257 lines
32 KiB
XML
257 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="EAECE406E7657251C8C72C78EB4B2D9B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.170190" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0a606273-f8f3-4c9e-87c6-76f5f96a221c" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="170190" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459751819524" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Robertson, Desiree R. & Holzenthal, Ralph W." docDate="2005" docId="03FA87D68200FF80FEF37936FB85FC91" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01063p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1063" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Tolhuaca" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="56" masterDocId="FFC3FFAE8202FF83FFFB7850FFD2FFAF" masterDocTitle="The Neotropical caddisfly genus To l h u a c a (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698211932345" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C7DEAED0CE81C5E4E5A2A08E144F9837">The Neotropical caddisfly genus To l h u a c a (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="34EF5D28A866C2CE3F3CAF5E810BE7E1" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F5AA881AB3CB3BA221C6659A898C12AE">Robertson, Desiree R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E36DCF57005CCE74ACE73F7788369B3">Holzenthal, Ralph W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2BAF016138C780DC522372416DC01200">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5AD23631BBB882E6EE56CFEE9AA99BE9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1BA5811A3CE9D9AB48CD665E43CAD9BC">
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<mods:date id="B70505694ACA88AEC09351E78C2260D6">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="8FAC1C4578A87A74FD2E34C31BDC69AB" type="volume">
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<treatment id="03FA87D68200FF80FEF37936FB85FC91" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265887" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119337912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FA87D68200FF80FEF37936FB85FC91" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87D68200FF80FEF37936FB85FC91" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C349654B8200FF81FEF37936FC6BFE2F" box="[264,953,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C08200FF81FEF37936FC6BFE2F" blockId="2.[264,953,358,384]" box="[264,953,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0A481AC8200FF81FEF37936FC6BFE2F" bold="true" box="[264,953,358,384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FEF37936FC6BFE2F" bold="true" box="[264,953,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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Position of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FE6F7936FDD7FE2F" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[404,517,358,384]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FE6F7936FDD7FE2F" bold="true" box="[404,517,358,384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FCEE7936FC6BFE2F" box="[789,953,358,384]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C349654B8200FF80FEF379E1FBAFFE2A" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C08200FF81FEF379E1FD8EFD14" blockId="2.[264,1325,433,1899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FEF379E1FE64FE64" author="Schmid" box="[264,438,433,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Schmid, F. (1964) Contribution a l'etude des Trichopteres neotropicaux V. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107, 307 - 339." type="journal article" year="1964">Schmid (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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originally placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FD7079E1FD25FE65" box="[651,759,433,458]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FD7079E1FD25FE65" box="[651,759,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FC6079E1FBBAFE64" box="[923,1128,433,459]" class="Insecta" family="Sericostomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sericostomatidae</taxonomicName>
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, commenting on the similarity of the bifid tergum X of the male genitalia to that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FBE87989FB04FE5C" box="[1043,1238,473,499]" class="Insecta" family="Brachycentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brachycentridae</taxonomicName>
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, at that time a subfamily within
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FDC47A51FCDFFDB4" box="[575,781,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Sericostomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sericostomatidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FCD77A51FC6DFDB4" author="Flint" box="[812,959,513,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" refString="Flint, O. S., Jr. (1967) Studies of Neotropical caddis flies, II: Trichoptera collected by Prof. Dr. J. Illies in the Chilean Subregion. Beitrage zur Neotropischen Fauna, 5, 45 - 68." type="journal article" year="1967">Flint (1967)</bibRefCitation>
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later transferred
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FB617A51FAD4FDB5" box="[1178,1286,513,538]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FB617A51FAD4FDB5" box="[1178,1286,513,538]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FEF37A79FE4DFDEC" box="[264,415,553,579]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
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upon discovery that the wing figures in the original description were mislabelled with those of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FDC67A01FB72FDC4" authority="Schmid 1964" authorityName="Schmid" authorityYear="1964" box="[573,1184,593,619]" class="Insecta" family="Helicophidae" genus="Austrocentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FDC67A01FCECFDC5" box="[573,830,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Austrocentrus griseus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FCBD7A01FC36FDC4" author="Schmid" box="[838,996,593,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Schmid, F. (1964) Contribution a l'etude des Trichopteres neotropicaux V. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107, 307 - 339." type="journal article" year="1964">Schmid 1964</bibRefCitation>
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(Helicophidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Since that time, there has been nothing published regarding the placement of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FBE47A29FB59FD3D" box="[1055,1163,633,658]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FBE47A29FB59FD3D" box="[1055,1163,633,658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in relation to the other protoptiline genera.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C08200FF81FEC37A99FE75FB6C" blockId="2.[264,1325,433,1899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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When
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FE737A99FDE8FD4C" author="Schmid" box="[392,570,713,739]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Schmid, F. (1964) Contribution a l'etude des Trichopteres neotropicaux V. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107, 307 - 339." type="journal article" year="1964">Schmid (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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first described the genus he wrote, “Dans l’état actuel de nos connaissances, il est impossible d’assigner une position phylétique au genre
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FB4C7AA1FAF1FCA5" box="[1207,1315,753,778]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FB4C7AA1FAF1FCA5" box="[1207,1315,753,778]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, dont la nervulation assez complète, surtout aux ailes antérieures, contraste avec l’extrême simplification et spécialisation des génitalia…” [“In the current state of our knowledge, it is impossible to assign a phyletic position to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FC5A7B39FBD8FC2D" box="[929,1034,873,898]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FC5A7B39FBD8FC2D" box="[929,1034,873,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose rather complete venation, especially in the forewings, contrasts with the extreme simplification and specialization of the genitalia…” Translation from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FC8A7BE9FBF8FC7C" author="Schmid" box="[881,1066,953,979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Schmid, F. (1964) Contribution a l'etude des Trichopteres neotropicaux V. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 107, 307 - 339." type="journal article" year="1964">Schmid (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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]. The male genitalia (
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<figureCitation id="13682A458200FF81FEEA7BB1FEB2FC54" box="[273,352,993,1019]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[298,1289,321,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[298,1289,321,1757]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid. Male genitalia: A –– lateral; B –– dorsal; C –– process of sternum VI; D –– endotheca fully everted as observed in holotype; E –– detail of endothecal thornlike spines; F –– ventral view of phallobase." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170193/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
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A, 7A) have completely lost both the inferior and preanal appendages, and sternum IX has been reduced to nothing more than a thin, ventral strap. The phallic apparatus (
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<figureCitation id="13682A458200FF81FEEA7C61FEB1FBE4" box="[273,355,1073,1099]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[298,1289,321,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[298,1289,321,1757]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid. Male genitalia: A –– lateral; B –– dorsal; C –– process of sternum VI; D –– endotheca fully everted as observed in holotype; E –– detail of endothecal thornlike spines; F –– ventral view of phallobase." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170193/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
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A, 5D, 5F, 7A, 7D) consists of a greatly enlarged, but simple tubular phallobase, and an eversible membranous endotheca. These apparently derived conditions of the male genitalia contrast with other features that imply a basal placement of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FB9C7CD1FB03FB35" box="[1127,1233,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FB9C7CD1FB03FB35" box="[1127,1233,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FEF37CF9FE71FB6C" box="[264,419,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36C08200FF80FEC37C81FBAFFE2A" blockId="2.[264,1325,433,1899]" lastBlockId="3.[264,1323,284,830]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">
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Published works regarding protoptiline phylogeny are few and far between.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FB257C81FE03FABC" author="Morse" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Morse, J. C. & Yang, L. (1993) Higher classification of the Chinese Glossosomatidae (Trichoptera), In: Otto, C. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7 th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 139 - 148." type="book chapter" year="1993">Morse and Yang (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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discussed some genera from the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, and also provided a very useful table comparing wing venation among 15 recognized genera.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FE8B7D19FDD2FACC" author="Ross" box="[368,512,1353,1379]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Ross, H. H. (1956) Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 213 pp." type="book" year="1956">Ross (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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provided an early discussion of possible phylogenetic relationships among protoptiline genera and considered the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FC767D21FB4DFA24" authority="Ross 1956" authorityName="Ross" authorityYear="1956" box="[909,1183,1393,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FC767D21FBC6FA25" box="[909,1044,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Matrioptila</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FBE47D21FB4DFA24" author="Ross" box="[1055,1183,1393,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Ross, H. H. (1956) Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 213 pp." type="book" year="1956">Ross 1956</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be most primitive based on characteristics of the male genitalia and wing venation. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FB677DC9FAF1FA1D" box="[1180,1315,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FB677DC9FAF1FA1D" box="[1180,1315,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Matrioptila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, segment IX is complete and ringlike, tergum X consists of a pair of simple lobes, and inferior appendages are present. Forewing veins Cu1 and Cu2 are often fused in
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FEF37E41FE71F984" box="[264,419,1553,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
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, but in
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FDFB7E41FD55F985" box="[512,647,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FDFB7E41FD55F985" box="[512,647,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Matrioptila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, they are separate and distinct along their entire lengths and in the hind wing, Cu1 is branched. These genitalic and venational characters are primitive according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FDEF7E31FD75F9D4" author="Ross" box="[532,679,1633,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Ross, H. H. (1956) Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 213 pp." type="book" year="1956">Ross (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FD427E31FCA9F9D4" author="Kimmins" box="[697,891,1633,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Kimmins, D. E. (1964) On the Trichoptera of Nepal. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series, 15 (2), 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1964">Kimmins (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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described a new genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FB627E31FAF6F9D5" box="[1177,1316,1633,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FB627E31FAF6F9D5" box="[1177,1316,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, from
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<collectingCountry id="F34476508200FF81FEB07ED9FE43F90C" box="[331,401,1673,1699]" name="Nepal" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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and placed it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FD9B7ED9FD2EF90C" box="[608,764,1673,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The genus shares some characteristics of the male genitalia with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FE0C7EE1FDACF965" box="[503,638,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FE0C7EE1FDACF965" box="[503,638,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Matrioptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FD457EE1FC50F964" author="Kimmins" box="[702,898,1713,1739]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Kimmins, D. E. (1964) On the Trichoptera of Nepal. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series, 15 (2), 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1964">Kimmins (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FBEE7EE1FB4DF965" box="[1045,1183,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FBEE7EE1FB4DF965" box="[1045,1183,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be more primitive, based on its retention of apical fork V in the forewing, which is usually absent in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FEAA7F51FE3EF8B4" box="[337,492,1793,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The venation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FD277F51FC9AF8B5" box="[732,840,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FD277F51FC9AF8B5" box="[732,840,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A458200FF81FCA57F51FC64F8B4" box="[862,950,1793,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1778,1802]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid. Wings: A –– forewing; B –– hind wing." pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A458200FF81FC327F51FC0BF8B4" box="[969,985,1793,1819]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[273,1310,324,1740]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[273,1313,321,1751]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Tolhuaca brasiliensis, new species. Wings: A –– forewing; B –– hind wing." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170192/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">4</figureCitation>
|
||
) is quite similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FEF37F79FDB0F8EC" authority="Kimmins 1964" authorityName="Kimmins" authorityYear="1964" box="[264,610,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FEF37F79FE40F8ED" box="[264,402,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318200FF81FE587F79FD88F8EC" author="Kimmins" box="[419,602,1833,1859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Kimmins, D. E. (1964) On the Trichoptera of Nepal. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Series, 15 (2), 35 - 55." type="journal article" year="1964">Kimmins 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, differing only slightly. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FC517F79FB91F8EC" authority="Sc" authorityName="Sc" box="[938,1091,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FC517F79FBC4F8ED" box="[938,1046,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
, Sc
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct from R
|
||
<quantity id="4CAB9B258200FF81FADB7F79FECDF8C4" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the forewing, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438200FF81FDB57F01FCD6F8C4" authority="Sc" authorityName="Sc" box="[590,772,1873,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28200FF81FDB57F01FD0AF8C5" box="[590,728,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="55">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
, Sc
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and R1 are fused near the wing margin. The 2 genera also differ in the position of crossveins in the forewing: those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FB9C794CFB01FE9A" box="[1127,1235,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FB9C794CFB01FE9A" box="[1127,1235,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
form a relatively straight transverse cord along the anastomosis whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FBCC7914FB13FEF2" box="[1079,1217,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FBCC7914FB13FEF2" box="[1079,1217,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they do not. In the hind wing, A2 is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FD28793CFCEDFE2A" box="[723,831,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FD28793CFCEDFE2A" box="[723,831,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FC10793CFBAFFE2A" box="[1003,1149,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FC10793CFBABFE2A" box="[1003,1145,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nepaloptila</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C349654B8201FF80FEC379C4FB85FC91" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36C08201FF80FEC379C4FB85FC91" blockId="3.[264,1323,284,830]" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FE4379C4FDF6FE02" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[440,548,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FE4379C4FDF6FE02" box="[440,548,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would seem to have more specialized male genitalia than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FEF379ECFE40FE7A" ID-CoL="6355" box="[264,402,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FEF379ECFE40FE7A" box="[264,402,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FE2379ECFD8DFE7A" ID-CoL="5M26" box="[472,607,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FE2379ECFD8DFE7A" box="[472,607,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Matrioptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, other characters suggest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FC5279ECFBC7FE7A" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[937,1045,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FC5279ECFBC7FE7A" box="[937,1045,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the more primitive genus. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FE6E79B4FDCDFE52" ID-CoL="6355" box="[405,543,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Nepaloptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FE6E79B4FDCDFE52" box="[405,543,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Nepaloptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FD9E79B4FD3EFE52" ID-CoL="5M26" box="[613,748,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Matrioptila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FD9E79B4FD3EFE52" box="[613,748,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Matrioptila</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the foretibial spur has been lost, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FEF37A5CFEA6FD8A" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[264,372,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FEF37A5CFEA6FD8A" box="[264,372,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although reduced considerably, the spur is retained (Fig. 2). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FEF37A64FEA6FDE2" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[264,372,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FEF37A64FEA6FDE2" box="[264,372,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has two small setal warts on the mesoscutellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A458201FF80FC157A64FBE3FDE1" box="[1006,1073,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[264,368,1369,1393]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,291,1318]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[264,1323,291,1318]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tolhuaca cupulifera. Adult: dorsal view of head and thorax. FIGURE 2. Tolhuaca cupulifera. Adult: A –– foretibial spur; B –– mesotibial spurs, at same scale for comparison." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170191/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318201FF80FB617A64FAFAFDE1" author="Ross" box="[1178,1320,564,590]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Ross, H. H. (1956) Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 213 pp." type="book" year="1956">Ross (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered to be primitive; these warts are absent in all other known protoptilines. The female genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A458201FF80FE237AD4FDFFFD31" box="[472,557,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1581,1605]" captionTargetBox="[290,1294,287,1549]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[290,1294,287,1550]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Tolhuaca cupulifera Schmid. Female genitalia: A –– lateral; B –– dorsal; C –– ventral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170194/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A458201FF80FDC77AD4FD99FD31" box="[572,587,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[280,1306,329,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[280,1306,329,1632]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Tolhuaca brasiliensis, new species. Female genitalia: A –– lateral; B –– dorsal; C –– ventral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/170196/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">8</figureCitation>
|
||
) consist of an elongate oviscapt and 2 pairs of long, rodlike apodemes on segments VIII and IX. The presence of these apodemes is pleisiomorphic within Amphiesmenoptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC24B318201FF80FD9A7A84FCE2FD41" author="Kristensen" box="[609,816,724,750]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Kristensen, N. P. (1984) Studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive Lepidoptera (Insecta). Steenstrupia, 10, 141 - 191." type="journal article" year="1984">Kristensen 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The retention of the foretibial spur, presence of mesoscutellar setal warts, and the structure of the female genitalia suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FEF37B74FEA6FC92" ID-CoL="7XGZ" box="[264,372,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" genus="Tolhuaca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EAD28201FF80FEF37B74FEA6FC92" box="[264,372,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="56">Tolhuaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deserves a basal placement within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D438201FF80FC437B74FB81FC91" ID-CoL="K7S" box="[952,1107,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Glossosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Protoptilinae">Protoptilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |