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<mods:title id="842BA22E94398F9C7BC9B91741598ACC">Systematics, revisionary taxonomy, and biodiversity of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFFD658A41CF75" ID-CoL="8V697" authority="Kumata, 1963" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,523,758,784]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFD65891ECF75" bold="true" box="[151,340,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F003FD658A41CF75" author="Kumata" box="[347,523,758,784]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFFCAB8A5CCF2B" ID-CoL="8V697" authority="Kumata 1963: 21 - 22" authorityName="Kumata" authorityPageNumber="21 - 22" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,534,824,846]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFCAB897DCF2B" box="[151,311,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F065FCAB8A5CCF2B" author="Kumata" box="[317,534,824,846]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="21 - 22" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963: 21–22</bibRefCitation>
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.
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Type species: 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F3F6FCAB8BACCF2B" box="[686,998,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis hikomonticola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F2B4FCAB8C34CF2B" author="Kumata" box="[1004,1150,824,846]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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, by original designation and monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFC008925CFC9" bold="true" box="[151,367,915,940]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">Historic account.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F0DBFC078A73CFC9" author="Kumata" box="[387,569,916,940]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata (1963)</bibRefCitation>
proposed 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F39FFC078B32CFC9" box="[711,888,916,940]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
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to accommodate one Japanese species, 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F4DAFC06897DCFB5" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F067FC2B89A8CFAA" author="Kumata" box="[319,482,951,975]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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. Although the latter closely resembles 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2C1FC2B8C0ACFB5" box="[921,1088,952,976]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
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, the presence of vein R 
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in the forewing and hairy processes on the sclerotized anellus suggested a new genus was necessary. In the original description of the type species, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F35DFB908A95C87F" author="Kumata" box="[517,735,1026,1050]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata (1963: 21)</bibRefCitation>
indicated the presence of a setose uncus in 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F5B9FB908DD6C87E" box="[1249,1436,1027,1051]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F5B9FB908DDFC87E" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1249,1429,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
“Uncus very elongate, with four apical setae and some microspines on outer surface.” In the following publication 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F1CFFBD88909C807" author="Kumata" box="[151,323,1098,1122]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
pointed to an additional character of this genus differentiating it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F536FBD88CA3C806" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1134,1257,1099,1123]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F536FBD88CA3C806" box="[1134,1257,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F47BFBD88DDFC806" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1315,1429,1099,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F47BFBD88DDFC806" box="[1315,1429,1099,1123]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: the presence of the very wide transtilla. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F32DFBFC8B6CC8E2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[629,806,1135,1159]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F32DFBFC8B6CC8E2" box="[629,806,1135,1159]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
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remained monobasic until 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F532FBFC8D52C8E2" author="Kumata" box="[1130,1304,1135,1159]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
added two additional species: a new species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F340FB008B22C8CF" authority="Kumata, 1993" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[536,872,1170,1195]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangarensis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F340FB008AF5C8CE" box="[536,703,1171,1195]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. kangarensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F39FFB008B22C8CF" author="Kumata" box="[711,872,1170,1194]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F2FDFB008D47C8CF" authority="(Meyrick, 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[933,1293,1170,1195]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2FDFB008C06C8CE" box="[933,1100,1171,1195]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F503FB018D4FC8CF" author="Meyrick" box="[1115,1285,1170,1194]" firstAuthor="Meyrick" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="225 - 256" refId="ref197896" refString="Meyrick, E. (1919) Exotic Microlepidoptera, Marlborough, 2 (8), 225 - 256." type="journal article" year="1919">Meyrick, 1919</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the latter of which he transferred from 
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<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F0BEFB248AC6C8AA" box="[486,652,1207,1231]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In the same publication, Kumata described three features that distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F041FB488980C896" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[281,458,1243,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F041FB488980C896" box="[281,458,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
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from other lithocolletine genera: i) fasciate whitish markings of the forewing margined basally, ii) tegumen of male genitalia with four setae (note: Kumata did not mention an uncus in the additional description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F012FAB089B1C95E" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[330,507,1315,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F012FAB089B1C95E" box="[330,507,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
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), iii) corpus bursae with many microscopic spine-like signa, and iv) larval characters. Based on the larval characters 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F32CFAD48B77C93A" author="Kumata" box="[628,829,1351,1375]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993: 6)</bibRefCitation>
concluded “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F294FAD48C37C93A" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[972,1149,1351,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F294FAD48C37C93A" box="[972,1149,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very closely related to 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFAF8895AC9E6" box="[151,272,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFFAF88946C9E6" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[151,268,1387,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyloconis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
” Our molecular data confirm his hypothesis (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B108FF91F24EFAF98B17C9E7" box="[790,861,1386,1410]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F22AFAF88C56C9E7" author="Kumata" box="[882,1052,1386,1410]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="105 - 131" refId="ref195812" refString="Kumata, T. (1995) Some species of the subfamily Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) collected in the Philippines. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 52, 105 - 131." type="journal article" year="1995">Kumata (1995)</bibRefCitation>
discovered a female belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFFA1C8902C9C2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,328,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFA1C8902C9C2" box="[151,328,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Philippines. Based on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F3E0FA038D78C9C2" authority=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova (2001)" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[696,1330,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F3E0FA038BCCC9C2" box="[696,902,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. hikomonticola,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F2CCFA1C8D78C9C2" author="Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" box="[916,1330,1423,1447]" firstAuthor="Kuznetzov" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref196203" refString="Kuznetzov, V. I. &amp; Baryshnikova, S. V. (2001) Review of Palaearctic genera of the gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), with description of a new subfamily Ornixolinae Kuznetzov et Baryshnikova, subfam. n. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 80, 96 - 120." type="journal article" year="2001">Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova (2001)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
grouped 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFFA208902C9AE" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,328,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFFA208902C9AE" box="[151,328,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F0D4FA208A4CC9AE" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[396,518,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F0D4FA208A4CC9AE" box="[396,518,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F34EFA208ACDC9AE" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[534,647,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F34EFA208ACDC9AE" box="[534,647,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F391FA208B25C9AE" box="[713,879,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F391FA208B25C9AE" box="[713,879,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F2D8FA208C90C9AE" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[896,1242,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2D8FA208C90C9AE" box="[896,1242,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be the host of a new 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F039FA448ADBC98A" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[353,657,1495,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F3AFFA448BC4C98A" author="Kamijo" box="[759,910,1495,1519]" firstAuthor="Kamijo" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="293 - 302" refId="ref194864" refString="Kamijo, K. (1990) Five new species of Achrysocharoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) associated with Leguminosae in Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 293 - 302." type="journal article" year="1990">Kamijo 1990</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F2C1FA448C53C98A" author="Ikeda" box="[921,1049,1495,1519]" firstAuthor="Ikeda" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="261 - 274" refId="ref194537" refString="Ikeda, E. (1995) Revision of the Japanese species of Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), 1. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 63, 261 - 274." type="journal article" year="1995">Ikeda 1995</bibRefCitation>
), whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F5D7FA4B8D7FC98A" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1167,1333,1495,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F5D7FA4B8D7FC98A" box="[1167,1333,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
modeled the bionomic study (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F024FA698A74CA77" author="Sajap" box="[380,574,1530,1555]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sajap" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="153 - 163" refId="ref199509" refString="Sajap, A. - S., Ling, S. - Y., Wahab, Y. - A., Marsidi, A. (1996) Bionomics of Neolithocollettis pentadesma (Meyrick), a leafminer of angsana, Pterocarpus indicus. Malaysian Forester, 59, 153 - 163." type="journal article" year="1996">
Sajap 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F09BFA6889BECA76" box="[451,500,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
. 1996
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B108FF91F19FF98C8B92CA3F" blockId="27.[151,1436,915,2034]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
To date, three species of 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F0B1F98C8ACACA52" box="[489,640,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolitholletis</emphasis>
are known from three biogeographical regions: Palaearctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F007F9D189B6CA3F" author="Kumata" box="[351,508,1602,1626]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F35FF9D18B5DCA3F" author="Gerlach &amp; Matyot" box="[519,791,1602,1627]" firstAuthor="Gerlach" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref193675" refString="Gerlach, J. &amp; Matyot, P. (2006) Lepidoptera of the Seychelles islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 130 pp., 32 pls." type="book" year="2006">Gerlach &amp; Matyot 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F27AF9D18B86CA3F" author="Bai" box="[802,972,1602,1627]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bai" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="495 - 509" refId="ref189737" refString="Bai, H. Y., Li, H. H. &amp; Kendrick, R. C. (2009) Microlepidoptera of Hong Kong: Checklist of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioideae). SHILAP, Revista de Lepidopterologia, 37, 495 - 509." type="journal article" year="2009">
Bai 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F208F9D08BC3CA3E" box="[848,905,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB108FF96F19FF9F58BF0C832" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B108FF96F19FF9F58C40CCB1" blockId="27.[151,1436,915,2034]" lastBlockId="28.[150,1437,151,2023]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F19FF9F5890BCA1B" box="[199,321,1638,1663]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F19FF9F58970CA1A" bold="true" box="[199,314,1638,1663]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
We define 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F098F9F48A38CA1A" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[448,626,1639,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F098F9F48A38CA1A" box="[448,626,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a species-group taxon of the subclade 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F51BF9F48D18CA1A" authority="Prins &amp; Kawahara, 2012" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" box="[1091,1362,1639,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F51BF9F48D18CA1A" box="[1091,1362,1639,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB108FF91F438F9F48DD6CA1B" box="[1376,1436,1639,1662]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1F6F9188A42CAC6" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[174,520,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1F6F9188A42CAC6" box="[174,520,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B108FF91F340F9198A14CAC7" box="[536,606,1674,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The forewing pattern of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F2D1F9188C70CAC6" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[905,1082,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2D1F9188C70CAC6" box="[905,1082,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F479F9188DD6CAC6" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[1313,1436,1675,1699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F479F9188DD6CAC6" box="[1313,1436,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(except 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1A9F93C8926CAA2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[241,364,1711,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1A9F93C8926CAA2" box="[241,364,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F023F93C8A52CAA2" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" baseAuthorityName="Vari" baseAuthorityYear="1961" box="[379,536,1711,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexalobina">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F023F93C8A52CAA2" box="[379,536,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. hexalobina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F370F93C8AE4CAA2" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[552,686,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loxozona">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F370F93C8AE4CAA2" box="[552,686,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. loxozona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F3BFF93C8B33CAA2" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[743,889,1711,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perodeaui">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F3BFF93C8B33CAA2" box="[743,889,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. perodeaui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F2E3F93C8CDECAA2" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[955,1172,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2E3F93C8CDECAA2" box="[955,1172,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cremastobombycia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that whitish fasciate markings are found on the base of the forewing in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F39EF9408B3DCA8E" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[710,887,1747,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F39EF9408B3DCA8E" box="[710,887,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F2A9F9408C36CA8E" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1009,1148,1747,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F2A9F9408C36CA8E" box="[1009,1148,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The vertex is tufted as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFF9648958CB6A" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,1783,1807]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFF9648958CB6A" box="[151,274,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F079F9648A33CB6A" box="[289,633,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F079F96489B6CB6A" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[289,508,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F350F9648A33CB6A" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[520,633,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyloconis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F3D1F9648B7ACB6A" box="[649,816,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F3D1F9648B7ACB6A" box="[649,816,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F228F9648C4DCB6A" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1908" box="[880,1031,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F228F9648C4DCB6A" box="[880,1031,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Porphyrosela</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F54FF9648CD8CB6A" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[1047,1170,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F54FF9648CD8CB6A" box="[1047,1170,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F593F9648DD6CB6A" box="[1227,1436,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Protholithocolletis</emphasis>
have a smooth vertex. Forewing venation is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F201F8888B80CB56" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[857,970,1819,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F201F8888B80CB56" box="[857,970,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F55CF8888C8DCB56" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[1028,1223,1819,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F55CF8888C8DCB56" box="[1028,1223,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having an R 
<subScript id="17805003B108FF91F439F8B98D23CB5D" attach="left" box="[1377,1385,1834,1848]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">2</subScript>
, but differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F07CF8D2899FCB3C" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[292,469,1857,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F07CF8D2899FCB3C" box="[292,469,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F355F8D28A9ACB3C" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1929" box="[525,720,1857,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F355F8D28A9ACB3C" box="[525,720,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Protolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacking a forewing M 
<subScript id="17805003B108FF91F289F8C38B93CB3B" attach="left" box="[977,985,1872,1886]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">2</subScript>
. Hindwing venation is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F1CFF8FB8958CBE5" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,1896,1920]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F1CFF8FB8958CBE5" box="[151,274,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F047F8FB89D3CBE5" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[287,409,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F047F8FB89D3CBE5" box="[287,409,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F0FFF8FB8A7ACBE5" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1859" box="[423,560,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F0FFF8FB8A7ACBE5" box="[423,560,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Leucanthiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F335F8FB8B5ECBE5" box="[621,788,1896,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F335F8FB8B5ECBE5" box="[621,788,1896,1920]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in that it has an unbranched, single M 
<subScript id="17805003B108FF91F59EF8E48C84CBE0" attach="left" box="[1222,1230,1911,1925]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1</subScript>
, thus differing the genus from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F044F81C89C4CBC2" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[284,398,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F044F81C89C4CBC2" box="[284,398,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which possesses two hindwing median veins: M 
<subScript id="17805003B108FF91F2E0F80D8B8ACBC9" attach="left" box="[952,960,1950,1964]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="17805003B108FF91F557F80D8C5DCBC9" attach="left" box="[1039,1047,1950,1964]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">2</subScript>
. Male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F5B3F81C8DD6CBC2" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1259,1436,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F5B3F81C8DD6CBC2" box="[1259,1436,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are symmetrical (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B108FF91F001F8258A6ACBAB" author="Kumata" box="[345,544,1974,1998]" firstAuthor="Kumata" page="21" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="69 - 88" refId="ref195566" refString="Kumata, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies on the Lithocolletinae of Japan (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Parts I - III. Insecta Matsumurana, 25 (2), 53 - 90 [part I]; 26 (1), 1 - 48 [part II]; 26 (2), 69 - 88, pls. 1 - 8 [part III]." type="journal article" year="1963">Kumata 1963: 21</bibRefCitation>
). The presence of two pairs of apical setae on the tegumen in the male genitalia is unique to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F07EF849899DCB97" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[294,471,2010,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F07EF849899DCB97" box="[294,471,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The presence of a complete transtilla distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F569F8498CA8CB97" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1073,1250,2010,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F569F8498CA8CB97" box="[1073,1250,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B108FF91F472F8498DD6CB97" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1322,1436,2010,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B108FF91F472F8498DD6CB97" box="[1322,1436,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F19FFF0B8908CCD5" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[199,322,152,176]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F19FFF0B8908CCD5" box="[199,322,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The corpus bursae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F310FF0B8AB3CCD5" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[584,761,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F310FF0B8AB3CCD5" box="[584,761,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bears many microscopic spine-like signulae, whereas other 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFF2F890ACCB1" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,320,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera possesses other types of signa or lack a signum entirely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10FFF96F19FFF738BF0C832" blockId="28.[150,1437,151,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F19FFF73893ACC92" author="Kumata" box="[199,368,223,247]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
described diagnostic characters of the larva based on the last instar of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5D8FF728896CD79" authority="(Meyrick, 1919)" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5D8FF728D6DCC9D" box="[1152,1319,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F46CFF4C889ECD79" author="Meyrick" firstAuthor="Meyrick" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="225 - 256" refId="ref197896" refString="Meyrick, E. (1919) Exotic Microlepidoptera, Marlborough, 2 (8), 225 - 256." type="journal article" year="1919">Meyrick, 1919</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
: i) abdomen with a series of subtriangular or elliptical shields both on the dorsal and ventral surface; ii) thoracic legs reduced into a small protuberance with six minute cones on the top; iii) ventral prolegs well developed on third and fourth abdominal segments; and iv) crochets absent on third to fifth abdominal segments and in anal proleg on tenth segment. Chaetotaxy: i) seta XD2 absent on prothorax, ii) seta D2 posterodorsal to D1 on abdomen except on sixth and seventh segments; on those latter segments D2 is posterolateral to D1, far remote from it and thick; iii) D2 on mesothorax and metathorax thickened and set close to D1; iv) lateral group of setae represented by two on all body segments except on eight and nine, L1 longer than L2 in abdominal segments; v) subventral group of setae represented by a single seta SV1 on all abdominal segments and on ventral prolegs; vi) seta V1 absent on sixth to ninth abdominal segments; vii) proprioseptor absent on eighth and ninth abdominal segments; viii) MV3 absent on all abdominal segments. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F245FDDB8B83CE3A" author="Kumata" box="[797,969,583,607]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata (1993)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5C7FDD48D02CE3A" baseAuthorityName="De Prins &amp; De Prins" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[1183,1352,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
genera could be best diagnosed based on preimaginal stages, especially referring to the last instar. He recognized the following characters as separating 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F368FD038AABCECD" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[560,737,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F368FD038AABCECD" box="[560,737,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other lithocolletine genera: i) 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5C9FD038D08CECD" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1169,1346,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5C9FD038D08CECD" box="[1169,1346,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F02CFD2789AFCEA9" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[372,485,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F02CFD2789AFCEA9" box="[372,485,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the reduced thoracic legs; ii) in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F226FD278C65CEA9" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[894,1071,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F226FD278C65CEA9" box="[894,1071,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seta D2 posterodorsal to D1 on abdomen except on sixth and seventh segments, in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F380FD4B8B19CE95" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[728,851,728,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F380FD4B8B19CE95" box="[728,851,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2D3FD4B8C4CCE95" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[907,1030,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2D3FD4B8C4CCE95" box="[907,1030,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the seta D2 is always posterolateral to D1 on all abdominal segments; iii) the ventral prolegs in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F211FD6F8BB0CF71" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[841,1018,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F211FD6F8BB0CF71" box="[841,1018,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a single subventral seta and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFCB38958CF5D" authorityName="Chapman" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,274,800,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Cameraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1CFFCB38958CF5D" box="[151,274,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cameraria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F002FCB3899FCF5D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1961" box="[346,469,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F002FCB3899FCF5D" box="[346,469,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chrysaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they have two or three subventral setae; and iv) 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F514FCB38CB7CF5D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[1100,1277,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F514FCB38CB7CF5D" box="[1100,1277,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFCD78975CF39" box="[151,319,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1CFFCD78975CF39" box="[151,319,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of two lateral setae L1 and L3 on mesothorax and metathorax and L1 and L2 on prothorax and abdominal segments; in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F30AFCFB8AB0CFE5" box="[594,762,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F30AFCFB8AB0CFE5" box="[594,762,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lateral group is represented by only one seta L1 on the mesothorax, metathorax and all the abdominal segments. All 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F23FFC1F8C3FCFC1" box="[871,1141,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F23FFC1F8C52CFC1" box="[871,1048,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
for which the biology is known feed on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F015FC3C8A25CFA2" authority="(Kumata 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[333,623,943,967]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
Fabaceae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F09EFC3C8A2DCFA2" author="Kumata" box="[454,615,943,967]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Mines are irregularly blotch shaped, usually on the disc between two lateral veins of a leaf, mostly on the underside of the leaf, but ocassionally on the upper side as well, whitish, flat, small (less than 2 cm in longest diameter) at maturity, and multiple on the leaflet (up to 40 mines on a single leaflet, occupying the whole lower surface) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F366FB8F8A97C851" author="Kumata" box="[574,733,1052,1076]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Pupation takes place inside the mine within a circular white cocoon that is usually siutated in the center of the mine (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F248FBAC8BE4C832" author="Kumata" box="[784,942,1087,1111]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10FFF96F19FFBF78B53C8A1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10FFF96F19FFBF78B53C8A1" blockId="28.[150,1437,151,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
The two species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F0FDFBF78A1CC819" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[421,598,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F0FDFBF78A1CC819" box="[421,598,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for which we have molecular data, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2AFFBF68CF3C819" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[1015,1209,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2AFFBF68CF3C819" box="[1015,1209,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5AAFBF68D21C819" authorityName="Prins &amp; Kawahara" authorityYear="2012" box="[1266,1387,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5AAFBF68D21C819" box="[1266,1387,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are grouped together (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10FFF96F031FB1489FAC8FA" box="[361,432,1159,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Their sequence composition is different from all other taxa we have sampled, and the two species appear to be nested within 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F314FB3F8AF4C8A1" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[588,702,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F314FB3F8AF4C8A1" box="[588,702,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Hyloconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10FFF96F395FB3F8B5BC8A1" box="[717,785,1196,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1105,1128]" captionTargetBox="[153,1420,183,1058]" captionTargetId="figure-326@23.[107,1481,143,1086]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 4. Molecular phylogeny of Gracillariidae, showing relationships among the Lithocolletinae species sampled for eight nuclear genes in this study. ML bootstrap values are shown above branches, Bayesian posterior probabilities shown below. African taxa are indicated with an asterisk. Scale bar = 0.09 substitutions/site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052143/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10FFF97F19FFB5C8BE0CB5D" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10FFF96F19FFB5C88A5CBFA" blockId="28.[150,1437,151,2023]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F19FFB5C8AE5C88D" bold="true" box="[199,687,1231,1256]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Diagnosis of Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F0A3FB5C8AE5C88D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[507,687,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F0A3FB5C8AE5C88D" bold="true" box="[507,687,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. We assign three Afrotropical species to this genus: the oriental 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F4DAFB428957C969" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F4DAFB428957C969" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, discovered in Seychelles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F309FB678B2FC969" author="Gerlach &amp; Matyot" box="[593,869,1268,1292]" firstAuthor="Gerlach" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref193675" refString="Gerlach, J. &amp; Matyot, P. (2006) Lepidoptera of the Seychelles islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 130 pp., 32 pls." type="book" year="2006">Gerlach &amp; Matyot 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and two native Afrotropical species from central Africa, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1A9FA8A89B9C94A" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[241,499,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1A9FA8A89C8C955" box="[241,386,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB10FFF96F35FFA8B8A0CC94A" box="[519,582,1304,1327]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F3D7FA8A8BCAC94A" authority="De Prins" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[655,896,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F3D7FA8A8B46C94A" box="[655,780,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
De Prins
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A243332FB10FFF96F2C9FA8B8B98C94A" box="[913,978,1304,1327]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F286FA8B8D4CC955" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[990,1286,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F286FA8B8D4CC955" box="[990,1286,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFAAF8902C931" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,328,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1CFFAAF8902C931" box="[151,328,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
due to: 1) the general similarity of male genitalia to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2A9FAAE8CF8C931" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[1009,1202,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2A9FAAE8CF8C931" box="[1009,1202,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5E7FAAE8D2CC931" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[1215,1382,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangarensis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5E7FAAE8D2CC931" box="[1215,1382,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. kangarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFAF28909C91D" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[151,323,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1CFFAF28909C91D" box="[151,323,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 2) because the apex of the tegumen bears two pairs of setae, a diagnostic character of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F1CFFA1789B6C9F9" authority="(Kumata 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[151,508,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F1CFFA178902C9F9" box="[151,328,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10FFF96F00EFA1789BEC9F9" author="Kumata" box="[342,500,1412,1436]" firstAuthor="Kumata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref195766" refString="Kumata, T. (1993) A contribution to the knowledge of the Malaysian Lithocolletinae (Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera), with a revision of Indian Cameraria associated with Leguminosae. Insecta Matsumurana, N. S., 48, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1993">Kumata 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F35FFA178B5DC9F9" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[519,791,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F35FFA178B5DC9F9" box="[519,791,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2FCFA178C1FC9F9" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[932,1109,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2FCFA178C1FC9F9" box="[932,1109,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its identical wing venation to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F029FA3A8A79C9A5" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[369,563,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F029FA3A8A79C9A5" box="[369,563,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F31BFA3A8AA1C9A5" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[579,747,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangarensis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F31BFA3A8AA1C9A5" box="[579,747,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. kangarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F274FA3A8B9FC9A5" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[812,981,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F274FA3A8B9FC9A5" box="[812,981,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(i.e., all possess R 
<subScript id="17805003B10FFF96F5F4FA248CFEC9A0" attach="left" box="[1196,1204,1463,1477]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</subScript>
in the forewing and lack M 
<subScript id="17805003B10FFF96F1A8FA4D88B2C989" attach="left" box="[240,248,1502,1516]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</subScript>
in the hindwing). Here we broaden the definition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2F6FA5C8C15C982" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[942,1119,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2F6FA5C8C15C982" box="[942,1119,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by adding the following morphological characters attained from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F306FA658AA1CA68" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[606,747,1525,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F306FA658AA1CA68" box="[606,747,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F27DFA658BD5CA68" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[805,927,1526,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F27DFA658BD5CA68" box="[805,927,1526,1549]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 1) forewing may have five apical veins (R 
<subScript id="17805003B10FFF96F4CCF9968DD6CA76" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,1541,1555]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</subScript>
may be absent), but the tegumen in male genitalia bears two pairs of setae. Four setae on the apex of the tegumen are present in type species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F097F9D28ADBCA3D" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[463,657,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F097F9D28ADBCA3D" box="[463,657,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F3B5F9D28BDFCA3D" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[749,917,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangarensis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F3B5F9D28BDFCA3D" box="[749,917,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. kangarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F2FCF9D28C06CA3D" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[932,1100,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F2FCF9D28C06CA3D" box="[932,1100,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F502F9D38D53CA3D" box="[1114,1305,1600,1624]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5D4F9D28D53CA3D" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1164,1305,1600,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">N. mayumbe</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
; 2) apex of tegumen in male genitalia may possess one pair of setae, but the forewing has six apical veins (R 
<subScript id="17805003B10FFF96F5BBF9E08CA1CAE4" attach="left" box="[1251,1259,1651,1665]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">2</subScript>
is present). Six apical veins are present in the type species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F3FDF91F8B20CAC6" authorityName=", Kuznetzov &amp; Baryshnikova" authorityYear="2001" box="[677,874,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hikomonticola">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F3FDF91F8B20CAC6" box="[677,874,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. hikomonticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F28AF91F8C34CAC6" authorityName="Kumata" authorityYear="1993" box="[978,1150,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangarensis">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F28AF91F8C34CAC6" box="[978,1150,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. kangarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5C8F91F8D71CAC6" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1168,1339,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5C8F91F8D71CAC6" box="[1168,1339,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F4DAF91F88A4CAA2" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F4DAF91F88A4CAA2" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 3) the signa area of small spinules on the inner wall of corpus bursae in the female genitalia as in many other 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F183F94089ADCA8E" box="[219,487,1747,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F183F94089C6CA8E" box="[219,396,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
can be replaced by a signa line on the caudal part of the corpus bursae, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F4DAF94788A4CB6A" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F4DAF94788A4CB6A" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In general, the Afrotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F36BF9648AAECB6A" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[563,740,1783,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F36BF9648AAECB6A" box="[563,740,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are small moths, having a wing length of ca. 1.6–2.0 mm. The external characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F0D7F88F8A51CB56" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[399,539,1819,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F0D7F88F8A51CB56" box="[399,539,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F309F88F8A83CB56" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[593,713,1820,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F309F88F8A83CB56" box="[593,713,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only remotely resemble representatives of the genus from Japan and Malaysia. Wing venation alone cannot serve as a diagnostic character for this genus, and genitalia dissections are necessary. Wing venation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F34CF8F78AC5CB1E" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[532,655,1892,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F34CF8F78AC5CB1E" box="[532,655,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is entirely consistent with Oriental and Palaearctic 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10FFF96F5B3F8F088A5CBFA" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F5B3F8F08DD6CB1E" box="[1259,1436,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Neolithocolletis</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10FFF97F19FF8388ACFCDC9" blockId="28.[150,1437,151,2023]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10FFF96F19FF8388947CBA6" box="[199,269,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Head:</emphasis>
Vertex tufted; frons smooth, white. Maxillary palpus small, rudimentary. Labial palpus short, drooping, filiform, pointed; haustellum moderate in length. Antenna nearly as long as forewing, flagellum thicker than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F1CFFF0B8975CCD5" box="[151,319,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F1CFFF0B8975CCD5" box="[151,319,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Phyllonorycter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; pedicel shorter than remaining flagellomeres; scape thicker than flagellomeres, short, with pecten ca. half as long as diameter of compound eye. Vertex plate joined with frontoclypeus, vertex tufted with erected long golden or silver shiny piliform scales, occiput covered with slightly tufted, thick, piliform scales; frons smooth shiny white, consisting of slender pressed piliform scales at central region of frontoclypeus and thicker at lateral sides of frontoclypeus along margin of eye; eyes big, ocular index ca. 0.7, interocular index ca. 1.2. Proboscis developed, naked, ca. 2.0 length of labial palpus. Labial palpus moderate, porrect, filiform, drooping or straight, with ratio of palpomeres from base 1: 1: 1.5 (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10EFF97F25CFEFC8B00CDE2" box="[772,842,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–10" captionStartId="189.[151,263,1659,1682]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-78@189.[151,1436,195,1635]" captionTargetPageId="189" captionText="FIGURES 5–10. Adult head morphology of the Afrotropical Lithocolletinae genera. 5, Neolithocolletis nsengai, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00537. 6, Cameraria landryi, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00529. 7, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00532. 8, Phyllonorycter hibiscina, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00531. 9, Cremastobombycia solidaginis, descaled head prep. De Prins 3791. 10, Porphyrosela teramni, descaled head prep. MRAC/KMMA 00433." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052145/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Maxillary palpus small, rudimental, bi-segmented, apical maxillary palpomere almost globular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FFE2B889ACFD7" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FFE2B8952CDB5" box="[199,280,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thorax</emphasis>
: Forewing background colour is golden-ochreous, or ferruginous ochreous, background colour shiny golden, or golden ochreous with indistinct fasciate whitish markings, intermixing with the ground colour of forewing and dark beige scales or with very distinct blackish spottish markings; apex of forewing is broadly rounded. Descaled forewing, lanceolate, elongate, and narrowly or shortly pointed: maximum width/length ratio ca. 0.18–0.21. Venation is confined either to 9 veins (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F240FDDA8BDBCE3A" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[792,913,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F240FDDA8BDBCE3A" box="[792,913,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), apical part, with 6 veins (R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F5B8FDC48CA2CE00" attach="left" box="[1248,1256,599,613]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F452FDC48D58CE00" attach="left" box="[1290,1298,599,613]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F46CFDC48D76CE00" attach="left" box="[1332,1340,599,613]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F405FDC48D2FCE00" attach="left" box="[1373,1381,599,613]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F4D5FDC48DDFCE00" attach="left" box="[1421,1429,599,613]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F1EFFDED88F5CEE9" attach="left" box="[183,191,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
); R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F1B1FDED88BBCEE9" attach="left" box="[233,241,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2</subScript>
originates at 5/7 of cell or to 8 veins (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F3ECFDE38B75CEE2" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[692,831,623,647]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F3ECFDE38B75CEE2" box="[692,831,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with 5 veins (R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F2A1FDED8C4BCEE9" attach="right" box="[1017,1025,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F579FDED8C63CEE9" attach="left" box="[1057,1065,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4</subScript>
, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F511FDED8C1BCEE9" attach="left" box="[1097,1105,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F52EFDED8C34CEE9" attach="left" box="[1142,1150,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F5F4FDED8CFECEE9" attach="left" box="[1196,1204,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
); M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F5BCFDED8CA6CEE9" attach="left" box="[1252,1260,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
not stalked, the cell between R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F065FD36890FCED6" attach="left" box="[317,325,677,691]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">4</subScript>
and M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F0C8FD3689D2CED6" attach="left" box="[400,408,677,691]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
open, R 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F0ABFD3689B1CED6" attach="left" box="[499,507,677,691]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
originates from apex of cell to costa, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F2E2FD368B88CED6" attach="left" box="[954,962,677,691]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
arises from apex of the cell to termen, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F4CCFD368DD6CED6" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,677,691]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
separate, R indistinct at basal 1/3, CuP indistinct over entire length, 1A strong, separate. Hindwing lanceolate, ca. 3/4 as long as forewing, with 5 veins: Sc very short, Rs long, running to 3/5 of costa, M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F5D2FD7C8CD8CE98" attach="left" box="[1162,1170,751,765]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
single, basal 2/3 of M 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F4CCFD7C8DD6CE98" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,751,765]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
indistinct, parallel to Rs, Cu 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F0BFFC8589A5CF41" attach="left" box="[487,495,790,804]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
strong, simple; A 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F390FC858A9ACF41" attach="left" box="[712,720,790,804]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
vestigial (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10EFF97F217FC948B96CF7A" box="[847,988,775,799]" captionStart="FIGURES 11–20" captionStartId="190.[151,263,1566,1589]" captionTargetBox="[194,1379,196,1535]" captionTargetId="figure-112@190.[180,1407,193,1545]" captionTargetPageId="190" captionText="FIGURES 11–20. Wing morphology of the Afrotropical Lithocolletinae genera. 11, Hyloconis luki, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00454. 12, Neolithocolletis mayumbe, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00535. 13, Neolithocolletis nsengai, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00427. 14, Cameraria perodeaui, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00453. 15, Cameraria torridella, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00490. 16, Phyllonorycter grewiaecola, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00528. 17, Phyllonorycter melanosparta, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00497. 18, Cremastobombycia kipepeo, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00494. 19, Cremastobombycia morogorene, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00667. 20, Porphyrosela teramni, wing venation prep. MRAC/KMMA 00434." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052149" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052149/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 12, 13</figureCitation>
). Retinaculum as a small fold on Sc. Frenulum in male comprised of a single stout bristle; frenula in female comprised of 2 tightly appressed bristles. Legs slender, mid-legs dark ringed, forelegs and hindlegs not ringed; hind tibia with short loosely appressed hairs along apical half, hind tarsus with short appressed hairs on apex of tarsomeres I and II; tarsus ca.1.2× longer than tibia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FFC2D8BFDC8E9" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FFC2D897BCFB3" box="[199,305,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Margins of abdominal opening narrowly sclerotized slightly broader towards S 
<subScript id="17805003B10EFF97F584FC5E8CAECFBE" attach="right" box="[1244,1252,973,987]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">2</subScript>
, the sclerotized margination of abdomen opening well connected on T2 and unconnected on S2; S2 apodemes rather long, ending beyond the opening, very slender, also at base, slender distally. Flap-like sternum VIII small, a little longer than vinculum, subpentagonial (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F0BDFBBE8AC6C820" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[485,652,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F0BDFBBE8AC6C820" box="[485,652,1069,1093]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or gently semi-rounded (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F2E2FBBE8C7BC821" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[954,1073,1069,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F2E2FBBE8C7BC821" box="[954,1073,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or elongated, almost as long as tegumen, spatulate with strongly sclerotized subbasal lateral margins (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F29DFBC28C1BC80C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[965,1105,1105,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F29DFBC28C1BC80C" box="[965,1105,1105,1129]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) either with an angulate apex (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F1F8FBE6890DC8E8" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[160,327,1141,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F1F8FBE6890DC8E8" box="[160,327,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or with gently rouded apex (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F3CDFBE68B6BC8E8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[661,801,1141,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F3CDFBE68B6BC8E8" box="[661,801,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F277FBE68BECC8E9" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[815,934,1141,1164]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F277FBE68BECC8E9" box="[815,934,1141,1164]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FFB0A89D4CA7D" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FFB0A8932C8D4" box="[199,376,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Male genitalia.</emphasis>
Tegumen long, subconical, with very narrow sclerotized arms, weakly sclerotized; apex of tegumen with two long, stiff setae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F31DFB2E8A89C8B1" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[581,707,1213,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F31DFB2E8A89C8B1" box="[581,707,1213,1236]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or four (
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F267FB2E8CD8C8B0" box="[831,1170,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F267FB2E8BBAC8B0" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[831,1008,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">N. pentadesma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F558FB2E8CD8C8B0" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1024,1170,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">N. mayumbe</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
). Valvae symmetrical, narrow, rod shaped (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F0C9FB728A6FC89C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[401,549,1249,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F0C9FB728A6FC89C" box="[401,549,1249,1273]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or slightly enlarged apically (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F2F9FB728C6AC89D" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[929,1056,1249,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F2F9FB728C6AC89D" box="[929,1056,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), with short sutures or without sutures on ventral surface, with rouded apex bearing thick and short setae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F2A9FA968CD0C978" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1009,1178,1285,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F2A9FA968CD0C978" box="[1009,1178,1285,1309]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), slender sparse, short setae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F1BBFABA8915C925" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[227,351,1321,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F1BBFABA8915C925" box="[227,351,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or a couple of barbs (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F329FABA8B48C924" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[625,770,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F329FABA8B48C924" box="[625,770,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Vinculum crescent-shaped, narrow (in 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F5B8FABA88BAC901" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F5B8FABA8D3EC924" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1248,1396,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">N. mayumbe</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F4DAFABA88BAC901" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">N. nsengai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), or slightly broader (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F342FADE8A8CC900" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[538,710,1357,1381]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F342FADE8A8CC900" box="[538,710,1357,1381]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) with long slender saccus. Transtilla complete with a pair of small laterocephalic lobes (in 
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F0B5FAE28AD7C9EC" box="[493,669,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F0B5FAE28AD2C9EC" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[493,664,1393,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">N. pentadesma</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
), or trapezium-shaped (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F2F7FAE28C63C9ED" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[943,1065,1393,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F2F7FAE28C63C9ED" box="[943,1065,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or narrow bow shaped without laterocephalic lobes (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F0D6FA068A57C9C8" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[398,541,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F0D6FA068A57C9C8" box="[398,541,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Aedoeagus is slender tubular, sinuate (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F54BFA068CF7C9C8" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1043,1213,1429,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F54BFA068CF7C9C8" box="[1043,1213,1429,1453]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F5AFFA068D38C9C9" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1271,1394,1429,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F5AFFA068D38C9C9" box="[1271,1394,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or straight (in 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F070FA2A89F7C9B4" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[296,445,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F070FA2A89F7C9B4" box="[296,445,1465,1489]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Anellus developed, tubular (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F26CFA2A8BFFC9B5" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[820,949,1465,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F26CFA2A8BFFC9B5" box="[820,949,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or volcano-shaped (
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F5E4FA2A894EC990" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F5E4FA2A8D25C9B4" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1212,1391,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">N. pentadesma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F4DAFA2A894EC990" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">N. mayumbe</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
), juxta either developed in a complex sclerotized structure (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F2B4FA4E8CD6C990" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1004,1180,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F2B4FA4E8CD6C990" box="[1004,1180,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or undeveloped (
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F4DAFA4E89C7CA7D" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F4DAFA4E894DCA7C" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">N. mayumbe</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F04BF99289C7CA7D" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[275,397,1537,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">N. nsengai</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FF9B68BE0CB5D" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FF9B689C2CA58" box="[199,392,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. Papillae anales slightly compressed laterally, not fused ventrally. Two pairs of apophyses present. Segment VIII rather short in length. Apophyses anteriores initiate at subanterior part of segment VIII. Segment VII separated from segment VIII, with either strongly sclerotized cephalic margin of segment VII (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F4DAF9FE8957CACC" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F4DAF9FE8957CACC" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or with strongly sclerotized arc-shaped scar situated on the entire sternum VII (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F5EFF9028D7BCACD" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1207,1329,1681,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F5EFF9028D7BCACD" box="[1207,1329,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Ostium bursae opens on sternum between segments VII and VIII. Ductus bursae moderate in length with weakly sclerotized antrum (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F02EF94A8A57CA94" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[374,541,1753,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F02EF94A8A57CA94" box="[374,541,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or with slight membranization of inner canal (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F576F94A8CECCA95" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[1070,1190,1753,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F576F94A8CECCA95" box="[1070,1190,1753,1776]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Corpus bursae large pyriform, with many microscopic spine-like signa scattered on inner margin (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F544F96E8C8FCB70" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[1052,1221,1789,1813]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F544F96E8C8FCB70" box="[1052,1221,1789,1813]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or caudal part of corpus bursae is ringed by narrow sclerotized curled line (
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F27AF8B28BD3CB5D" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[802,921,1825,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F27AF8B28BD3CB5D" box="[802,921,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10EFF97F19FF8D78AB0CBAD" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FF8D789FBCBC1" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FF8D7896CCB38" bold="true" box="[199,294,1860,1885]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">Biology.</emphasis>
Irregular blotch mine on the abaxial side of the leaf, rarely adaxial, whitish, flat, and small (less than 2 cm at mature stage). Pupation takes place within a circular, white cocoon which is placed inside a round minechamber (
<figureCitation id="133F4EC3B10EFF97F05EF81F89EFCBC1" box="[262,421,1932,1956]" captionStart="FIGURES 418–426" captionStartId="277.[151,263,1857,1880]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,719,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-134@277.[151,1436,719,1836]" captionTargetPageId="277" captionText="FIGURES 418–426. Leaf mines of Afrotropical Lithocolletinae species. 418–420, Neolithocolletis nsengai mine on Dalbergia hostilis[Fabaceae], Mayumbe Forest, 16 May 2007. 418, adaxial side. 419, abaxial blotch mine. 420, low under store host plant. 421–423, Phyllonorycter hibiscina mine on Abutilon mauritianum [Malvaceae], Nakuru, Kenya, 11 October 2001. 421, adaxial side. 422, abaxial tentiform mine. 423, the host plant dominates the understore vegetation of the habitat. 424–426, Phyllonorycter melanosparta mine on Hylodesmum repandum [Fabaceae], Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 25 March 2003. 424, adaxial side. 425, abaxial tentiform mine. 426, low under store host plant [Fabaceae]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6052503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6052503/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 418, 419</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10EFF97F19FF8228AB0CBAD" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,1993]" box="[199,762,1968,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FF8228923CBAD" box="[199,361,1968,1993]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10EFF97F19FF8228928CBAC" bold="true" box="[199,354,1968,1993]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Host plant(s)</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Larvae feed on leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10EFF97F3D2F8238ABCCBAD" baseAuthorityName="Kumata" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[650,758,1968,1992]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31E01CDB10DFF94F19FFF048C9FCCB1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBB5246B10DFF94F19FFF048C9FCCB1" blockId="30.[151,1436,151,572]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10DFF94F19FFF04892ACCCA" box="[199,352,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10DFF94F19FFF048913CCD5" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10DFF94F02AFF0B8AEBCCD5" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[370,673,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayumbe">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10DFF94F02AFF0B8AEBCCD5" box="[370,673,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Neolithocolletis mayumbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10DFF94F3B6FF0A8B3BCCCA" authorityName="De Prins" authorityYear="2012" box="[750,881,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nsengai">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10DFF94F3B6FF0A8B3BCCCA" box="[750,881,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N. nsengai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur in the rain forest of Central Africa. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0429C5B10DFF94F1CFFF2F899FCCB1" baseAuthorityName="Meyrick" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[151,469,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pentadesma">
<emphasis id="B9708E54B10DFF94F1CFFF2F899FCCB1" box="[151,469,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Neolithocolletis pentadesma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was introduced to Seychelles in 2002 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF952FB7B10DFF94F2D4FF2F8C83CCB1" author="Gerlach &amp; Matyot" box="[908,1225,188,212]" firstAuthor="Gerlach" page="23" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref193675" refString="Gerlach, J. &amp; Matyot, P. (2006) Lepidoptera of the Seychelles islands. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 130 pp., 32 pls." type="book" year="2006">Gerlach &amp; Matyot 2006: 23</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>