382 lines
58 KiB
XML
382 lines
58 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FB99DC1BC067DF05F1BC3842B6DD5DED">A revision of the unusual feather star genus Atopocrinus with a description of a new species (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0D41DBD1D081A765414EF0AA95F63072">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B89821FF9CE91F7BADDF35FBD22925" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3664749" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162074137" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3664749" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B89821FF9CE91F7BADDF35FBD22925" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B89821FF9CE91F7BADDF35FBD22925" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<subSubSection id="C30B7ABCFF9CE91C7BADDF35FCB32FDD" box="[151,865,369,395]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BADDF35FCB32FDD" blockId="1.[151,865,369,395]" box="[151,865,369,395]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<heading id="D0E69E5BFF9CE91C7BADDF35FCB32FDD" bold="true" box="[151,865,369,395]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7BADDF35FCB32FDD" bold="true" box="[151,865,369,395]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7BCFDF35FCB32FDD" ID-CoL="8FV6Q" authority="Messing (in Hess & Messing, 2011)" authorityName="Messing (in Hess & Messing" authorityYear="2011" box="[245,865,369,395]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atopocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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Atopocrinidae Messing (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C797DDF35FC8B2FDD" author="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G." box="[583,857,369,395]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" refId="ref11917" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Ausich, W. I. (coordinating author) & Selden, P. (2011), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2 Revised. Crinoidea 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 261 pp." type="book" year="2011">Hess & Messing, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B7ABCFF9CE91C7BADDFFCFF0D2D6E" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BADDFFCFF0D2D6E" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7BADDFFCFEC32F85" bold="true" box="[151,273,440,467]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Centrodorsal conical, as tall as or taller than wide, with narrow centrodorsal cavity and strong narrow interradial ridges usually crossed by one or more faint, superficial, suture-like lines adjacent to basal/centrodorsal suture; adoral surface with 5 interradial grooves that accommodate flattened, tongue-like basals. Cirrus sockets in 10 or 15 columns; each socket initially arising as a tube along adoral surface of centrodorsal; fully developed sockets with projecting, lateral, fulcral processes, convex or rounded-triangular in profile. Basals visible externally as triangular or pentagonal adoral extensions of centrodorsal interradial ridges. Arms 5, undivided. Synarthry between brachials 1 and 2. First syzygy between brachials 4 and 5. Articular facets of proximal three syzygial pairs (br4+5, 7+8 and 14+15) with only five radiating ridges. Proximal few pinnules arising from lateral projections of brachials; first pinnule on brachial 2. Pinnulars hollow, thin-walled (at least in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C78F2DC93FBED2CA7" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[968,1087,727,753]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C78F2DC93FBED2CA7" box="[968,1087,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">A. sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and longer than wide, except short first two pinnulars on P3 and following pinnules; distal pinnulars unknown (modified from
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7FD8DCBFFF012D6E" author="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G." pageId="1" pageNumber="472" refId="ref11917" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Ausich, W. I. (coordinating author) & Selden, P. (2011), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2 Revised. Crinoidea 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 261 pp." type="book" year="2011">Hess & Messing 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B7ABCFF9CE91C7BFDDD06FD662D0A" box="[199,692,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BFDDD06FD662D0A" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" box="[199,692,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7BFDDD06FE862D0A" bold="true" box="[199,340,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<typeStatus id="54AA9795FF9CE91C7BFDDD06FED02D0A" box="[199,258,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Type</typeStatus>
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genus.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7A61DD06FD622D0A" authority="A. H. Clark, 1912" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[347,688,834,860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7A61DD06FE362D0A" box="[347,484,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
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A.H.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7913DD06FD622D0A" author="Clark, A. H." box="[553,688,834,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref11433" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912) Descriptions of twenty new unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 34, 129 - 155. Available from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 552164 (accessed on 17 Jan 2020)" type="journal article" year="1912">Clark, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30B7ABCFF9CE91F7BFDDD22FBD22925" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BFDDD22FE252A01" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7BFDDD22FEE92DD6" bold="true" box="[199,315,870,896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7A78DD22FE302DD6" authorityName="Messing (in Hess & Messing" authorityYear="2011" box="[322,482,870,896]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atopocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atopocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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includes only
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C79BCDD22FCDD2DD6" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[646,783,870,896]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C79BCDD22FCDD2DD6" box="[646,783,870,896]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is here construed to include two species. Although several characters are found in other extant crinoids, e.g., undivided rays (several families), first syzygy at br4+5 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7BA5DDE9FEAD2D9E" baseAuthorityName="A. H. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[159,383,941,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Pentametrocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Pentametrocrinidae</taxonomicName>
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), and cirrus sockets with strongly developed triangular fulcral ridges (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7FA1DDE9FAEA2D9E" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1179,1336,941,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
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), at least three characters, i.e., hollow pinnulars, suture-like lines crossing interradial ridges of centrodorsal, and proximal syzygies with only five radiating ridges, are unique. Additional characters may also prove unique (e.g., interradial buttresses in the centrodorsal cavity crossed by fine ridges and grooves) but have not been examined in the single known specimen of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7A43DA79FE222A00" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[377,496,1084,1111]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7A43DA79FE222A00" box="[377,496,1084,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">A. sibogae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BFDDA24FBE62AB0" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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A.H.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7A3DDA24FE4B2A2C" author="Clark, A. H." box="[263,409,1120,1146]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref11433" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912) Descriptions of twenty new unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 34, 129 - 155. Available from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 552164 (accessed on 17 Jan 2020)" type="journal article" year="1912">Clark (1912)</bibRefCitation>
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placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7ACEDA24FDAF2A2C" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[500,637,1120,1146]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7ACEDA24FDAF2A2C" box="[500,637,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C799EDA24FCE92A2C" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[676,827,1120,1146]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7845DA24FC2D2A2C" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[895,1023,1120,1146]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atelecrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7845DA24FC2D2A2C" box="[895,1023,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atelecrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but noted no characters in common except that its brachials resembled those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7942DAC0FD2A2AC8" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[632,760,1156,1182]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atelecrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7942DAC0FD2A2AC8" box="[632,760,1156,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atelecrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. He later (A.H.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C789DDAC7FBF62AC8" author="Clark, A. H." box="[935,1060,1155,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref11553" refString="Clark, A. H. (1918) The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. In: Siboga-Expeditie. 42 b. E. J. Brill, Leyden, pp. i-ix + 1 - 300, 28 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11317" type="book chapter" year="1918">Clark 1918</bibRefCitation>
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) based its inclusion on the similar structure and arrangement of cirrus sockets, structure of the disk, and triangular proximal brachials and first syzygial pair in the two genera, which he considered different than in all other feather stars.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BFDDAABFE1F2977" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
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A.H. Clark (in A. H. Clark & A. M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C795BDAABFD322B5C" author="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M." box="[609,736,1263,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 860" refId="ref11774" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (5). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 860, 53 figs. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 16176" type="book chapter" year="1967">Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
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) maintained
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C784EDAABFC2F2B5F" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[884,1021,1263,1289]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C784EDAABFC2F2B5F" box="[884,1021,1263,1289]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7F1ADAABFB652B5F" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1056,1207,1263,1289]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
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and added
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7E03DAABFF032B7A" authorityName="Clark & Clark" authorityYear="1967" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Sibogacrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7E03DAABFF032B7A" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Sibogacrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(for
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<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7A30DB56FD182B7B" authority="A. H. Clark, 1912" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[266,714,1298,1325]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atelecrinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
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<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7A30DB56FE2C2B7A" box="[266,510,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atelecrinus anomalus</emphasis>
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A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C797BDB56FD182B7B" author="Clark, A. H." box="[577,714,1298,1325]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref11433" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912) Descriptions of twenty new unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 34, 129 - 155. Available from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 552164 (accessed on 17 Jan 2020)" type="journal article" year="1912">Clark, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), although the resulting familial diagnosis (A.M. Clark, in A. H. Clark & A. M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7A7BDB72FE102B06" author="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M." box="[321,450,1334,1360]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 860" refId="ref11774" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (5). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 860, 53 figs. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 16176" type="book chapter" year="1967">Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 811) included no features common to all three genera, e.g., cirrus sockets flanked by “prominent elevations” sometimes forming a horseshoe-shaped ridge, and triangular proximal brachials (both absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7BDDDB3AFEA92BCE" authorityName="Clark & Clark" authorityYear="1967" box="[231,379,1406,1432]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Sibogacrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7BDDDB3AFEA92BCE" box="[231,379,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Sibogacrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and proximal pinnules absent (except in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C786FDB3AFC0C2BCE" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[853,990,1406,1432]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C786FDB3AFC0C2BCE" box="[853,990,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C78CEDB3AFA4E2BCE" author="Rasmussen, H. W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H." box="[1012,1436,1406,1432]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="928" refId="ref12956" refString="Rasmussen, H. W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. (1978) Classification. In: Moore, R. C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. T. Echinodermata. 2 (3). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. T 813 - T 928." type="book chapter" year="1978">Rasmussen & Sieverts-Doreck (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleocene
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C79BBDBE5FCCA2BED" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1923" box="[641,792,1441,1467]" class="Crinoidea" family="Jaekelometridae" genus="Jaekelometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C79BBDBE5FCCA2BED" box="[641,792,1441,1467]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Jaekelometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but their familial diagnosis likewise included numerous exceptions and only one possible feature common and unique to all four genera among extant feather stars: basal ossicles forming a ring of plates. However, these differed substantially among the genera (see below). They placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7BADD849FEFC2871" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,302,1549,1575]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the otherwise extinct (Lower Jurassic-Lower Paleocene) superfamily Paracomatulacea, another taxon with no synapomorphies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7933D874FD75281C" author="Gislen, T." box="[521,679,1584,1610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref11831" refString="Gislen, T. (1924) Echinoderm studies. Zoologisk Bidrag fran Uppsala, 9, 1 - 316, 349 fig." type="book chapter" year="1924">Gislén (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C780CD874FC1F281C" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1923" box="[822,973,1584,1610]" class="Crinoidea" family="Jaekelometridae" genus="Jaekelometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C780CD874FC1F281C" box="[822,973,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Jaekelometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the extinct family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7FF1D874FAB8281C" authorityName="Gislén" authorityYear="1924" box="[1227,1386,1584,1610]" class="Crinoidea" family="Conometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulidina" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Conometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and noted features that distinguished it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7950D810FCD62838" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[618,772,1620,1646]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, e.g., much smaller centrodorsal cavity and very different radial articular faces. However, he diagnosed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C79A9D83CFCE028C4" authorityName="Gislén" authorityYear="1924" box="[659,818,1656,1682]" class="Crinoidea" family="Conometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulidina" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Conometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
chiefly on a combination of absent (e.g., no dorsal star) and widely variable characters (e.g., basals large and contiguous to hidden), with only one feature in common to all included genera: muscle fossae large in comparison with interarticular ligament fossae. However, this feature appears in several other unrelated feather star families, e.g., some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7842D8A7FBE328AB" box="[888,1073,1763,1789]" class="Crinoidea" family="Charitometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Charitometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7F01D8A7FB0828AB" baseAuthorityName="Messing & White" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1083,1242,1763,1789]" class="Crinoidea" family="Zenometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Zenometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7E29D8A0FE1B2977" authority="(A. H. Clark 1921)" baseAuthorityName="A. H. Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1921" class="Crinoidea" family="Pentametrocrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
|
||
Pentametrocrinidae (A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7A05D943FE122977" author="Clark, A. H." box="[319,448,1799,1825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 795" refId="ref11610" refString="Clark, A. H. (1921) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (2). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 795, pls. 1 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1326" type="journal article" year="1921">Clark 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9CE91C7BFDD96EFCC229A1" blockId="1.[151,1437,440,2040]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7BFDD96EFEA92913" author="Messing, C. G." box="[199,379,1834,1861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" pagination="280 - 292" refId="ref12201" refString="Messing, C. G. (2003) Unique morphology in the living bathyal feather star, Atelecrinus Carpenter (Echinodermata: Crinoidea). Invertebrate Biology, 122 (3), 280 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2003. tb 00092. x" type="journal article" year="2003">Messing (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
removed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7ACAD96EFD552912" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1923" box="[496,647,1834,1860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Jaekelometridae" genus="Jaekelometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7ACAD96EFD552912" box="[496,647,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Jaekelometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C79F9D96EFC852912" authorityName="Clark & Clark" authorityYear="1967" box="[707,855,1834,1860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Sibogacrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C79F9D96EFC852912" box="[707,855,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Sibogacrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C78A5D96EFBEB2912" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[927,1081,1834,1860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based chiefly on basal ossicle features. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9CE91C7A48D90BFDAE293E" author="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G." box="[370,636,1870,1897]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" refId="ref11917" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Ausich, W. I. (coordinating author) & Selden, P. (2011), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2 Revised. Crinoidea 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 261 pp." type="book" year="2011">Hess & Messing (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
returned the latter to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7857D90AFBD6293E" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[877,1028,1870,1896]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in its own superfamily Atelecrinoidea), based on a re-examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54AA9795FF9CE91C796CD937FD5429DB" box="[598,646,1907,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7995D936FC9129DA" authorityName="Clark & Clark" authorityYear="1967" box="[687,835,1906,1932]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Sibogacrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7995D936FC9129DA" box="[687,835,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Sibogacrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but removed both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7F1ED936FB6929DA" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1923" box="[1060,1211,1906,1932]" class="Crinoidea" family="Jaekelometridae" genus="Jaekelometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7F1ED936FB6929DA" box="[1060,1211,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Jaekelometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7FCFD936FAAC29DA" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[1269,1406,1906,1932]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9CE91C7FCFD936FAAC29DA" box="[1269,1406,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to their own families (Jaekelometridae and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9CE91C7960D9D2FD2E29E7" authorityName="Messing (in Hess & Messing" authorityYear="2011" box="[602,764,1942,1969]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atopocrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="1" pageNumber="472" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atopocrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) without superfamilial assignment. The removal of the latter was based on a preliminary examination of the specimen collected off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D5E7D5FF9CE91C7892D9FDFC3C2985" box="[936,1006,1977,2003]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Chiba</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30669A7FF9CE91C78C2D9FEFBE92982" box="[1016,1083,1978,2004]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="472">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and described below. The family remains monogeneric and unassigned to superfamily.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9FE91F7BFDDEDDFD542F15" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
Because basal ossicles have played a pivotal role in descriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F78F8DEDDFB992EE5" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[962,1099,153,179]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F78F8DEDDFB992EE5" box="[962,1099,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7FBBDEDDFAC92EE5" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1153,1307,153,179]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their treatment in feather stars is reviewed here. Note that, with the inclusion of stalked bourgueticrine and guillecrine crinoids in order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7BC2DEA5FEA92EAD" box="[248,379,225,251]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7AB1DEA5FD852EAD" author="Rouse, G. W. & Jermiin, L. S. & Wilson, N. G. & Eeckhaut, I. & Lanterbecq, D. & Oji, T. & Young, C. M. & Browning, T. & Cisternas, P. & Helgen, L. E. & Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G." box="[395,599,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="161 - 81" refId="ref13033" refString="Rouse, G. W., Jermiin, L. S., Wilson, N. G., Eeckhaut, I., Lanterbecq, D., Oji, T., Young, C. M., Browning, T., Cisternas, P., Helgen, L. E., Stuckey, M. & Messing, C. G. (2013) Fixed, free, and fixed: the fickle phylogeny of extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) and their Permian-Triassic origin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1), 161 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.09.018" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rouse
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7AE1DEA6FDC62EAD" box="[475,532,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F795EDEA5FC962EAD" author="Hemery, L. G. & Roux, M. & Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M." box="[612,836,225,251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="511 - 523" refId="ref11855" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. & Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523. https: // doi. org / 10.21411 / CBM. A. 1 FE 819 C 4" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hemery
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F79FCDEA6FCD22EAD" box="[710,768,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the terms feather star and comatulid (applied to the ordinal level) are no longer synonymous. Feather star is thus an informal term for those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7FB8DF41FAD72F49" box="[1154,1285,261,287]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
that shed the postlarval stalk and take up a free existence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9FE91F7BFDDF09FBE02C69" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
Basal ossicles form a complete circlet in most fossil feather stars, including the oldest true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7FFBDF09FA962F31" box="[1217,1348,333,359]" class="Crinoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Comatulida</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as Lower Jurassic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7A71DF35FCC92FDD" authority="(Hess & Messing 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Hess & Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[331,795,369,395]" class="Crinoidea" family="Solanocrinitidae" genus="Palaeocomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7A71DF35FDD32FDD" box="[331,513,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Palaeocomaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F792BDF35FCC12FDD" author="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G." box="[529,787,369,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" refId="ref11917" refString="Hess, H. & Messing, C. G. (2011) Ausich, W. I. (coordinating author) & Selden, P. (2011), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2 Revised. Crinoidea 3. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 261 pp." type="book" year="2011">Hess & Messing 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in the larvae and postlarvae of extant feather stars. However, in extant feather stars that have been examined previously, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7F34DFD1FB772FF9" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1038,1189,405,431]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and apparently some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7BADDFFDFEE12F85" baseAuthorityName="Messing & White" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[151,307,441,467]" class="Crinoidea" family="Zenometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Zenometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7AB8DFFDFDD12F85" author="Clark, A. H." box="[386,515,440,467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 406" refId="ref11499" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (1). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, i-vi + 1 - 406, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.82. i" type="book chapter" year="1915">Clark 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F792ADFFDFCCE2F85" author="Messing, C. G. & White, C. M." box="[528,796,441,467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="159 - 180" refId="ref12534" refString="Messing, C. G. & White, C. M. (2001) A revision of the Zenometridae (new rank) (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comatulidina). Zoologica Scripta, 30, 159 - 180, 14 figs. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2001.00062. x" type="book chapter" year="2001">Messing & White 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), they supposedly transform from a complete circlet into an internal rosette that sits atop the centrodorsal cavity, with or without projecting structures called basal rays. The single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7A49DC45FDFB2C4D" authority="Messing, 2020" authorityName="Messing" authorityYear="2020" box="[371,553,513,539]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ojii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7A49DC45FDFB2C4D" box="[371,553,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Atopocrinus ojii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F790BDC45FDA32C4D" bold="true" box="[561,625,513,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A256485EFF9FE91F790BDC45FDA32C4D" box="[561,625,513,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dissociated for scanning electron microscopy and described herein also lacks a rosette, but its presence or absence cannot yet be determined in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F788FDC61FBF92C69" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[949,1067,549,575]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F788FDC61FBF92C69" box="[949,1067,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">A. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9FE91F7BFDDC0DFC9D2A0D" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
The status of basal ossicles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F791CDC0DFD7D2C35" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[550,687,585,611]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F791CDC0DFD7D2C35" box="[550,687,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unclear due to ambiguity about the nature of basals relative to basal rays. A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7A62DC29FE392CD1" author="Clark, A. H." box="[344,491,620,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 406" refId="ref11499" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (1). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, i-vi + 1 - 406, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.82. i" type="book chapter" year="1915">Clark (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated basal rays as “Prismatic calcareous rods of secondary origin developed in the basal grooves between the radial pentagon and the centrodorsal” (p. 70) with “no connection with the larval basals” (p. 72), which metamorphose following the stalked pentacrinoid postlarval stage into an internal rosette. He cited P. H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7A03DC9DFE292CA5" author="Carpenter, P. H." box="[313,507,729,755]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 122" refId="ref11274" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1879) On the genus Actinometra Mull., with a morphological account of a new species (A.) polymorpha from the Philippine Islands. Part I. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology), Series 2, 2, 1 - 122, pls. 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1879. tb 00318. x" type="journal article" year="1879">Carpenter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described the development of basal rays in the feather star
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7FEBDC9DFA892CA5" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1841" box="[1233,1371,729,755]" class="Crinoidea" family="Charitometridae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7FEBDC9DFA892CA5" box="[1233,1371,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Actinometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7BADDCB9FED72D41" box="[151,261,765,791]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7BADDCB9FED72D41" box="[151,261,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Comatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7A4DDCB9FDAF2D41" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[375,637,765,791]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirrus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7A4DDCB9FDAF2D41" box="[375,637,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Comanthus parvicirrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F79DADCB9FCA32D4E" box="[736,881,765,792]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Comatulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as calcification of tissue lying in the interradial furrow between the centrodorsal and radials. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7837DD65FC7B2D6D" author="Gislen, T." box="[781,937,801,827]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref11831" refString="Gislen, T. (1924) Echinoderm studies. Zoologisk Bidrag fran Uppsala, 9, 1 - 316, 349 fig." type="book chapter" year="1924">Gislén (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated both complete circlets and narrower rods as components of basal ossicles.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7972DD01FD222D09" author="Breimer, A." box="[584,752,837,863]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="58" refId="ref11205" refString="Breimer, A. (1978) Recent crinoids. In: Moore, R. C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part T, Echinodermata. 2 (1). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. T 9 - T 58." type="book chapter" year="1978">Breimer (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. T27) noted that “interradial processes of the rosette may connect with five rod-like structures, known as basal rays”, but he did not specify their independent origin.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7E68DD2DFECC2DF1" author="Moore, R. C. & Ubaughs, G. & Rasmussen, H. W. & Breimer, A. & Lane, N. G." pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="242" refId="ref12723" refString="Moore, R. C., Ubaughs, G., Rasmussen, H. W., Breimer, A. & Lane, N. G. (1978) Glossary of crinoid morphological terms. In: Moore, R. C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. T. Echinodermata. 2 (1). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. T 229 - T 242." type="book chapter" year="1978">
|
||
Moore
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7BADDDCAFF002DF1" box="[151,210,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. T233) also defined basal rays separately from basals. In contrast,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7F7ADDC9FF082D9D" author="Rasmussen, H. W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="928" refId="ref12956" refString="Rasmussen, H. W. & Sieverts-Doreck, H. (1978) Classification. In: Moore, R. C. & Teichert, C. (Eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. T. Echinodermata. 2 (3). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, and Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, pp. T 813 - T 928." type="book chapter" year="1978">Rasmussen & Sieverts-Doreck (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. T868) treated basal rays without explanation as modified basal ossicles rather than separate entities: “In all other comatulids [excepting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7AC4DD91FD4A2DB9" baseAuthorityName="Messing" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[510,664,981,1007]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Atelecrinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F799FDD91FCEE2DB9" authorityName="Rasmussen" authorityYear="1978" box="[677,828,981,1007]" class="Crinoidea" family="Decameridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Decameridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the oldest, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7F6BDD91FB222DB9" authorityName="Gislen" authorityYear="1924" box="[1105,1264,981,1007]" class="Crinoidea" family="Solanocrinitidae" genus="Archaeometra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7F6BDD91FB222DB9" box="[1105,1264,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Archaeometra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] the basals are more or less reduced. Generally, they form five slender, interradial rods lodging in the shallow interradial furrows in the centrodorsal.” Despite their differences, the latter three references all appeared in the same volume: Part T
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7BADDA05FE932A0D" box="[151,321,1089,1115]" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Echinodermata" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Echinodermata</taxonomicName>
|
||
2 of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9FE91F7BFDDA21FF2A2805" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
The ambiguity is particularly acute with reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7829DA21FC4E2A29" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1912" box="[787,924,1125,1151]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7829DA21FC4E2A29" box="[787,924,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Atopocrinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7F78DA21FB192A29" author="Clark, A. H." box="[1090,1227,1125,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="129 - 155" refId="ref11433" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912) Descriptions of twenty new unstalked crinoids, belonging to the families Antedonidae and Atelecrinidae, from the Dutch East Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 34, 129 - 155. Available from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 552164 (accessed on 17 Jan 2020)" type="journal article" year="1912">Clark (1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 150) first wrote that “The five basals are extremely reduced so that they appear externally as five narrow lines separating the basal rays from the centrodorsal; the basal rays are large and well developed”, and later (1915, p. 329) that “Large basal rays occur, just proximal to the extremely reduced and laminar basals.” He also described the basals as unmetamorphosed (1915, pp. 318, 348). His figure (A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F79ADDAB1FCC42B59" author="Clark, A. H." box="[663,790,1268,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 406" refId="ref11499" refString="Clark, A. H. (1915) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (1). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, i-vi + 1 - 406, 17 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.82. i" type="book chapter" year="1915">Clark 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 227, p. 245), shows what he interpreted as the narrow basals and large pentagonal knoblike ends of basal rays (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A35B2FF9FE91F7837DB5DFC562B65" box="[781,900,1305,1331]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1908,1933]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,1002,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,993,1883]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Atopocrinus sibogae, holotype. A. From A.H. Clark (1915, fig. 227, pp. 245). Arrows mark supposed sutures of reduced basal between basal ray above and centrodorsal per A.H. Clark (1912, 1915). B. FromA.H. Clark (1918, fig. 15, p. 263). Arrow marks suture between his basal ray and centrodorsal. * indicates end of one basal ray (according to A.H. Clark), which is treated as the true basal herein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3661918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3661918/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Figure 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, he afterwards (A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7FD5DB5DFABD2B65" author="Clark, A. H." box="[1263,1391,1305,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref11553" refString="Clark, A. H. (1918) The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. In: Siboga-Expeditie. 42 b. E. J. Brill, Leyden, pp. i-ix + 1 - 300, 28 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11317" type="book chapter" year="1918">Clark 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pp. viii, 263; A.H. Clark in A.H. Clark & A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F79B2DB79FCDB2B01" author="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M." box="[648,777,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 860" refId="ref11774" refString="Clark, A. H. & Clark, A. M. (1967) A monograph of the existing crinoids, 1 (5). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 860, 53 figs. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 16176" type="book chapter" year="1967">Clark 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 815) diagnosed the genus as having no basals but only that “High and narrow basal rays, of which the outer ends are broadly pentagonal and convex, cap the proximal ends of the interradial ridges and extend inward under the radial pentagon, forming the sides and the blind inner wall of the subradial clefts” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132A35B2FF9FE91F7ABFDBEDFE282B95" box="[389,506,1449,1475]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1908,1933]" captionTargetBox="[157,1431,1002,1876]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,993,1883]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Atopocrinus sibogae, holotype. A. From A.H. Clark (1915, fig. 227, pp. 245). Arrows mark supposed sutures of reduced basal between basal ray above and centrodorsal per A.H. Clark (1912, 1915). B. FromA.H. Clark (1918, fig. 15, p. 263). Arrow marks suture between his basal ray and centrodorsal. * indicates end of one basal ray (according to A.H. Clark), which is treated as the true basal herein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3661918" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3661918/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Figure 1B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The illustration (A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7832DBEDFC5A2B95" author="Clark, A. H." box="[776,904,1449,1475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref11553" refString="Clark, A. H. (1918) The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. In: Siboga-Expeditie. 42 b. E. J. Brill, Leyden, pp. i-ix + 1 - 300, 28 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11317" type="book chapter" year="1918">Clark 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 15, p. 263) is the same as that published in 1915, except that the line marking the aboral suture of the supposed “reduced and laminar basals” has been omitted. I have not found that he ever addressed the change or mentioned what might have been misinterpreted as the aboral line. The photograph of the specimen (A.H.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F79E2D851FC8B2879" author="Clark, A. H." box="[728,857,1557,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 300" refId="ref11553" refString="Clark, A. H. (1918) The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. In: Siboga-Expeditie. 42 b. E. J. Brill, Leyden, pp. i-ix + 1 - 300, 28 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11317" type="book chapter" year="1918">Clark 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 26, fig. 95) is too small to identify any of these features.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAE2937FF9FE91F7BFDD819FBD22925" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
Whether or not the narrow basal rays characteristic of many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F78BBD819FBC22821" box="[897,1040,1629,1655]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Comatulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several other feather star taxa (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7BECD8C5FE4C28CD" box="[214,414,1665,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Thalassometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Thalassometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7A93D8C5FDB028CD" box="[425,610,1665,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Charitometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Charitometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7957D8C5FCD528CD" box="[621,775,1665,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Calometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Calometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F782BD8C5FC7928CD" box="[785,939,1665,1691]" class="Crinoidea" family="Ptilometridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ptilometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Heliometrinae) derive directly from embryonic basals or are secondary deposits, it seems less likely that the broad, tongue-like basal rays illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7E69D8E1FF3028B5" author="Gislen, T." pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 316" refId="ref11831" refString="Gislen, T. (1924) Echinoderm studies. Zoologisk Bidrag fran Uppsala, 9, 1 - 316, 349 fig." type="book chapter" year="1924">Gislén (1924)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7A4BD88DFCC628B2" authorityName="AH Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[369,788,1737,1764]" class="Crinoidea" family="Asterometridae" genus="Asterometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="anthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7A4BD88DFD9E28B5" box="[369,588,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Asterometra anthus</emphasis>
|
||
(Asterometridae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also found in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7F10D88DFF092951" authority="(Messing & White 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Messing & White" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Crinoidea" family="Zenometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
|
||
Zenometridae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8054C6FF9FE91F7FEED88DFF012951" author="Messing, C. G. & White, C. M." pageId="2" pageNumber="473" pagination="159 - 180" refId="ref12534" refString="Messing, C. G. & White, C. M. (2001) A revision of the Zenometridae (new rank) (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comatulidina). Zoologica Scripta, 30, 159 - 180, 14 figs. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1463 - 6409.2001.00062. x" type="book chapter" year="2001">Messing & White 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, represent such secondary deposits. As a result, because the corresponding ossicles in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1152B4FF9FE91F7F9BD8A9FA842951" authority="Messing, 2020" authorityName="Messing" authorityYear="2020" box="[1185,1366,1773,1799]" class="Crinoidea" family="Atelecrinidae" genus="Atopocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ojii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7F9BD8A9FA842951" box="[1185,1366,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">Atopocrinus ojii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B965F525FF9FE91F7E67D8A9FA4E2951" bold="true" box="[1373,1436,1773,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A256485EFF9FE91F7E67D8A9FA4E2951" box="[1373,1436,1773,1799]" pageId="2" pageNumber="473" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are similarly large and tongue-shaped, and no rosette appears to exist, they are treated here as basal ossicles rather than either secondary structures or basal rays. References to A.H. Clark’s initial distinction between basal rays and reduced basals, when needed, are included parenthetically to avoid confusion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |