195 lines
24 KiB
XML
195 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="D9D65687093B9675C3AFEFE50EA54C0F" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFF4F61A89B53602FD30F212" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Boneia bidens Jentink 1879" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="106" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="9ECC9C587E5D5ED5C057FE5435F65EE1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FD8AC7EC6E2AFF005F66A0FD37EB00BB">
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<mods:title id="954D22E0AFDCD5468A2FAC66EFFB9AB5">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="3EEAC298EECF5AC3C59118DB3DE14746" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="AC24FBA7C2B602D349C862E5C9043B17">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="2259D617C147219303694011C56AF2BB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0A9CB91E69D7816EB4D674CB8EDB1B70">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="7C725BCDCBB6850AD80391EFFD7C8BEF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="799B2167AD82635DB0BD66C724C1416A">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="9CD402440F13FE7A5FFC49B99EAAFAD3" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="6B83BCA51406CFC342AB25B5CED18432">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="AE058C26E597A87059B026C84E9A9D62">
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<mods:placeTerm id="32330901D6B3A00856B777286C5EB559">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5EAEFF76090773029ABB81A0299FC2B6">
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<mods:title id="26E2EDAEFDCCF6E53D527C306AABE429">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="876F93E6A7C4B157DC812C7E9238E4CD">
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<mods:start id="402FEC8A63D5862E31B1DAC4D03FE2B0">16</mods:start>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFF4F61A89B53602FD30F212" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795106" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795106" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFF4F61A89B53602FD30F212" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFF4F61A89B53602FD30F212" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B53602FF41FDD3" box="[171,228,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B53602FF41FDD3" blockId="48.[168,1077,542,663]" box="[171,228,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF4F61A89B53602FF41FDD3" box="[171,228,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFF4F61A89B53602FF41FDD3" box="[171,228,542,584]" captionStart="Plate 5: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="45.[123,153,3243,3268]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,17,3662]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="73. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus minimus), 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus), 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis), 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae), 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit), 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens), 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis), 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead), 81. Bulmer’s Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae), 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis), 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronu), 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis), 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapmani), 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa), 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta), 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis), 91. Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beauforti), 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata), 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis), 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448853/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">78.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89EB3602FDC3FDD3" box="[245,614,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89EB3602FDC3FDD3" blockId="48.[168,1077,542,663]" box="[245,614,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF4F61A89EB3602FDC3FDD3" box="[245,614,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF4F61A89EB3602FDC3FDD3" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[245,614,542,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Manado Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8B863602FC39FDD3" box="[664,924,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8B863602FC39FDD3" blockId="48.[168,1077,542,663]" box="[664,924,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF4F61A8B863602FC39FDD3" box="[664,924,542,584]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF4F61A8B863602FC39FDD3" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[664,924,542,584]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A8B863602FC39FDD3" box="[664,924,542,584]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Boneia bidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B43646FDF9FD0C" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B43646FB91FDF4" blockId="48.[168,1077,542,663]" box="[170,1076,602,623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF4F61A89B43646FB91FDF4" box="[170,1076,602,623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B43646FF53FDF4" bold="true" box="[170,246,602,623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF4F61A881E3646FE77FDF4" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[256,466,602,623]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Roussette de Jentink</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A88F93646FDE4FDF4" bold="true" box="[487,577,602,623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF4F61A8B553646FD5BFDF4" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[587,766,602,623]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Manado-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A8A0A3646FCCAFDF4" bold="true" box="[788,879,602,623]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF4F61A8A673646FB91FDF4" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[889,1076,602,623]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Boneia de Manado</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B4369EFDF9FD0C" blockId="48.[168,1077,542,663]" box="[170,604,642,663]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF4F61A89B4369EFDF9FD0C" box="[170,604,642,663]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B4369EFE04FD0C" bold="true" box="[170,417,642,663]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF4F61A88B5369EFDF9FD0C" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[427,604,642,663]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Manado Rousette</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8A1036DFFAF9FD7F" box="[782,1372,707,740]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8A1036DFFAF9FD7F" blockId="48.[782,1375,707,1135]" box="[782,1372,707,740]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A8A1036DFFC0CFD7F" bold="true" box="[782,937,707,740]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF4F61A8ADF36DFFAFDFD7F" ID-CoL="7RMQM" authority="Jentink, 1879" authorityName="Jentink" authorityYear="1879" box="[961,1368,707,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Boneia bidens Jentink, 1879</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8A1136F3FB95FCA8" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8A1136F3FB95FCA8" blockId="48.[782,1375,707,1135]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFF4F61A8A1136F3FB95FCA8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391301" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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“
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF4F61A8A0736F3FC22FC97" box="[793,903,751,780]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Celebes</collectingRegion>
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[=
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF4F61A8AD036F3FBE1FC97" box="[974,1092,751,780]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF4F61A8D4136F3FB54FC97" box="[1119,1265,751,780]" name="Indonesia" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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], Boné [= near Gerontalo].”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8A113726FB25FC62" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8A113726FB25FC62" blockId="48.[782,1375,707,1135]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF4F61A8A113726FCC3FCC0" box="[783,870,826,859]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Boneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Boneia</taxonomicName>
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has long been considered a subgenus of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF4F61A8A85377DFBB3FC19" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[923,1046,865,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rousettus</taxonomicName>
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, but recent molecular phylogenies indicate that itis a valid genus in the Harpyionycterinae clade, related to Harpyionycterss Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8A1037E2FB23FBD3" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFF4F61A8A1037E2FB23FBD3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803741" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803741" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803741/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" startId="48.[782,954,1022,1055]" targetBox="[167,758,721,1134]" targetPageId="48">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8A1037E2FB23FBD3" blockId="48.[782,1375,707,1135]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A8A1037E2FC1BFB84" bold="true" box="[782,958,1022,1055]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF4F61A8AD537E2FB9AFB84" box="[971,1087,1022,1055]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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and adjacent Manado, Lembeh, and Buton Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A8A10304AFD37F500" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A8A10304AFD37F500" blockId="48.[782,1375,707,1135]" lastBlockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A8A10304AFBB3FBF4" bold="true" box="[782,1046,1110,1135]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A8DC1304AFAFDFBF4" box="[1247,1368,1110,1135]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A89FA3066FE25FB0C" box="[228,384,1146,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="22.0">22-24 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A88D03066FDCFFB0C" box="[462,618,1146,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="24.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="23.0">23-26 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A8A153066FC02FB0C" box="[779,935,1146,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="30.0">30-31 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A8D233066FB49FB0C" box="[1085,1260,1146,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.85" metricValueMax="10.3" metricValueMin="9.4" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="mm" value="98.5" valueMax="103.0" valueMin="94.0">94-103 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A89B23081FEE7FB25" box="[172,322,1181,1214]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.68" metricValueMax="1.94" metricValueMin="1.42" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="g" value="168.0" valueMax="194.0" valueMin="142.0">142-194 g</quantity>
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. The Manado Fruit Bat is Rousette-like, with long muzzle, sparse hair, and short nostrils. Eyes are moderately large, with brown irises. Ears are relatively long, with narrowly rounded-off tips; antitragus is small. Head pelage is brown, darker on crown; hairs on nape are spread, golden buffy in males with tuft ofrigid, unctuous hairs on neck side, ocherous at bases; dorsal pelage is relatively long and adpressed and reaches knees; and rump is tinged with russet-brown. Uropatagium is half furred, wide, joined to dorsal side of relatively long tail; calcar is short.
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF4F61A8C063192FAFBFA30" box="[1304,1374,1422,1451]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Chin</collectingRegion>
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||
and throat are sparsely haired; chest, belly, and flanks are drab, lightly washed in brown. Wing membranes are grayish brown, from sides of back and inserted onto first toes; index claw is present. Skull has pronounced basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively thin and long; premaxillae are thin and concave anteriorly, with single incisor in middle and projecting edentulous tips; forehead is gently sloping; orbit is large; zygomatic root is level with upper alveolar line; zygoma is thin anteriorly, arched, and thicker behind orbit; braincase is domed; and occiput projects slightly backward. Dorsally, rostrum is long and straight; nasals protrude slightly; paranasal recesses are inflated and reach level of small postorbital foramina; postorbital process has triangular base and is long and decurved pointing posterolaterally and slightly ventrally; there is no postorbital constriction in females and slight constriction in males; temporal lines are low and parallel; braincase is oval; and nuchal crest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, rostrum is broad anteriorly; premaxillae are separated in front, without palatine processes; palate is flat and rectangular; tooth rows are subparallel; post-dental palate is moderately short; end of palate is slightly concave; small spine is joined to thin sphenoidal crest; ectotympanic is small and wide; and entotympanic is not ossified. Mandible is straight and long, with widened symphysis; coronoid is very low and sloping; condyle is below level of lower alveolar line; and angle is weak and indistinct. There are six interdental palatal ridges; anterior four are arched, smooth, and undivided; next two are divided at midline and serrated; and two or three post-dental ridges are divided and serrated. Dental formula isl 1/2, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 32. I is tiny (1' absent); C' is long, slender, grooved anteriorly, and larger in males; P' is small, almost peg-like; posterior cheekteeth are generally small and very low to flat; occlusal outline is oval to rectangular; and cusps are poorly differentiated. I, is much smaller than I; C, is small but heavy, widely separated, and strongly slanted laterally; P, is moderately large, with low cusps; posterior cheekteeth are small, very low, and narrow; occlusal outline is rectangular; M, is minute, occasionally missing on one or both sides. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 53 (FNa = 50), with four pairs of metacentric, seven pairs submetacentric, and three pairs telocentric autosomes and one additional unpaired autosome. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is telocentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B53EBDFEF9F571" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B53EBDFEF9F571" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B53EBDFEBFF559" bold="true" box="[171,282,2721,2754]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Lowland to upper montane rainforests and marsh forests at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF4F61A89B23ED5FEFDF571" box="[172,344,2761,2794]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" unit="m" value="1150.0" valueMax="2100.0" valueMin="200.0">200-2100 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B53EECFE48F4FB" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B53EECFE48F4FB" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B53EECFE1DF48A" bold="true" box="[171,440,2800,2833]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Long rostrum, widened anteriorly, broad symphysis, weak dentition, and deflected skull suggest the Manado Fruit Bat has a diet based on flower products and soft fruit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B23F7AFE90F434" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B23F7AFE90F434" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B23F7AFE97F41C" bold="true" box="[172,306,2918,2951]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant Manado Fruit Bats with small, single embryos were caught in June-July.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B43FA9FCD5F44D" box="[170,880,2997,3030]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B43FA9FCD5F44D" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" box="[170,880,2997,3030]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B43FA9FE30F44D" bold="true" box="[170,405,2997,3030]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Manado Fruit Bats roost in caves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B23FFCFEBAF3BE" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B23FFCFEBAF3BE" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B23FFCFC3EF466" bold="true" box="[172,923,3040,3069]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Manado Fruit Bat is gregarious.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B23833FED8F289" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B23833FED8F289" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B23833FDBFF3D7" bold="true" box="[172,538,3119,3148]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF4F61A8C1A3833FE9CF3EF" baseAuthorityName="Jentink" baseAuthorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Rousettus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bidens">Rousettus bidens</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Populations of the Manado Fruit Bat are not fragmented but are estimated to be decreasing (30% over the next ten years) due to hunting for bushmeat in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF4F61A89C938BEFEEAF358" box="[215,335,3234,3267]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
and changes in land use (logging and conversion to agriculture). It occurs in several protected areas such as Bogani Nani Wartabone (Dumoga Bone) National Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF4F61A89B3393CFD30F212" pageId="48" pageNumber="106" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF4F61A89B3393CFD30F212" blockId="48.[166,1379,1146,3465]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF4F61A89B3393CFEE3F2A2" bold="true" box="[173,326,3360,3385]" pageId="48" pageNumber="106">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2011), Amador et al. (2018), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (1994), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Giannini, Almeida et al. (2006), Helgen, Kingston et al. (2008), Maryanto et al. (2011), Mubarok et al. (2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |