195 lines
21 KiB
XML
195 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="B145AC92BC29CD35CB0D74703C5CD92B" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B2379FFCA1F4F9" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Dobsonia crenulata K. Andersen 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="112" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="112" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:mods id="FE82703A43372B729CAFE3B8E7BBE789" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AC9541F1115DDF13EB227396F382EB54">
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<mods:title id="AD6C71099DB944D9607DA722C10D625F">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="DAE98FEB29C2FAF7845CB1FC5754D973" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="34CA8DD7BBC8E5CEABDC195DDF31DF60">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B5080B7396A55ED6D8F88C5EC2349140">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="974328260268D7CAF92E71A0FE757439" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C6483857E9B5CA5C2A54D055E6142329">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="63E84375D2202C127EE94BA78E8DD1A5">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2005A601B0E8675422F62E920FEB64A6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="C73B2B8E8B4E891930BEE09AEA09303B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="218D0C590684A4F9F6ABF6E24EB8A621" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="7A3D71B2CED82D9678B3CD70299305F8">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="570EC71DC6C828645DF8A5D7E6C506E8">
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<mods:placeTerm id="B0004CA2F9824CE29A25CEA7C1814812">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="9F8C152655603269B18F661472414172">
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<mods:title id="FF0A76B0F7ED730296B71F030E51FBCB">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="53207FD2D7146A1DA1165552AD8298FC">
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<mods:extent id="466972B4977185205B8EBF737307B982" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="D2A81B77ABF81323AEECF4BB66E1F6F3">16</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="2D55B3F5C413313A8959770DCA74535C">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="08FE10D6E167270B9695DD60D0ABC333" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B2379FFCA1F4F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449006" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6449006" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B2379FFCA1F4F9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFF2F61C89B2379FFCA1F4F9" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B2379FFF40FC36" box="[172,229,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B2379FFF40FC36" blockId="54.[171,1364,899,982]" box="[172,229,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF2F61C89B2379FFF40FC36" box="[172,229,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFF2F61C89B2379FFF40FC36" box="[172,229,899,941]" captionStart="Plate 5: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="45.[123,153,3243,3268]" captionTargetBox="[12,2751,17,3662]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="73. Lesser Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus minimus), 74. Greater Long-tongued Blossom Bat (Macroglossus sobrinus), 75. Southern Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis), 76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat (Syconycteris carolinae), 77. Moss-forest Blossom Bat (Syconycteris hobbit), 78. Manado Fruit Bat (Boneia bidens), 79. Sulawesi Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris celebensis), 80. Philippine Harpy Fruit Bat (Harpyionycteris whitehead), 81. Bulmer’s Fruit Bat (Aproteles bulmerae), 82. Lesser Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia minor), 83. Moluccan Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia moluccensis), 84. Western Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia peronu), 86. Panniet Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia pannietensis), 87. Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia chapmani), 88. Biak Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia emersa), 89. Sulawesi Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia exoleta), 90. Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia viridis), 91. Beaufort’s Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia beauforti), 92. Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia crenulata), 93. Solomons Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia inermis), 94. New Britain Naked-backed Fruit Bat (Dobsonia praedatrix)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448853/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">92.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89EA379FFC60FC36" box="[244,965,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89EA379FFC60FC36" blockId="54.[171,1364,899,982]" box="[244,965,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF2F61C89EA379FFC60FC36" box="[244,965,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF2F61C89EA379FFC60FC36" ID-CoL="372KG" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[244,965,899,941]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C8D18379FFAF1FC36" box="[1030,1364,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C8D18379FFAF1FC36" blockId="54.[171,1364,899,982]" box="[1030,1364,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF2F61C8D18379FFAF1FC36" box="[1030,1364,899,941]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF2F61C8D18379FFAF1FC36" ID-CoL="372KG" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1030,1364,899,941]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C8D18379FFAF1FC36" box="[1030,1364,899,941]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Dobsonia crenulata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B237A2FB4EFC48" box="[172,1259,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B237A2FB4EFC48" blockId="54.[171,1364,899,982]" box="[172,1259,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFF2F61C89B237A2FB4EFC48" box="[172,1259,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B237A2FF5DFC48" bold="true" box="[172,248,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF2F61C881C37A2FE66FC48" ID-CoL="372KG" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[258,451,958,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">Roussette crénelée</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C88C637A2FD97FC48" bold="true" box="[472,562,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF2F61C8B2237A2FC24FC48" ID-CoL="372KG" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[572,897,958,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">Halmahera-Nacktriickenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C8A8837A2FC54FC48" bold="true" box="[918,1009,958,979]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF2F61C8AE537A2FB4EFC48" ID-CoL="372KG" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1019,1259,958,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">Dobsonia de Halmahera</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C8A113019FC31FBD1" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C8A113019FC31FBD1" blockId="54.[783,1379,1029,1453]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C8A113019FC0EFBB9" bold="true" box="[783,939,1029,1058]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF2F61C8AA23019FC35FBD1" ID-CoL="372KG" authority="K. Andersen, 1900" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">Dobsonia crenulata K. Andersen, 1900</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C8AB93031FC58FBEA" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C8AB93031FC58FBEA" blockId="54.[783,1379,1029,1453]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFF2F61C8AB93031FC58FBEA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391460" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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“
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF2F61C8AAF3031FBBBFBD1" box="[945,1054,1069,1098]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Ternate</collectingCountry>
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[Tsland],”
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF2F61C8DD63031FA96FBD1" box="[1224,1331,1069,1098]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Maluku</collectingRegion>
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Is lands,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF2F61C8A723048FC5CFBEA" box="[876,1017,1108,1137]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C8A0E3064FC53FA94" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C8A0E3064FC53FA94" blockId="54.[783,1379,1029,1453]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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Non-Moluccan populations of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF2F61C8DDC3064FAC6FB02" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1218,1379,1144,1177]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenulata">D. crenulata</taxonomicName>
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might represent undescribed subspecies requiring additional systematic investigation. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C8A113105FEF0FA67" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFF2F61C8A113105FEF0FA67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803770/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" startId="54.[783,955,1305,1334]" targetBox="[168,759,1037,1451]" targetPageId="54">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C8A113105FEF0FA67" blockId="54.[783,1379,1029,1453]" lastBlockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C8A113105FC65FAAD" bold="true" box="[783,960,1305,1334]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Talaud Is (Karakelong), Sangihe Is (Sangihe and Siau),
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF2F61C8DF23121FAC5FAC5" box="[1260,1376,1341,1374]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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(including Togian Is, Banggai Is, Kabaena, Muna, Buton, and Hoga Is), Sula Is (Mangole and Sanana), and C
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF2F61C8B0D31ABFD30FA4F" box="[531,661,1463,1492]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
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(Morotai, Halmahera, Bacan, and smaller
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF2F61C8DEB31ABFAC5FA4F" box="[1269,1376,1463,1492]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Ternate</collectingCountry>
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and Bau Is).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B5321AFAB5F84E" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B5321AFAB5F84E" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B5321AFE03F9B8" bold="true" box="[171,422,1542,1571]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C8B7C321AFCBDF9B8" box="[610,792,1542,1571]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.05" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="mm" value="185.0" valueMax="205.0" valueMin="165.0">165-205 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C8A7E321AFC50F9B8" box="[864,1013,1542,1571]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="mm" value="30.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="23.0">23-38 mm</quantity>
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, ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C8D21321AFB71F9B8" box="[1087,1236,1542,1571]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="mm" value="25.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="22.0">22-29 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C89B23236FEE6F9D0" box="[172,323,1578,1611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="26.0">26-38 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C88CB3236FD29F9D0" box="[469,652,1578,1611]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.275" metricValueMax="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMin="1.19" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="mm" value="127.5" valueMax="136.0" valueMin="119.0">119-136 mm</quantity>
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||
; weight
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C8A193236FC3CF9D0" box="[775,921,1578,1611]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="g" value="270.0" valueMax="320.0" valueMin="220.0">220-320 g</quantity>
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. Adult male Halmahera Nakedbacked Fruit Bats tend to be larger than females in body weight and lengths of head body and forearm. Fur has greenish wash over much of body. Nape varies from raw umber to bister to brownish bister. Head is shiny dark grayish brown. Venter is drab or drab brown, mixed with raw umber on chest and belly. Wings attach along midline of back, with underlying fur. Nostrils are slightly tubular, and each flares outward from centerline. Claws are brown. Index claw (second digit of wing) is absent. Baculum is broader than long and V-shaped with point at distal and proximal ends curving downward; incurvation at proximal end between two legs is quite shallow. Diploid number is 2n = 36—published under the Greenish Naked-backed Fruit Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF2F61C8D993391FAA1F835" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1896" box="[1159,1284,1933,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Dobsonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="viridis">D. viridis</taxonomicName>
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) from southern
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF2F61C882A33A8FE0DF84E" box="[308,424,1972,2005]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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and here assigned to the Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B533C0FCA3F7BE" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B533C0FCA3F7BE" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B533C0FEBFF866" bold="true" box="[171,282,2012,2045]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Primary and secondary tropical moist lowland forests and village gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF2F61C8B8B3C18FCA7F7BE" box="[661,770,2052,2085]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B53C37FDC9F7EF" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B53C37FDC9F7EF" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B53C37FE11F7D7" bold="true" box="[171,436,2091,2124]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat is frugivorous. It is probably strongly dependent on figs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B53C66FB09F61C" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B53C66FB09F61C" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B53C66FE94F700" bold="true" box="[171,305,2170,2203]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Births of Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bats take place in November—January, variably by island and presumably influenced by local biotic and climatic conditions. Pregnant and lactating females are known from December on the Togian Islands and January on Halmahera. A 43-g newborn was observed clinging to its mother when disturbed from a cave on Halmahera. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF2F61C8A0D3D04FC24F6A2" box="[787,897,2328,2361]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Ternate</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a 46-g young was at its mother’s breast when captured in a mist net in January; mother was foraging in a village garden confirming that mothers at least occasionally carry young when foraging.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B43D92FDF4F64C" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B43D92FDF4F64C" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B43D92FE3DF634" bold="true" box="[170,408,2446,2479]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat is nocturnal and roosts in caves, trees, and rock crevices.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B53DC1FB38F5BE" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B53DC1FB38F5BE" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B53DC1FC23F665" bold="true" box="[171,902,2525,2558]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bats are gregarious and congregate in large colonies in limestone caves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B23E30FB6FF489" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B23E30FB6FF489" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B23E30FDA9F5D6" bold="true" box="[172,524,2604,2637]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Halmahera Naked-backed Fruit Bat has a relatively large distribution and is presumably common with stable populations on a number of Indonesian islands. It tolerates habitat disturbance by foraging in rural gardens. Hunting and limestone extraction at roosting sites in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF2F61C8B3F3ED6FD30F570" box="[545,661,2762,2795]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
are localized threats. Research on its ecology and population trends is needed to better predict its future conservation status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF2F61C89B33F3EFCA1F4F9" pageId="54" pageNumber="112" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF2F61C89B33F3EFCA1F4F9" blockId="54.[170,1381,1463,2914]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF2F61C89B33F3EFEE3F4A0" bold="true" box="[173,326,2850,2875]" pageId="54" pageNumber="112">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Corbet & Hill (1992), De Jong & Bergmans (1981), Flannery (1995a), Hill (1983), Hutson, Kingston & Helgen (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |