level; and Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor PA (4 sites), with the interior of the reserve well protected but parts close to villages seriously impacted by exploitation of timber and, to a lesser extent, shifting cultivation (C. Birkinshaw, pers. comm.). The remaining three collection sites are in unprotected areas: one to the east of Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor PA and c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC1FFCEFF3EF96D809C90F3" box="[161,216,1719,1743]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
west of Betampona PA (forêt secondaire de Sondrimaro); one c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC1FFCEFE88F90D811E90D2" box="[279,346,1751,1775]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
outside Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor in secondary forest (Ambodivoromborogna Forest); and the third c.
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC1FFCEFF46F8CD81519113" box="[217,277,1815,1839]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
east of the southernmost parcels of AnkenihenyZahamena Corridor PA. This distant collection is from
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC1FFCEFD55F8ED83569173" box="[714,786,1847,1871]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0165" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" unit="in" value="1975.0">1975 in</quantity>
an area with no protection, near a major roadway; it very likely that the population no longer exists at this collection site. The loss of this site would significantly decrease the EOO for this species as well as the AOO. Forested areas without formal protection in the vicinity of these protected areas are subject to degradation by small-scale slash and burn agriculture and fire to create habitat for cattle farming as well as resource exploitation including logging, hunting and mining (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC1FFCEFAB0FE6D83D097D3" author="GOODMAN" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="GOODMAN" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" refId="ref23413" refString="GOODMAN, S. M., M. J. RAHERILALAO &amp; S. WOHLHAUSER (ed.) (2018). Les aires protegees terrestres de Madagascar: leur histoire, description et biote / The terrestrial protected areas of Madagascar: their history, description, and biota. 3 vol. Association Vahatra, Antananarivo." type="book" year="2018">GOODMAN et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
). All three of the unprotected collecting sites would be subject to such threats. The northernmost two collections are within Zahamena PA, and constitute a single “location” (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC1FFCEFC18FDED84509473" author="IUCN" box="[903,1044,567,591]" firstAuthor="IUCN" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" refId="ref23474" refString="IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Ed. 2. Gland &amp; Cambridge." type="book" year="2012">IUCN, 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC1FFCEFBBFFDED841C9473" author="IUCN" box="[1056,1112,567,591]" firstAuthor="IUCN" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" refId="ref23497" refString="IUCN [STANDARDS AND PETITIONS COMMITTEE] (2019). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee." type="book" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
). Three collections are from the northernmost parcel of Ankeniheny-Zahamena Corridor adjacent to Zahamena PA, and constitute a second location. One collection is from forêt dAmbatoaragnana, AnkenihenyZahamena Corridor PA and constitutes a third location. Each of the three widely separated unprotected sites constitutes a separate location, giving a total of six locations. Three locations are in generally well-protected areas, but the other three are in vulnerable areas, one of which may already be lost, causing a decline in EOO and AOO, extent and/or quality of habitat, number of locations and number of mature individuals. Thus, the Red List status of
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFBAEFC4284DE9593" box="[1073,1178,919,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFBAEFC4284DE9593" box="[1073,1178,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">P. palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assessed as “Vulnerable” [VU B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36C21E0FFC1FFCFFCC1FC2282AF9273" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC9726BFFC1FFCFFCC1FC2282BA95B3" blockId="20.[824,1475,1015,1935]" lastBlockId="21.[113,766,279,1103]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFCC1FC22843B9233" box="[862,1151,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">
Notes.
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFC23FC2D843B9233" box="[956,1151,1015,1039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">Psychotria palifera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is characterized by the combination of its relatively robust habit for its genus; glabrous vegetative structures; medium-sized obovate leaf blades with small domatia in the abaxial axils and the apices truncate to shallowly retuse; distinctive large stipules; relatively short, fasciculate, corymbiform inflorescences that often become overtopped by growth from both subtending axils; welldeveloped lobed calyx limbs; medium-sized fruits; pyrenes that are smooth abaxially; and endosperm that is reticulate on both surfaces. The specimens dry with a dark brown color, which is also seen in the sapwood of cut stems. The stipules of
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFCC9FA8283F99353" box="[854,957,1367,1391]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFCC9FA8283F99353" box="[854,957,1367,1391]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">P. palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unusually well developed and distinctive in form: these are fused in their basal portions into a cylindrical sheath, then the upper parts are ovate, venose or fibrose, and initially pressed flat together with their margins rolling back. These stipules also vary markedly in size, from smaller ones on terminal buds of stems with young leaves to those that are mature and dehiscing. These stipules are similar in form to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFC2EF9E284669073" box="[945,1058,1591,1615]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hamifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFC2EF9E284669073" box="[945,1058,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">P. hamifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, newly described above. Only one fully developed flower has been seen, and was not dissected in order to preserve it; it agrees with the long-styled form of distylous
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFCA7F94D83A99093" box="[824,1005,1687,1711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFCA7F94D83DA9093" box="[824,926,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">Psychotria</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, but whether
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFBE4F94284999093" box="[1147,1245,1687,1711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFBE4F94284999093" box="[1147,1245,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">P. palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distylous cannot be determined. The infructescences are relatively short and have a characteristic
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFC52F90D847090D3" box="[973,1076,1751,1775]" form="that" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" rank="form">form that</taxonomicName>
is commonly seen in
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFA81F90D85C290D3" box="[1310,1414,1751,1775]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFA81F90D85C290D3" box="[1310,1414,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">Psychotria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with the flowers borne in groups on several axes, and these axes then arising from a node that either bears developed leaves, or bears an internode that is hardly developed (
<quantity id="4C8EDF8EFFC1FFCEFAB2F8ED85C09172" box="[1325,1412,1846,1871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">12 mm</quantity>
long) and then another node that bears bracts and the axes. This arrangement was analyzed in detail by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC1FFCEFB7EF8AD85CC91B3" author="TAYLOR" box="[1249,1416,1911,1935]" firstAuthor="TAYLOR" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" refId="ref24020" refString="TAYLOR, C. M. (2020). Overview of Psychotria in Madagascar (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae), and of Bremekamp's foundation study of this" type="book" year="2020">TAYLOR (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, who noted that it is part of continuous variation in inflorescence form in this genus, and its interpretation as pedunculate vs. subsessile or fasciculate depends on the degree of development of the leaf-like structures borne from the subtending node: if these are small they are considered bracts and the inflorescence pedunculate, while if they are enlarged and green they are considered leaves and the inflorescence sessile to subsessile and fasciculate. In
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC0FFCFFE10FE2281BC9433" box="[399,504,503,527]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFE10FE2281BC9433" box="[399,504,503,527]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">P. palifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the inflorescences seen are subtended by developed leaves, and are also overtopped or enclosed by leafy stems that develop
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC0FFCFFDBAFDED82CE9472" box="[549,650,567,591]" form="one" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" rank="form">form one</taxonomicName>
or usually both of the axils of the subtending leaves. The development of a reduced internode just above the leaves that subtend the inflorescence is variable in
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC0FFCFFE19FD4281A39493" box="[390,487,663,687]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFE19FD4281A39493" box="[390,487,663,687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">P. palifera</emphasis>
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, so it is sometimes evident and sometimes apparently did not develop. The calyx limb appears to enlarge as the fruit develops, to almost twice its size at anthesis, but the flowers are not well enough documented to confirm this. This species agrees with
<bibRefCitation id="EFE70F9AFFC0FFCFFD83FCCD82AB9513" author="BREMEKAMP" box="[540,751,791,815]" firstAuthor="BREMEKAMP" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" pagination="5" refId="ref23275" refString="BREMEKAMP, C. E. B. (1963). Sur quelques genres de Psychotriees (Rubiacees) et sur leurs representants malgaches et comoriens. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk., Tweede Sect. 54 (5)." type="book chapter" year="1963">BREMEKAMP (1963)</bibRefCitation>
s
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<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFFEEFCE280939573" box="[113,215,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">Mapouria</emphasis>
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Group VII. A fruiting specimen is is chosen as the
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because most of the characters that contrast it with the similar species Bremekamp treated are in the fruits and seeds.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFF17FA7780949383" bold="true" box="[136,208,1452,1472]" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">Fig. 7. </emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC1FFCEFF49FA7781B793FC" authority="C. M. Taylor." authorityName="C. M. Taylor." box="[214,499,1453,1472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="20" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFF49FA7781C593FC" box="[214,385,1453,1472]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">Psychotria palifera</emphasis>
C.M. Taylor.
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[
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC1FFCEFF11FA1D813293E6" box="[142,374,1479,1498]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="179">Rasoanindriana et al. 169</emphasis>
] [Photo: S.E. Rakotoarisoa]
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC0FFCFFF08FC4D811F9593" box="[151,347,919,943]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palifera">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFF08FC4D811F9593" box="[151,347,919,943]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">Psychotria palifera</emphasis>
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is similar to
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<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFE6EFC4282C69593" box="[497,642,920,943]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">P. imerinensis</emphasis>
(Bremek.) A.P. Davis &amp; Govaerts
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7609E8FFC0FFCFFE34FC62812C95D3" authority="(Bremek.) A. P. Davis &amp; Govaerts" authorityName="A. P. Davis &amp; Govaerts" baseAuthorityName="Bremek." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="21" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="manampamihensis">
<emphasis id="B902AE79FFC0FFCFFE34FC6282C195F3" box="[427,645,951,975]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="180">P. manampamihensis</emphasis>
(Bremek.) A.P. Davis &amp; Govaerts
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, which both can be separated by their shorter ligulate to ovate stipules,
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long, and their shorter, truncate to denticulate calyx limbs,
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long, and they also often differ by their narrower leaf blades,
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17°42'04&quot;S 49°00'48&quot;E,
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688
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(
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