168 lines
30 KiB
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168 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="27CF9BF8774D8E2D892ABDE2D3A154D6" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.002" ID-ISSN="1873-2674" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10375416" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1702545058144" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Shilpa, M. P., Anand, P. P., Shibu Vardhanan, Y. & Manogem, E. M." docDate="2023" docId="03FA87BBFFEDFFDCFFC4FA4EC132A454" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolAnz.302.131-145.pdf" docOrigin="Zoologischer Anzeiger 302" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2022.12.002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:32483D6D135DE2FF927BA3F1400E0FFD.1:ZoolAnz.2022-.journal_article" docStyleId="32483D6D135DE2FF927BA3F1400E0FFD" docStyleName="ZoolAnz.2022-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Tirumala septentrionis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FFC3FFC3FFEAFFD6FFA0FFC6C050A02D" masterDocTitle="High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1702547211682" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5F020B77E30E5F833BEEC07840332A6F">High and lowland dependent wing phenotypic variation of the dark blue tiger butterfly, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with FE-SEM wing scales nanomorphology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4ED553187A6D583698CB2B0F82F4AE59">Shilpa, M. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E002F255B172DE296C7DAB57EC0C7B0A">Anand, P. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="860E14C33DDE0F70F00D5C2A14B57F08">Shibu Vardhanan, Y.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D8D8297BC52381FDF5C1D8E3384DF44B">Manogem, E. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C30E15A95D21623F4CAACE89BF3D8E74">Zoologischer Anzeiger</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="043B968118C2ADB27E26162154EA97CF">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D19A741395EAE6BE553869FBE2DD4E08">2023-01-31</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3496526FFEDFFD1FFC4FA4EC133A5FE" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFD1FFC4FA4EC133A5FE" blockId="7.[100,553,1416,1435]" lastBlockId="7.[106,355,1472,1491]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D0A481C1FFEDFFD1FFC4FA4EC279A5B6" box="[100,553,1416,1435]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B927EABFFFEDFFD1FFC4FA4EC279A5B6" bold="true" box="[100,553,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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3.8. Wing scale patterns of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFEDFFD1FEC3FA4EC279A5B6" ID-CoL="94BJK" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[355,553,1416,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">Tirumala septentrionis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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a. Forewing scale patterns
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3496526FFEDFFDCFF24FA3EC132A454" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFD1FF24FA3EC0A1A777" blockId="7.[100,771,1528,1966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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The trend of male and female forewings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFEDFFD1FD91FA3EC2EBA626" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[561,699,1528,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
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<emphasis id="B927EABFFFEDFFD1FD91FA3EC2EBA626" bold="true" box="[561,699,1528,1547]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a of brown area filled with patches of bluish-white spots or streaks. The electron microscopic examination revealed that the male and female wings of the dark blue tiger butterfly of brown regions were covered with
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<specimenCount id="9D55FD24FFEDFFD1FF38F9AEC0A5A656" box="[152,245,1640,1659]" count="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
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of scales, cover scale and ground scales marked with ragged edges (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FF49F945C105A6BB" box="[233,341,1667,1687]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10A–D</figureCitation>
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). Cover scales are more elongated than ground scales, with the presence of three to four rough edges (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FDCDF959C2EEA69F" box="[621,702,1695,1714]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
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). However, their nanomorphologies are similar in appearance, i.e., both have a typical lamellar structure. Cover scales partly overlap ground scales and are densely packed in appearance. The upper lamina of the scales features horizontal struts known as ridges, and each scale consists of about 25–30 ridges (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FF4DF8EDC16EA713" box="[237,318,1835,1854]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
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). The ridges are connected vertically with cross ribs (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FF36F880C0B6A777" box="[150,230,1862,1882]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFD1FF24F8A4C3C3A626" blockId="7.[100,771,1528,1966]" lastBlockId="7.[818,1488,1416,1687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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The scales present in the bluish-white region of male and female forewings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFEDFFD1FF7CF8B9C131A7BC" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[220,353,1918,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
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<emphasis id="B927EABFFFEDFFD1FF7CF8B9C131A7BC" bold="true" box="[220,353,1918,1938]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares a different arrangement pattern. Each scale lies separately, and they are not densely packed (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FDC6F85CC2A7A780" box="[614,759,1946,1965]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10G and H</figureCitation>
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). Overlapping of two adjacent scales are absent. Each scales contain 15-20 ridges which are interconnected with cross ribs (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FAB9FA62C537A59A" box="[1305,1383,1444,1463]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
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). Approximately 30–40 cross ribs are present in between the two ridges (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FADAFA06C593A5FE" box="[1402,1475,1472,1491]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
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). Further, it is noted that the ridges displayed a serrated appearance (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FC9AFA3EC3D7A626" box="[826,903,1528,1547]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10J</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFD1FCF1F9D2C437A6BA" blockId="7.[818,1488,1416,1687]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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The male and female forewing scales present in both regions of brown and bluish whit areas exhibits different arrangements. The present investigation shows that the brown and bluish-white regions of forewings in male and female
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFEDFFD1FBF6F9AEC48FA657" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1110,1247,1639,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
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<emphasis id="B927EABFFFEDFFD1FBF6F9AEC48FA657" bold="true" box="[1110,1247,1639,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Mlp and Wyn populations shares a similar pattern.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFD1FC96F97DC465A6E3" blockId="7.[822,1077,1723,1742]" box="[822,1077,1723,1742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">b. Hindwing scale patterns</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFEDFFDEFCF1F935C21AA77D" blockId="7.[818,1488,1779,1966]" lastBlockId="8.[100,770,1797,1956]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
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Male and female hindwings of
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<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFEDFFD1FB22F935C55BA72B" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1154,1291,1779,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
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<emphasis id="B927EABFFFEDFFD1FB22F935C55BA72B" bold="true" box="[1154,1291,1779,1798]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exhibits brown and bluish-white regions encases with scales. Scales present in the brown region are densely packed with cover and ground scales (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FAFBF8EDC5CEA713" box="[1371,1438,1835,1854]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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K-N). However, slight difference is observed in the structure of the scales present in the brown region of the hindwing. The most noticeable feature observed is that cover scales have smooth edges instead of ragged edges (
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFEDFFD1FC3AF85CC3BDA780" box="[922,1005,1946,1965]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 10O</figureCitation>
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). Moreover, the structure of ground scales is similar to the scales present in the forewing, with rough edges. Cover scales partly overlap ground scale and consists of about 25–30 ridges (
|
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<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE2FFDEFD0EF8E7C2ABA719" box="[686,763,1825,1844]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10P</figureCitation>
|
||
) and, in turn, are connected by cross ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE2FFDEFE4EF8FBC26EA77D" box="[494,574,1853,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C6625FFE2FFDEFFC4F974C3DBA6F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375432" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10375432" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375432/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" startId="8.[100,130,1714,1731]" targetBox="[207,1380,149,1685]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFE2FFDEFFC4F974C3DBA6F1" blockId="8.[100,1487,1714,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EABFFFE2FFDEFFC4F974C0CCA6EF" bold="true" box="[100,156,1714,1731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Forewing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFE2FFDEFF24F89FC3B5A789" blockId="8.[100,770,1797,1956]" lastBlockId="8.[818,1487,1797,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The scanning electron micrographs show that the scales present in the bluish-white region of the hind wing remain separately and are not densely packed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE2FFDEFEA3F857C108A789" box="[259,344,1937,1956]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10Q</figureCitation>
|
||
). The scales are alternately arranged and are fixed in the socket with pedicel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE2FFDEFBD6F8C3C49CA735" box="[1142,1228,1797,1816]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10R</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is also noticed that no overlapping occurs between two adjacent scales. The presence of 15–50 ridges in scales and they are interconnected with about 30–40 cross ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE2FFDEFC9AF89FC3D8A741" box="[826,904,1881,1900]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Fig. 10S</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the hindwing of male and female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFE2FFDEFAA6F89FC5DCA741" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1286,1420,1881,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EABFFFE2FFDEFAA6F89FC5DCA741" bold="true" box="[1286,1420,1881,1900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Mlp and Wyn population displayed the same scale pattern in brown and bluish-white areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2C6625FFE3FFDFFFC4F972C3F2A6F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375434" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10375434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375434/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" startId="9.[100,130,1716,1733]" targetBox="[207,1380,149,1688]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFE3FFDFFFC4F972C3F2A6F2" blockId="9.[100,1487,1716,1759]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EABFFFE3FFDFFFC4F972C0CDA6E8" bold="true" box="[100,157,1716,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Hindwing shape analysis. Mlp female (A) % of variance, (B) PC1, (C) PC2, (D) PC3. Mlp male (E) % of variance, (F) PC1, (G) PC2, (H) PC3. Wyn female (I) % of variance, (J) PC1, (K) PC2, (L) PC3. Wyn male (M) % of variance, (N) PC1, (O) PC2, (P) PC3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFE3FFDFFFCBF8CEC190A736" blockId="9.[107,448,1800,1819]" box="[107,448,1800,1819]" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">c. Morphology of male pouch scales</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEC36ADFFE3FFDCFF24F8F9C132A454" blockId="9.[100,770,1855,1958]" lastBlockId="10.[100,354,1126,1146]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">
|
||
The striking feature of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFE3FFDFFE2FF886C246A77F" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[399,534,1855,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EABFFFE3FFDFFE2FF886C246A77F" bold="true" box="[399,534,1855,1875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is noted for a pouch or a sac located in the hindwings, filled with androconia scales. Generally, the structure of the pouch is pendulous and flat, situated near the cell of the hindwing, containing numerous scent scales or androconia. The pattern of scales organization is just like overlapping tiles on a roof (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE3FFDFFC9AF8E5C39EA71A" box="[826,974,1827,1847]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Fig. 10T and U</figureCitation>
|
||
) and they are densely packed. Each scale consists of about 25–30 longitudinal ridges and are in turn connected by cross ribs. Also, it is seen that each scale possesses ragged edges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13682A28FFE3FFDFFAFAF89DC5CFA743" box="[1370,1439,1883,1902]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[100,130,1495,1512]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,150,1465]" captionTargetId="figure-290@11.[206,1381,148,1467]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 10. FE-SEM image analysis of T. septentrionis. Forewing brown regions (A–F), and bluish-white regions (G–J) of T. septentrionis. Hindwing brown regions (K–Q), and bluish-white regions (R–T). FE-SEM image of the male pouch scale of T. septentrionis (U–X). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10375440" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10375440/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
V-X). Further, the in our study showed that the pouch scales of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C534D2EFFE3FFDFFAE9F8B1C59FA7A7" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1353,1487,1911,1930]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Tirumala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B927EABFFFE3FFDFFAE9F8B1C59FA7A7" bold="true" box="[1353,1487,1911,1930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="140">T. septentrionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the two areas analyzed exhibited similar scale pattern, and no variations were evidenced.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |